1. Uri Marinov, presentation, September 19, 1997, Anglo-Israel Colloquium, Suffolk, England.

2. Interview with Aviva Rabinovich, Kibbutz Kabri, January 11, 1998.

3. Interview with Henrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

4. Walter Lehn,The Jewish National Fund (London: Kegan Paul International, 1988), pp. 16–18.

5. Yisrael Cloyzner,Land and Spirit: The Life and Activities of Professor Tsvi Herman Schapira (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1966), p. 12.

6. Maximilian Hurwitz, “The Father of the National Fund,” in Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund for America, 1932), pp. 24–30.

7. Leib Yafeh, “Zvi Schapira,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), pp. 15–20.

8. Cloyzner,op. cit., p. 61.

9. Lehn,op cit., p. 18.

10. Shlomo Shva,One Day and Ninety Years: The Story of the Jewish National Fund (Jerusalem: JNF, 1991), p. 26.

11. Ibid., pp. 17–18.

12. Ibid.

13. Menahem Ussishkin, Memorandum to National Committees of the Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, December 24, 1922, Zionist Archive Number, KKL 10/5111–514.

14. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, Budget for the Year 1997, Jerusalem, December 1996.

15. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

16. Simon Schama,The Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London: Collins, 1978), pp. 21–22.

17. Yaakov Tahon, “Yehoshua Chankin,”Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), p. 150.

18. Ibid., pp. 147–149.

19. “Infertile Women Seek Redemption at the Grave of Chankin, The Land Redeemer,”Yediot Ahronot, December 12, 1997.

20. Berl Katznelson, “Menahem Ussishkin,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), p. 116. This is a eulogy written by the Labor Party Leader.

21. Shva,op. cit., pp. 35–36.

22. Jewish Advocate,May 10, 1941.

23. Katznelson,op. cit., p. 115.

24. Ronald Storrs,Orientations (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1945), p. 417.

25. Avraham Gronovsky, “Nehemiah Di-Lieme,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), pp. 122–130.

26. Shva,op. cit., p. 42.

27. Avshalom Rokach and Haim Zaban, “Forty Years of Land Development and Afforestation in Israel,” JNF reprint from Ariel, A Review of Arts and Letters in Israel, no. 75 (1989): 4.

28. Efraim Orni,Land in Israel (Jerusalem: Ha-Makor, 1981), p. 27.

29. Katznelson,op. cit., p. 109.

30. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

31. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

32. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

33. Shva,op. cit., p. 52.

34. For example,The Australian Jewish News, October 17, 1941, p. 1.

35. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Achovoth, Israel, May 5, 1999.

36. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

37. Shaul Ephraim Cohen,The Politics of Planting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 47.

38. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

39. “The primary claim of the JNF is in expanding the national lands… and foresting them only has value insofar as it provides the requisite occu-pation for establishing ownership of the land.” Ussishkin,op. cit.

40. Some JNF publications suggest that a full half of the 45,000 planted trees in 1948 were JNF in origin (Rokach and Zaban,op. cit.). Most other esti-mates are set between 10,000 and 12,000. See Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger, The Rise and Fall of the Jerusalem Pine as the Main Tree in the Land of Israel (Jerusalem: JNF, 1994). Also see Azariah Alon, “This Is Not the Forest We Sought,”Green, Blue and White 8 (May-June 1996): 36.

41. Yosef Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar V'ha-Yi'ur B'Yisrael (Ramat Gan: Masada, 1970), pp. 82–84.

42. Ibid, pp. 85–86. See also Efraim Orni,Afforestation in Israel (Jerusalem: Sivan Press, 1969), p. 24.

43. “Rishon L'Zion Is Seventy,” pamphlet, pub. N. Tiberski (1952), pp. 97–98, as quoted in Weitz,op. cit, p. 94.

44. Lipshitz and Biger,op. cit., p. 3.

45. Weitz,op. cit., p. 69.

46. “Naked and barefoot, you spent all day in the mud, amidst a thicket of bushes. The sun heated the swamp and created bubbles until you became dizzy

47. Ibid., p. 71.

48. Ibid.

49. Lipshitz and Biger,op. cit., p. 3.

50. David Brower, personal communication, Eugene, Oregon, March 15, 1993.

51. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

52. Ibid.

53. Golda Meir,My Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), p. 67.

54. Weitz,op. cit., p. 99.

55. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 25.

56. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

57. Interview with Heinrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

58. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

59. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

60. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

61. Tom Segev,1949, The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 29–30.

62. Benny Morris, “Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees, 1948–1949,” 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), pp. 89–149.

63. Interview with Ra'anan Weitz, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

64. Weitz,op. cit., pp. 140–141.

65. Yosef Weitz, journal entry from June 26, 1946, published in Tlamim Ahronim (Jerusalem: Keren Kayemet, 1974), pp. 24–25.

66. Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger, “Forestry Policy of the British Government in the Land of Israel,”Geographic Horizons 40 (1994): 5–16.

67. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, pp. 27–28.

68. The indigenousness of the brutia pine tree is the subject of some debate. Senior foresters of the JNF insist that it is an exotic tree, first appearing in Israel in 1924. Yerahmiel Kaplan and Rene Karshon, personal communication, February 8, 1999.

69. Interviews with Yerahmiel Kaplan and Rene Karshon, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

70. Michael Zahari,Geobotanica (Tel Aviv: 1959), pp. 342–345, as quoted in Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, footnote 2.

71. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 3.

72. Ibid., p. 3.

73. Ibid., pp. 4–5.

74. Ibid., p. 7.

75. Ibid.

76. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

77. Imanuel Noy-Meir, “An Ecological Viewpoint on Afforestation in Israel: Past and Future,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift 24–26 (1989): 615.

78. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

79. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 64.

80. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

81. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 15.

82. Orni,op. cit., p. 27.

83. Cohen,op. cit., p. 58.

84. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, March 5, 1999.

85. Zwi Mendel, “Major Pests of Man-Made Forests in Israel: Origin, Biology, Damage, and Control,Phytoparasiticia 15, no. 2 (1987): 683.

86. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 17.

87. Oppenheimer report, October 30, 1939, as quoted in Lipshitz and Biger, Rise and Fall, p. 19.

88. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, pp. 38–40.

89. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 6.

90. JNF report to the Twenty-Third Zionist Congress as cited in Lehn,op. cit., p. 132.

91. Letter from Dorothy de Rothschild to David Ben-Gurion, July 15, 1957, reprinted in Schama,op. cit, pp. 327–329.

92. Lehn,op. cit., pp. 131–133.

93. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget for the Year 1997, Jerusalem, December 1996, p. 6.

94. Eric Greenberg, “JNF Probe Expands,”The Jewish Week, October 11, 1996; Seth Gitell, “Lone Rangers Try to Lasso Herzl's Fund,”Forward, September 20, 1996.

95. “JNF Moves to Slash Operations, Tighten Budget,”St. Louis Jewish Light, September 24, 1997, p. 33.

96. Ibid., p. 8.

97. Lehn,op. cit., p. 122.

98. “The Jewish National Fund: Its Origin, Object, History, and Achievements,”Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund for America, 1932), p. 31.

99. Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 300.

100. In fact Goor's promotion to head of a Mandate department was re-markable for a non-British Jew. It was made possible when the previous forest “conservator,” G. N. Sale, became embroiled in a broadly publicized sex scan-dal. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, May 5, 1999.

101. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

102. Weitz,op. cit., p. 302.

103. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on: www.jnfreform.org).

104. Abraham Granot, a former aide to Nehemiah Di Lieme and Menachem Ussishkin and himself the JNF chairman from 1944 to 1961, is credited with getting the government to adopt this JNF axiom. Efraim Orni,Land in Israel, p. 30.

105. Yosef Weitz,The Struggle for the Land (Tel Aviv: Tubersky, 1950), p. 336.

106. Segev,op. cit., pp. 117–129.

107. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 33.

108. Shva,op. cit., pp. 93, 98.

109. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

110. Journal entry from August 18, 1949, Yosef Weitz,My Diary and Letters to My Sons, vol. IV (Ramat Gan: Masada, 1965), p. 48.

111. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997; Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 295.

112. Moshe Kolar, “The Forest Department of the JNF,” Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift (June 1989): 600.

113. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

114. Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 300.

115. Ibid., p. 302.

116. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 22.

117. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

118. Ibid., p. 11.

119. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

120. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

121. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

122. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 10

123. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

124. Interview with Menahem Sachs, Director of JNF Forestry Department, October 28, 1997.

125. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Planner for JNF Central Region, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

126. Land Development Authority,Annual Report 1996 (Jerusalem: Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, July 1997), p. 18.

127. Ofer Regev,Arbaim Shnot Pricha (Tel Aviv: Society for the Protection of Nature, 1993), p. 46.

128. Ibid., p. 16.

129. Alon,op. cit., 338–340.

130. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal communication, November 19, 1998.

131. Divrei ha-Knesset, December 11, 1962, p. 413.

132. Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),–I (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 92.

133. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 57.

134. Omri Boneh and John Woodcock, “Cherishing Precious Resources,” JNF Illustrated (Spring 1994): 3.

135. Extension Toxicology Network, Oregon State University, “Simazine,” http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/simazine.html, June 1996.

136. Aviva Rabinovich, “Evaluation of the Damages Caused to the Soil and Groundwater as a Result of Spraying with Simazine in Open Spaces,” as quoted in Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00,op. cit.

137. Mendel,op. cit., p. 2.

138. Extension Toxicology Network, Oregon State University, “Endosulfan,” http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/endosulf.htm, June 1996.

139. Boneh and Woodcock,op. cit., p. 2.

140. Mendel,op. cit.

141. Mendel, “Integration of Management of Forests and Preservation of Forest Habitats as a Way to Address Damaging Insects,” lecture at JNF Research Symposium, Hebrew University, Agriculture Faculty, Rehovoth, December, 19, 2001.

142. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 61.

143. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

144. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

145. Meir Shalev,Primarily about Love (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1991), p. 34.

146. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

147. Mendel, “Major Pests.”

148. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

149. Avraham Weinstein, “The Species of Pinus and Eucalyptus Used for Afforestation in Israel,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 627.

150. JNF Mini-Manual (Jerusalem: JNF, 1973), p. 34.

151. The percentage of conifer trees planted is actually higher, owing to their relatively high density, reaching as high as 65 percent. Zvika Avni, head of JNF Forestry Department, personal communication, March 12, 2000.

152. Mordechai Ruach, “Organization and Activities of the Forest Department,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 604.

153. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

154. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

155. Danny Orenstein, oral presentation, JNF Educational Department, December 8, 1997.

156. Interview with Y'nass Maalachi, Yatir Forest, December 8, 1997.

157. Noam Gressel, personal communication, May 2000.

158. Noy-Meir,op. cit.

159. Interview with Menahem Sachs, Director of JNF Afforestation Department, October 28, 1997.

160. Noy-Meir,op. cit.

161. Ibid.

162. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

163. Ibid., p. 33.

164. Planning and Building Law, 1965—National Master Plan for Forests and Forestry, submitted to the Government, Ministry of the Interior, Jerusalem, August 1995. Published in Yalkut Pirsumim, no. 4363, December 19, 1995.

165. “Keren Kayemet: Twelve Million People Can't Be Wrong,”Green, Blue and White (May 1996): 39.

166. Avi Goren, “Hands Off the Forest,”Green, Blue and White 3 (March 1995): 34–35.

167. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

168. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on www.jnfreform.org).

169. Ibid.

170. Zafrir Rinat, “Grounds for Suspicion,”Ha-Aretz, August 14, 1998.

171. Land Development Authority,op. cit., p. 6.

172. David Blougrund,The Jewish National Fund Policy Study No. 49, The Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, September 2001. Also, Arnold Regular, “‘Destructive and Dangerous’ Management: The Report of the Comptroller of the Jewish Agency Regarding the JNF,”Kol ha-Ir, February 9, 2001.

173. Lehn,op. cit., p. 147.

174. Shva,op. cit., p. 93.

175. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget for the Year 1997 (Jerusalem, December 1996), p. Zayin-2.

176. Land Development Authority,op. cit., p. 45.

177. Interview with Dr. Benny Shalmon, Kibbutz Ketura, January 14, 1998.

178. J. Kaplan, R. Karschon, and M. Kolar, “Israel,” in Afforestation in Arid Zones, ed. R. N. Kaul (The Hague: Junk, N.V. 1970), pp. 151–152.

179. Jewish National Fund,Savannization—An Ecological Answer to Desertification (Jerusalem: JNF, 1994).

180. Danny Orenstein, oral presentation, JNF Educational Department, December 8, 1997.

181. Patricia Golan, “Redeeming the Desert: Successful Experiment in Reversing the Process of Desertification in Israel's Negev,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 13, no. 3 (1990): 21–22.

182. Dr. Burt Kotler, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, personal com-munication, May 5, 1998.

183. Dr. Uriel Safriel as quoted in Janine Zacharia, “The Final Frontier,” The Jerusalem Report, May 1, 1997, p. 14.

184. Elchanan Josephy, “The Natural Forest of Israel,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 663.

185. Ibid.

186. Amit Shapira, Director of the Environment and Nature Preservation Department, Society for Protection of Nature in Israel, personal communica-tion, April 27, 1998.

187. Irit Sappir-Gildor, “Environmental Attitudes among Visitors to JNF Forests,” master's thesis, Tel Aviv University, Department of Geography 2001.

188. Ibid.

189. Interview with Menahem Sachs, October 28, 1997.

190. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission),Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

191. Mike McCloskey, “The Emperor Has No Clothes: The Conundrum of Sustainable Development,” Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 9 (1999): p. 153.

192. Noy-Meir,op. cit., p. 618.

193. Sappir Gildor,op. cit.

194. M. Schechter, N. Zaitsev, B. Reiser, and S. Nevo, “On Valuing Natural Resources Damages,”Preservation of the World in the Wake of Change, ed. Y. Steinberger (Jerusalem: Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Pub., 1996), pp. 343–349.

195. Zafrir Rinat, “There Once Was a Forest,”Ha-Aretz (English Internet edition), December 2, 1997.

196. Meir Barzilai, personal communication, Jerusalem, May 1, 2000.

197. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget (Jerusalem: December 1996), p. “F.”

198. “Keren Kayemet: Twelve Million People Can't Be Wrong,” p. 39.

199. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 29.

200. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on: www.jnfreform.org).

201. Blougrund,op. cit., pp. 6, 11.