1. Mark Landy, Marc Roberts, and Steve Thomas,The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford, 1994).

2. P. Ali Memon,Keeping New Zealand Green: Recent Environmental Reforms (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1993), p. 48.

3. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

4. Ibid.

5. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

6. Shamir recalls the process: “There was never really any doubt that we had to create a Ministry of Environment. Except perhaps for the Third World, you can find one in every country today. I didn't think that sports needed a Minister.” Yitzhak Shamir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 24, 1997.

7. David Vogel, “Israel Environmental Policy in Comparative Perspec-tive,”Israel Affairs, as quoted in Noga Morag-Levine, “The Politics of Imported Rights,” in Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold (London: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 353.

8. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

9. Yosef Harish, personal communication, December 1989.

10. Abraham Atzmon and Yehezkel Dror, “Professional Opinion: Establishing the Ministry of Environment,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), p. 736.

11. Ibid.

12. Government Decision, no. 349, regarding the Authorities of the Ministry of the Environment, April 2, 1989, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 719–721.

13. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 22, 1998.

14. Government Decision, no. 525, regarding the Authorities of the Ministry of the Environment, May 28, 1989, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 721–722.

15. Shmuel Brenner, personal communication, Ra'ananah, October 25, 2001.

16. Continued Discussion, Government Decision, no. 1262, of January 21, 1990, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 725–727.

17. Josef Tamir, “The Embarrassing Budget,”Biosphera 19, no. 5 (1990): 9.

18. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

19. Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Castel Quarry according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961, May 2, 1989.

20. Prevention of Sea Pollution from Land-Based Sources Regulations, 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5240, p. 250.

21. Abatement of Nuisances Regulations (Unreasonable Air Pollution and Odors from Solid-Waste Disposal Sites), 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5250, p. 386.

22. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 22, 1998.

23. In practice, the planning advisors who worked for the EPS in the re-gions became the Regional Directors. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

24. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

25. Amir Levine, “Inspection, Practice in the Field: The Ministry of the Environment Patrol,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1992 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1993), pp. 20–21.

26. Report of the Committee for Investigating Air Pollution Episodes in Haifa Bay on April 29 and 30, 1989, in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), p. 53.

27. Ibid., pp. 54–56.

28. Eilan,Note, p. 10.

29. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality), 1971,Kovetz Takanot, p. 380.

30. Position paper summaries for ozone, particulates, and sulfur dioxide in “Environmental Air Quality Standards,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11,1985 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), pp. 44–54.

31. Yizhak Zamir, “Secondary Legislation: Procedure and Directives,”The Directives of the Attorney General (Jerusalem: Ministry of Justice, November 1985).

32. “Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Electric Company Station in Haifa (Amendment) according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961,” and “Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Petroleum Refineries in Haifa (Amendment) according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961,” reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel, 1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 761–764.

33. Protocol of the Ministerial Committee regarding Abatement of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) November 14, 1989, Israeli Government.

34. Haim Harari, “Report Investigating the Subjects and Aspects Associated with the Controversy between the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Energy Regarding Air Quality Standards and Associated Problems of the Fuel Industry,” February 1990.

35. Oil Refineries v. the Minister of the Environment and Others, Bagatz 1201/90.

36. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

37. Adam Teva V'din and Tsvi Levanson v. the Minister of the Environment (and Others), Bagatz 2112/91, June 19, 1991 (unpublished).

38. Arik Meirovsky, “The Government Adopts the Recommendations of the Harari Committee for Air Quality Standards,”Kol Haifa, July 5, 1991, p. 1.

39. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Deputy Minister of the Environment and Others, Bagatz 1183/92 (unpublished) on file with author.

40. Elli Elad, “New Orders Will Force the Oil Refineries and the Electric Company to Reduce Pollution,”Ha-Aretz, April 15, 1992.

41. Alon Tal, “The Air Is Free,”Eretz v'Teva (September-October 1999).

42. David Rudge, “Sewage Flows into Kinneret,”Jerusalem Post, May 3, 1992.

43. Letter from Uri Marinov to Yosef Peretz, December 2, 1991.

44. Letter from Rachel Adam to Ruth Yaffe, April 28, 1992.

45. D'vora Ben Shaul, “No Excuse for Kinneret Sewage,”Jerusalem Post, April 27, 1992; Rudge,op. cit.

46. Elli El Ad, “The State Attorney Has Filed an Indictment against the Sewage from the City of Tiberias and the City of Eilat,”Ha-Aretz.

47. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

48. Criminal File 538/92, filed on May 26, 1992; see Deborah Sandler, “Environmental Law and Policy for the Gulf of Aqaba: An Israeli Perspective,” Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg et al. (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), p. 87.

49. Almost two hundred thousand new immigrants arrived in Israel in 1990 as opposed to ten thousand in 1988. Eran Feitelson, “Muddling toward Sustainability: The Transformation of Environmental Planning in Israel,” in Progress in Planning 49, p. 1, ed. D. Diamond and B. H. Massam (London: Pergamon Press, 1998): 19.

50. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1990, p. 166, amended 1991, p. 8.

51. “Committees for Residential Construction.”

52. Their express, but somewhat convoluted, mandate was “to approve building plans that offered urgent readiness for solutions to housing and em-ployment needs in the country for absorbing immigration, young couples, homeless people and employment.” The Planning and Building Procedures Law (Temporary Measures), 1990, sec. 1.

53. Ministry of the Environment, “Review of the Work of the Residential Building Committees from the Environmental Viewpoint,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, nos. 17–18 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1992), pp. 89–90.

54. Ibid., pp. 91–92.

55. In 1988, twenty-two thousand residential units were under construc-tion. The number rose to forty-three thousand by 1994. Feitelson,op. cit., p. 23.

56. Itai Peleg, “The Knesset Approved the Valalim Law in the Second and Third Readings,”Telegraph, November 23, 1994.

57. “Israel Is Elected to the Directorate of the Mediterranean Organization for the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 1–2 (1991): 2–3.

58. “Ora Namir, The Minister of the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 2.

59. Yosef Hirshberg, “Environmental Quality Protection: From Service to Government Ministry,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 7.

60. “Dr. Yisrael Peleg, Director General of the Ministry of the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 4. Peleg, who calls himself “one of Peres's boys,” was rewarded for his loyalty with a consular appointment to Philadelphia from 1988 to 1992.

61. Interview with Yisrael Peleg, Tel Aviv, September 30, 1997.

62. Uri Marinov, personal communication, September 18, 1997.

63. Shaikeh Ben-Porat,Discussions with Yossi Sarid (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1997), p. 28.

64. Ibid., p. 64.

65. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

66. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

67. Ibid.

68. Interview with Mickey Lipshitz, Tel Aviv, January 8, 1998.

69. Rinat Klein, “Sarid in the Important Place,”Maariv, August 10, 1993. Seven years later, Minister Daliah Itzik would cash in on the same photo op-portunity. Liat Collins, “Itzik, Shahak Get a Whiff of Substandard Public Bathrooms,”Jerusalem Post, April 18, 2000, p. 4.

70. A nature reserve that is home to one of three craters, or “machteshim,” in the Negev desert.

71. Liat Collins, “Sarid: Country's Nuclear Reactors Pose No Threat,” Jerusalem Post, March 31, 1993; Elli Elad, “Water, Air, Soil and Flora Samples from the Dimona Reactor to Be Passed Regularly to Minister Sarid,”Ha-Aretz, March 31, 1993.

72. Liat Collins, “Sarid: Authorities Hushed Up Negev Nuclear Waste Leak,”Jerusalem Post, April 15, 1993.

73. Amira Lem, “Yossileh: How Did It Happen?,”Kol ha-Ir, July 23, 1993.

74. Liat Collins, “The Year of Public Awareness,”Jerusalem Post, September 3, 1993.

75. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

76. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 21, 1998.

77. Shoshana Gabbay, “We've Moved,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1995): 2.

78. Ben-Porat,op. cit., pp. 94–95.

79. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1258.

80. Interview with Yisrael Peleg, Tel Aviv, September 30, 1997.

81. Liat Collins, “Environmental Year Off to a Smelly Start,”Jerusalem Post, September 7, 1993.

82. “The Opening of the ‘Year of the Environment’ at the President's Home,”Yom l'Yom, September 8, 1993.

83. Yossi Sarid, “With the Opening of the Year of the Environment,” Biosphera 22, no. 12 (1993): 6.

84. Liat Collins, “The Year of Public Awareness.”

85. Gil Doron, “94—The Year of the Environment: The Programs, the Events and the Campaigns,”Ha-Ir, July 23, 1993.

86. Azariah Alon, “Environmental Quality—Not a Matter for Only a Year,”Teva v'Aretz, June 1993, p. 7.

87. Rachel Adam, personal communication, July 2, 1998.

88. Lem,op. cit. 490 / Pollution in a Promised Land

89. Orna Yosef, “Personal Decrees Issued to Directors of Quarries in the North That Require Presentation of Program to Correct Flaws That Constitute an Environmental Hazard,”Kol ha-Emeq v'ha-Galil, October 7, 1994.

90. Uri Sharon,Davar Rishon, “The Oil Refineries in Haifa Will Change to Using Low Sulfur Fuel,”Davar Rishon, December 8, 1995.

91. Amnon Greenberg, personal communication, March 1995.

92. United Nations Environment Programme,Methyl Bromide: Its Atmospheric Science, Technology and Economics, Synthesis Report of the Methyl Bromide Interim Scientific Assessment, June 1992, p. 1.

93. Rachel Carson,The Sea around Us (New York: Oxford, 1950).

94. Rinat Klein, “Israeli Bromide Endangers the World,”Maariv, July 21, 1993, p. 1.

95. Rinat Klein, “Thus We Became Enemies of the World,”Maariv (Sof Shavua), July 23, 1993, p. 1.

96. Michael Graber, personal communication, April 11, 1999.

97. Michael Graber, “Israel and the Montreal Protocol,”Eichut ha-Sviva, 1993.

98. Michael Graber, personal communication, April 4, 1999.

99. Michael Shpiegelstein, “Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Layer,”Eichut ha-Sviva, March 1994, pp. 15–18.

100. Bill Thomas, personal communication, August 4, 1998.

101. U.S. EPA, “The Montreal Protocol: Decisions at Copenhagen, 1992,” fact sheet, 1993.

102. Alon Tal, “Damage to the Ozone Layer from Methyl Bromide,”Eichut ha-Sviva, March 1994, pp. 20–22.

103. Liat Collins, “Sarid: We're Committed to Phase Out Methyl Bromide Use,”Jerusalem Post, December 8, 1995.

104. Liat Collins, “Don't Stop Producing Methyl Bromide,”Jerusalem Post, July 23, 1993.

105. Collins, “Sarid: We're Committed to Phase Out Methyl Bromide Use.”

106. “Stopping Use of Methyl Bromide Will Destroy the Melon and Watermelon Branches,”Ha-Zofeh, December 8, 1995.

107. Paul Horowitz, U.S. EPA, personal communication, August 6, 1998.

108. Ben-Porat,op. cit., p. 137.

109. Eran Feitelson, “Protection of Open Spaces in Israel at a Turning Point,”Horizons in Geography 42–43 (1995): 8.

110. Zafrir Rinat, “Once, Here Was a Tree,”Ha-Aretz, Weekend Supplement, October, 27, 2000, p. B-12.

111. Shoshana Gabbay, “Israel 2020: A New Vision,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1995): 5.

112. During the 1980s, Israeli farmers faced a series of financing crises, largely associated with loans linked to triple-digit inflation that soon spiraled out of hand. With government assistance, most farms weathered the storm, but this did not alter the overriding economic reality: It was increasingly dif-ficult to compete with the low-priced produce coming from Arab and other

113. Feitelson,op. cit.

114. Ministry of the Interior, Planning Administration, “Report of the Valal reports,” as printed in Feitelson,op. cit., p. 14.

115. A 1968 amendment to Israel's planning law empowered the Committee to designate land for agricultural purposes. Its “agricultural de-fault” claimed any soil that did not already have buildings on it. The Committee was, of course, stacked with agricultural and rural representatives. Feitelson,op. cit., pp. 9–13.

116. Decision 533 (1990) of the Land Administration Council; later, Decision 611 (1993) allowed farmers to include water rights in the overall debt-restructuring and compensation package.

117. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

118. Motti Kaplan,Population Dispersion, Development, Construction and Preservation of Open Spaces (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1995).

119. Ibid.

120. EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996), p. 7.

121. Amir Rosenblit, “A Little Bit Salty Concession,”Davar, August 20, 1993.

122. Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, “The Law against the Law,” information brochure, 1993.

123. Rosenblit,op. cit.

124. Greer Fay Cashman, “MK Proposes Amendment to Dead Sea Franchise Law,”Jerusalem Post, March 5, 1994.

125. Rosenblit, op. cit.

126. Lem,op. cit.

127. Bagatz 2920/94,Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense) and Others v. the National Planning Board and Others, Piskei Din, 50 III pp. 443–470, 1996.

128. Ben-Porat,op. cit., pp. 140–141.

129. Ruth Sinai, “With a Tie and a Hat against the Bulldozers,”Ha-Aretz, December 5, 1999, p. B-3.

130. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

131. Terry Davies,Comparing Environmental Risks: Tools for Setting Government Priorities (Washington: Resources for the Future, 1996).

132. Cruelty to Animals Law (Protection of Animals), 1994,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 56, p. 304.

133. Zafrir Rinat, “Sarid Orders the Nature Reserve Authority to Prohibit Circus Performances in Israel That Involve Wild Animals,”Ha-Aretz, December 28, 1995.

134. Gabi Baron and Yitzhak Bar Yosef, “Hundreds Will Be Injured in a Hazardous Materials Incident,”Yediot Ahronot, November 15, 1994.

135. Hazardous Materials Law, 1993,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1408, p. 28.

136. Adam Teva V'din, “The Garbage Crisis in Israel,” fact sheet, Tel Aviv, 1998.

137. Collection and Removal of Garbage for Recycling Law, 1993,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 116.

138. Elli Elad, “Sarid Requests Cessation of Activities at Hundreds of Garbage Dumps across the Country,”Ha-Aretz, March 23, 1993.

139. Ilan Nissim, personal communication, May 1996.

140. Alon Tal, “An Imperiled Promised Land: The Antecedents of Israel's Environmental Crises and Prospects for Progress,”Journal of Developing Societies 13, ed. J. Jabra (1997): 116.

141. Kenneth E. Boulding, “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,”Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, ed. Henry Jarrett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966).

142. “Symposium on the Recycling Law,”Environmental Quality, November 1993, p. 6.

143. Yitzhak Bar Yosef, “Yossi Sarid: We Stopped the Recycling Momentum,”Yediot Ahronot, September 26, 1994.

144. Yigael Avidan and Shai Shalev, “960 Tons of Plastic Garbage from Germany Will Arrive in Israel,”Hadashot, March 31, 1993.

145. Yoram Avnimelech, personal communication, January 10, 1999.

146. Dov Rubin, “The Garbage Can Asks, the Ministry of the Environment Answers,”Sheva, December 22, 1994.

147. Yossi Leshem and Nehama Ronen, “Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump: Israel—A Test Case,” paper presented to International Bird Strike Committee Conference, Slovakia, September 14–18, 1998.

148. Larry Derfner, “Buried in Garbage,”Jerusalem Post, January 2, 1998, p. 15.

149. Elli Khalifa, “The City of Tel Aviv Refuses to Transfer Its Trash to the Dudaim Site,”Sheva, October 12, 1995.

150. “Petition Filed to the High Court against the Company That Won the Dudaim Tender,”City Fax, Tel Aviv, October 6, 1994.

151. U.S. EPA, “Solid Waste and Emergency Response,” January 1998, EPA530-K-98–008 (http://www.epa.gov/osw).

152. Orli Gil and Aliza Konter, “Caniel Produces Environmentally Friendly Cans,”Zomet ha-Sharon, December 31, 1993.

153. Danny Morganstern, personal communication, January 9, 2002.

154. Derfner,op. cit.

155. Elli Elad, “The Route of Hospital Wastes,”Ha-Aretz, April 20, 1993.

156. Adam Teva V'din v. the Ministry of the Environment and Others, Bagatz, 1997.

157. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

158. Ultimately it was the residents who had to bring the unsuccessful suit to stop the buses. They did not succeed, and the “largest central bus station in the world” eventually opened, with the noise on neighboring porches exceed-ing an ear-splitting eighty-decibel level.

159. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

160. Nehama Ronen, lecture at Hebrew University, May 17, 2000.

161. Liat Collins, “The Shadow Ministry,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, December 4, 1998, pp. 15–17.

162. Sima Kadmon, “Raful Intends to Bequeath the Party to Nehama,” Yediot Ahronot, Sabbath edition, November 27, 1998, p. 4.

163. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

164. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997; interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

165. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

166. Ibid.

167. Elihu Richter, “Sustainable Agriculture and Pesticides: Problems, Perspectives and Programs,”Our Shared Environment, eds. R. Twite and J. Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994).

168. Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “State Agricultural Pollution Regulation: A Quantitative Assessment,”Water, Environment and Technology 2, no. 8 (1990): 50.

169. Alon Tal, “Enforceable Standards to Abate Agricultural Pollution: The Potential of Regulatory Policies in the Israeli Context,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 14 (1998).

170. Haim Watzman, “Israel Ministry Kicks Out the Greens,”New Scientist, September 14, 1996, p. 6.

171. Binat Schwarz Millner, “Hula Plans,”Eretz Magazine, March-April 1996, pp. 64–65.

172. Dan Alon, “Crane Reign,”Eretz Magazine, January-February 1997, pp. 47–48.

173. Millner,op. cit., p. 65.

174. Iris Millner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

175. “ In most countries, the Greens are in constant conflict with their min-istries of environment. Environmental organizations should represent envi-ronmental interests and nothing else.” Ronen in Watzman,op. cit.; also pub-lished in Journal of Developing Societies 13 (1997): 116.

176. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

177. Yael Golan, personal communication, December 1997.

178. Nehama Ronen, lecture at Hebrew University, May 17, 2000.

179. Ibid.

180. Janine Zacharia, “The Wasteland,”Jerusalem Report, August 21, 1997.

181. “I was wrong about this position. It's important and fascinating. It might not be considered important by most of the country, but I think it is prestigious. After all, it touches every aspect of our lives.” Liat Collins, “Green and Fighting Fit,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, April 7, 2000, p. 13.

182. Tamar Nahari and Liron Maroz, “The Minister of the Environment Votes against a Green Law,”Walla News, November 7, 2001.

183. Gedaliah Shelef, “The Problem of Sewage, Treatment and Reuse as a Source of Water,”National Environmental Priorities in the Area of Israel's Environmental Quality (Tel Aviv: Israel Economic Forum, 1999), chap. 6, p. 1.

184. Yehudah Bar, “Sewage Treatment as a Condition for River Reclamation,” Israel Rivers Conference, 1995 (proceedings), ed. Rachel Einav and Avital Gazit (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1995), pp. 13–14.

185. Alon Tal, “Reforms in the Prevention of Air Pollution in Vehicles: Towards the Era of Catalytic Converters,”Biosphera 22, no. 7 (1992): 4–10.

186. Robin Dawes,Social Dilemma (1980), as quoted by Stuart Schoenfeld, “Negotiating the Environmental Social Dilemma: The Case of Greenpeace Canada,” paper presented at the Jerusalem Conference on Canadian Studies, Hebrew University, July 1998.

187. Zafrir Rinat, “After the Fire, Yet Another Committee for Ramat Hovav,”Ha-Aretz, August 4, 1998.

188. Amiram Cohen and Zafrir Rinat, “Israel—One of the Main Polluters of the Mediterranean,”Ha-Aretz, November 24, 1997.

189. Gad Lior, “The 2002 Budget: 254.8 Billion Shekels,”Yediot Ahronot, Economics Supplement, October 30, 2001, pp. 2–3.