1. Golda Meir,My Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), pp. 315–316.

2. “The Jewish stamp on the face of the abandoned Galilee will ultimately be placed through Jewish rural settlements, rather than a large population in a sin-gle city.” Yigael Alon,A Nation and Its Land (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1963), p. 79.

3. Yigael Alon, “International Environment Day,”Biosphera 73, no. 7 (1973).

4. A. Donagi, “Sources of Air Pollution in Israel,”Humans in a Hostile Environment, Conference Proceedings (Jerusalem: VIBAS, 1971), p. 18, Table 3.

5. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Tirza Yuval, “2020 Vision,”Eretz Magazine, January–February 1995, p. 43.

7. Elisha Efrat, “Fathers and Sons in the Physical Planning of Israel,” Karka (1995).

8. Ariyeh Sharon,Physical Planning for Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Government Printer, 1951).

9. “Immigrant and transit camps, housing projects and settlements, all planned and built in haste, will remain as social and economic blots on the landscape and may be succeeded by even worse blemishes later on.” Ariyeh Sharon,op. cit., reprinted in “Planning for the New State,”Eretz Magazine, January 1995, p. 51.

10. Meron Benvenisti,Conflicts and Contradictions (New York: Eshel, 1986), pp. 59–60.

11. Adam Mazor,Israel in the Years of 2000 (Tel Aviv: Haim U'Sviva, 1993), p. 4.

12. Efrat,op. cit.

13. Ibid.

14. Ephraim Shlain and Eran Feitelson,The Formation, Institutionalization and Decline of Farmland Protection Policies in Israel (Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute, 1996), pp. 10–11.

15. P. Rosen, “The Breeding of Flies in Tel Aviv Municipal Garbage,” Tavruah, August 1957.

16. Uri Marinov and Eitan Harel,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: National Council for Research and Development, 1972), p. 54.

17. Hillel Shuval, “Composting Municipal Garbage in Israel,” unpublished manuscript.

18. M. Lilian and H. Shuval, “Ten Years of Sanitation in Israel” (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1959), p. 20.

19. Shuval,op. cit.

20. Yossi Leshem and Nehama Ronen, “Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump, Israel–A Test Case,” presented to the International Bird Strike Committee Conference, Slovakia, September 14, 1998.

21. Hillel Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting with a Will,” Municipal Engineering (March 6, 1959): 241.

22. The Hiriyah plant used a windrow process. Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting,” p. 241.

23. Shuval, “Composting Municipal Garbage in Israel.”

24. Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting,” 241.

25. Marinov and Harel,op. cit., p. 54.

26. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 19.

27. Richard E. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,”Israel Law Review 12, no. 3 (1977): 303.

28. Mishna Baba Batra 2:9.

29. Moses Maimonides, “The Preservation of Youth, ” in Daniel Fink, “The Environment in Halacha,” in Judaism and Ecology (New York: Hadassah, 1993), p. 42.

30. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 22.

31. “Dr. Shimon (Zigfried) Kanovich,”Encyclopedia of Founders of the State (Tel Aviv: Tedhar, 1975), p. 4068.

32. Ernest Katin and Mordechai Virshubski, “Environmental Law and Administration in Israel,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 1 (1975): 210.

33. Divrei ha-Knesset, 1960, p. 580.

34. Proposed Prevention of Nuisances Law, 1961, sec. 6(2),Proposed Laws, 1961, p. 67.

35. Ibid., sec. 10.

36. Prevention of Nuisances Law, sec. 11, 1961,Sefer ha-Hokim 32, p. 58.

37. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Vehicular Air Pollution) (Hartridge Test Standard), 1963,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1506, p. 92. A Hartridge test measures the opacity of smoke emitted from a tailpipe, with a relatively high degree of precision.

38. Alex Donagi, “Air Pollution Prevention in Israel,”Public Health 8, no. 2 (1965), p. 506.

39. Ibid.

40. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 18.

41. Yizhak Zamir, personal communication, January 13, 2002.

42. Bagatz 295/65,Hillel Oppenheimer and Others v. Ministers of Interior and Health, 1966, PADI 20 I, 309–338.

43. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality), 1971,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1633, p. 380.

44. “Hope for Recycling: Supreme Court Orders Ministry of Environment to Prepare Recycling Regulations within Three Months,”Law and Environment (Fall, 1997), p. 3.

45. Josef Tamir,Haver Knesset (Jerusalem: Ahiabar, 1987).

46. Victor Shem-Tov,Divrei ha-Knesset, May 31, 1971, p. 2559.

47. Y. Yaron, “Laws Disregarded,”Israel Law Review 6 (1971): 188.

48. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1965, p. 307.

49. For a description of Israel's planning system and the environment, see Valerie Brachya, “Environmental Management through Land Use Planning,”Our Shared Environment, ed. Robin Twite and Jad Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), pp. 339–354.

50. Israel Electric Company study cited in speech of Yehudah Sha'ari, Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2905.

51. Yehudah Sha'ari,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2905.

52. Josef Tamir,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2892.

53. Richard Laster, “Reading D: Planning and Building or Building and Then Planning,”Israel Law Review 8 (1973): p. 482.

54. Interview with Yedidyah Be'eri, Tel Aviv, September 5, 1997.

55. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 360.

56. Ibid., pp. 361–362.

57. Tel Aviv Power Station Law, 1967,Sefer ha-Hokim, 1967, p. 141, sec. 1.

58. Ibid.

59. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 492.

60. Shlomo Lorenz,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2893.

61. Tamir,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2891.

62. Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2907.

63. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 358

64. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 488.

65. Ibid., p. 489.

66. Ibid.

67. Lisa Perlman, “Threat from the Air,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, February 24, 1989, p. 4.

68. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 358.

69. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 490.

70. Lev Fishelson, personal communication, 1994.

71. Yosef Waksman, “Frutarom Factory Expansion Rejected,”Maariv, February 14, 1973.

72. G. Kelner, “The Epidemiology of Cancer in Israel,”Public Health (in Hebrew) 8, 1965, pp. 115–129.

73. Meir,op. cit. 480 / Pollution in a Promised Land

74. “The U.N. Convention on the Human Environment, Stockholm,” Biosphera 72, no. 7 (1972): 12.

75. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

76. “Eban in Stockholm: Air Pollution Endangers Humanity,”Yediot Ahronot, June 7, 1972.

77. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

78. Ibid.

79. “The Life Science Branch of the National Council for Research and Development,”Biosphera 70, no. 1 (May, 1970): 3.

80. “Editor's Word,”Biosphera 71, no. 2 (June 1971): 2.

81. Ibid.

82. “I represented the Knesset at VIBAS. Except for academic arguments, the institution didn't contribute a thing. From its start it was a dud.” Tamir, Haver Knesset, p. 169.

83. Protocol No. 12, the Kinneret Committee, p. 1, September 17, 1971, as quoted in Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 311.

84. “Haim Kubersky, Director General of the Ministry of the Interior, ar-gued that it is impossible in the foreseeable future to consider any proposal for a government ministry on the subject.” “The Debate about Government Organization for Addressing Environmental Quality Subjects That Took Place in VIBAS,”Biosphera 72, no. 11 (1972): 8.

85. Ibid.

86. “The Environmental Protection Authority,”Biosphera 72, no. 11 (1972): 1–5.

87. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

88. Interview with Josef Tamir, Tel Aviv, July 1, 1997.

89. Government Decision No. 563, March 20, 1973.

90. Interview with Josef Tamir, Tel Aviv, July 1, 1997.

91. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

92. Uri Marinov, “The Service to the Ministry of Interior,”Biosphera E (1 November 1975): 1.

93. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

94. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

95. Ibid.

96. Interview with Richard Laster, Jerusalem, September 9, 1997.

97. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

98. Ibid.

99. Marinov,op. cit., p. 2.

100. Ibid., p. 1.

101. Richard Laster, personal communication, November 18, 1998.

102. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

103. Ibid.

104. Interview with Richard Laster, Jerusalem, September 9, 1997.

105. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1257.

106. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

107. Environmental Protection Service,Environmental Quality in Israel, 1976 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1977), p. 69.

108. Planning and Building Regulations (Environmental Impact Statements), 1982,Kovetz Takanot, no. 4307, p. 502.

109. “Environmental Impact Statements,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11,1983–84, (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985): 259–261.

110. “Environmental Impact Assessment in Israel,”Israel Enviromental Bulletin (Winter 1998): 23.

111. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

112. Ibid.

113. Explanatory Notes,National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem Ministry of the Interior, 1980), p. ii.

114. Ibid.

115. The Master Plan explains, “In garbage burial sites, it will be possible to establish facilities for recycling of raw materials and facilities for collecting methane gas. Garbage disposal sites of a different type will allow the burning of trash in incinerators. … In certain cases, the sites for treating garbage will be attached to the transfer stations, as their primary activity is concentrated around the subject of sorting.”National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1989), p. 6.

116. The Israel State Comptroller took the government to task for this in-ordinate delay. See Israel State Comptroller's Report.

117. Danny Morganstern, “A Waste, Stinking to the Sky,”Ksafim, March 15, 1989, pp. 25–29.

118. Ami Etinger, “Ben-Gurion Airport Will Close on Tuesday for Two Hours Because of Hiriyah,”Maariv, January 16, 1998, p. 9.

119. D'vora Ben-Shaul, “Solutions That Go to Waste,”Jerusalem Post, January 2, 1998, p. 15.

120. National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1989), pp. 36–37.

121. Yossi Inbar, Deputy Director, Ministry of the Environment, lecture at the Third Conference of the Professional Forum for Solid Waste Management, Maaleh-ha Chamishah, January 9, 2002.

122. Micki Haran, lecture, Conference on Brownfields in Israel, Technion, December 1999.

123. Elli Liederman, Beer Sheva Environmental Unit, personal communi-cation, January 4, 1998.

124. Elli Liederman, personal communication, January 13, 2002.

125. Y. N. Narkis and Y. Kornberg, “The Problem of Hazardous Waste in Israel,”Ecosystem Stability, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Jerusalem, June 4–8, 1989. Reprinted in Israel Environmental Bulletin, 1980, p. 17.

126. Joyce Whitman,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1988), pp. 208–209.

127. Ibid.

128. Avi Taub, presentation, Ramat Hovav, December 7, 1997.

129. Narkis and Kornberg,op. cit.

130. Licensing of Businesses Regulations (Disposal of Wastes from Hazardous Materials), 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5298, p. 22.

131. “An inspection of the site revealed that that it runs in contravention to all the procedures. … These inappropriate activities create environmental risks that arise from leaks of wastes requiring immediate, high priced restoration activities.” Quoted in Elli Elad, “Disposal of Wastes at Ramat Hovav Is Managed Negligently, Endangering the Environment,”Ha-Aretz, June 4, 1991.

132. Avi Taub, presentation, Ramat Hovav, December 7, 1997.

133. Environmental Protection Service,Environmental Quality in Israel, 1976 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1977), Introduction.

134. “Proposal to Create Environmental Quality Unit in the Local Authorities,”Biosphera 6, no. 5 (1977): 6.

135. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

136. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

137. Uri Marinov, “Introduction,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1977 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Interior, 1978), p. d.

138. Fred Pearce, “Dead in the Water,”New Scientist, February 4, 1995, pp. 26–31.

139. David Greenberg and Richard Helman,Israel in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Jerusalem: Ha-Makor, 1978), p. 15.

140. Evangelos Raftopoulos, “The Mediterranean Action Plan: Appraisal of a Model for Regional Cooperation,” in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg (Washington: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), pp. 315–347; see generally: www.unepmap.org.

141. Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, February 16, 1976, 15 ILM, p. 290.

142. Marinov and Sandler,op. cit., p. 1259.

143. See Alon Tal, “Preventing Pollution from Ports and Maritime Activity in the Gulf of Aqaba: Current Practices in Israel,” in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg (Washington: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), pp. 264–266.

144. The Abu Rodeis fields also supply the SOPED Suez-Mediterranean pipeline in Egypt. Danny Ben-Tal, “Peace and Pollution,”Green Pages at Ariga, 1992.

145. Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution for the Medit-erranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency, February 16, 1976, 15 ILM, p. 306.

146. Palestine Gazette, no. 612, July 16, 1936, sec. 216–234.

147. Prevention of Seawater Pollution by Oil Ordinance (New Version), 1980, sec. 13–17,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 630.

148. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

149. “Establishing the Marine Pollution Prevention Department in the Environmental Protection Service,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 147.

150. Regulations for Prevention of Seawater Pollution by Oil, 1983,Kovetz Takanot, p. 1973.

151. “Establishing the Marine Pollution Prevention Department in the Environmental Protection Service,” p. 150.

152. Marinov and Sandler,op. cit., p. 1258.

153. Elik Adler, “The Marine Pollution Prevention Department: Review of the Past Two Years of Activities,”Biosphera 18, no. 9 (1989): 16.

154. Whitman,op. cit., p. 159.

155. Tal, “Preventing Pollution,” pp. 260–261.

156. Elik Adler, personal communication, 1995.

157. Whitman,op. cit., p. 162.

158. Tamar Ben-Yeshayahu,Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1990), p. 338.

159. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

160. Prevention of Nuisances Law, sec. 8, 1961,Sefer ha-Hokim 32, p. 58.

161. Whitman,op. cit., p. 185.

162. Katin and Virshubski,op. cit., p. 212.

163. Engineer A. Feranio and the Haifa Public Council for Protecting Environmental Quality versus the Minister of Health and the Minister of the Interior, Bagatz 372/71,Piskei Din 26 I 1972, pp. 809–811.

164. Public Health Regulations (Pollution Emissions from Vehicles), 1980, Kovetz Takanot, p. 1244.

165. The Ringleman standard defines air violations according to a scale of “opaqueness” or “blackness.” Inspectors visually contrast the darkness of emis-sions to the levels of gray on their chart. Although it is criticized for being a very blunt instrument, it is also easy to implement. Public Health Regulations (Pollution Emissions from Vehicles), 1980,Kovetz Takanot, p. 1244. Reg. 2.

166. Announcement on Approval of a Decision under the Basic Law, the Government, May 4, 1982, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 286.

167. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) 1971,Kovetz Takanot, no. 2783, p. 380.

168. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) 1992,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5435, p. 972.

169. “Air Quality,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 10 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 14.

170. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

171. Ibid.

172. Ibid.

173. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

174. Ibid.

175. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

176. Moshe Shachal, “The Ministry of Energy and Air Quality in the Haifa Region,” speech by the Minister of Energy, reprinted in Biosphera 1 (October 1987).

177. “Amendment to the Personal Decree to the Haifa Oil Refineries,” Biosphera 14, no. 11 (1985): 2–8.

178. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

179. Haifa Criminal File 2004/87, 1987, on file at the Ministry of the Environment.

180. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

181. Ibid.

182. Alon Tal, “The Economic Benefits of Noncompliance with Environmental Laws: The Role of Economic Analysis in Assessing Penalties for Polluters in Israel,”Ecology and Environment (January–February 2000), p. 3.

183. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Unreasonable Noise) 1977, Kovetz Takanot, no. 365, p. 716; see also Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “Measuring Noise: Towards an Optimal Judicial Policy,”Israel Law Review 20 (1985).

184. Meir Gazit, “A Law to Remove Advertising Signs on the Sides of Inter-City Roads Is Passed,”Biosphera 9, no. 2 (1979): 5.

185. Yarkon River Authority Order, 1988,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5109, p. 855.

186. Streams and Springs Authorities Law, 1965,Sefer ha-Hokim 457, p. 150.

187. Uri Marinov, “The Service Doesn't Rest on Its Laurels,”Biosphera (December 1977): 2–4.

188. Plant Protection Law, 1956,Sefer ha-Hokim 206, p. 79.

189. Rachel Carson,Ha-Aviv Ha-Domem (Petah Tikva:Teva u'Briyut, 1966).

190. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications,”Biosphera (November 1977).

191. Whitman,op. cit., p. 212.

192. Israel State Comptroller, “The Use of Pesticides and the Control for Prevention of Toxic Impacts,”Annual Report 37, Part A (Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1986), p. 528.

193. Heinrich Mendelssohn and Yossi Leshem, “The Status and Conservation of Vultures in Israel,”Vulture Biology and Management, ed. S. R. Wilbur and J. A. Jackson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 86–98.

194. “The Impact of Pesticides on Fauna in Israel: The Situation at the Start of 1976,”Biosphera F, no. 2 (1976).

195. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications.”

196. Elihu Richter, “Sustainable Agriculture and Pesticide Programs: Perspectives and Programs,”Our Shared Environment, ed. Robin Twite and Jad Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), p. 186.

197. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications.”

198. Poison Control Center in Haifa, as cited in D'vora Ben Shaul, “A Pharmacy of Poisons,”Econet News 7, no. 2 (1992) 1.

199. Y. Levy, F. Grauer, S. Levy, P. Chuwers, N. Gruener, J. Marzuk, and E. Richter, “Organophosphate Exposure and Symptoms in Farm Workers and Residents with Normal Cholinesterase,”in Environmental Quality 4A (Jerusalem Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, 1991).

200. Aviva Kamar, personal communication, June 15, 1995.

201. The Pharmacist Regulations (Limitation of Pesticide and Chemical Spraying from Airplanes), 1979,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1114, p. 1003.

202. The Water Regulations (Prevention of Water Pollution) (Spraying near Water Sources), 1991,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5344, p. 776.

203. Shlomo Bravender, “The Polluter Pays: The Principle and Its Application,”Biosphera 4 (1974): 2–3.

204. Tal, “The Economic Benefits of Noncompliance with Environmental Laws.”

205. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 360.

206. Shmuel Amir, “Public Expenditures for Protecting Environmental Quality,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 9,1981 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1982), p. 281.

207. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

208. Protection of Cleanliness Law, 1984,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 442.

209. It imposed legal presumptions of liability to expedite enforcement. For instance, a car owner was assumed to be driving his vehicle when trash was thrown from it, unless he could prove otherwise. The law contained a gimmick that allowed for citizens to be appointed “Cleanliness Trustees” and report anyone they caught littering in public places.

210. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg. Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997. Rotenberg emphasizes that subsequently other such sessions were well at-tended but that the EPS staff never forgot its first experience.

211. Alona Frankel,Sir ha-Sirim (Givataim: Masada, 1975).

212. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.