Index
Aaronson, Nadav, 512
Abadi, Menahem, 196, 468
Abatement of Nuisances Law, 63, 412; auto emissions, 272; lack of ambi-ent air quality standards, 250–251; Malraz, 370; Ministry of Health as enforcer, 250; origin of, 249; police enforcement, 249–250; use of, by Ministry of the Environment, 288. See also Kanovich Law
Abbey, Edward, 465
Abed-Rabbo, Alfred, 499
Abel, Evelyn, 444
Abel, Robert, 507
Abramowitz, Yosef, 88
Absalom, 37
Absentee Properties, 87, 330
Ackerman, Adam, 440, 441, 442, 445
Academy for the Hebrew Language, 302
activism.See environmental activism Adam, Rachel, 11, 437, 475, 476, 488, 489
Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense), 5, 150–151, 230, 312, 321, 460, 475, 507; the Carmel Towers, 392–394; and coastal-zone development, 389–390, 394; as collector of evi-dence, 388; contrast with Malraz, 386–387; establishment of, 386; free legal assistance from, 388; and Galilee Society, 362; and Haifa air pollution, 292; and JNF, 103; and local environmental groups, 387–388; and Kinneret water pollu-tion, 293; the Kishon cases, 388–389; and Nesher Cement Har Tuv plant, 381; and Ora Namir, 297; seed grant, 375; and Trans-Israel Highway, 389; on trial, 393–394
Adar, E.M., 473
Adgham, Munir, 468
Adin, A., 500
Adler, Elik, 483
afforestation.See forestry, forests Agmon-Snir, Hagai, 465
agriculture: circa 1900, 40; demand for water resources, 202–203; fellah, 49–50; increasing economic irrele-vancy of, 238; intensive farming, 56; Likud and, 237–238; migrant labor and, 238; overpumping by, 237–238; pesticides, 303, 319; pollution, 56; sources of nitrates, 226–228; sustain-ability of Yishuv accomplishments, 55–56; wastewater reuse in, 220–223; water allocation cuts, 239–241; water wastage, 237; under Yishuv, 51–56, 67; in Zionist ideol-ogy, 237
Agriculture Land Preservation Committee, 307
Aharoni, Israel, 185
Aharonson, Aaron, 53–54, 59
air pollution, 249–252; Abatement of Nuisances Law and, 249; air qual-ity emission permits, 323;in Ashdod, 379; asthma and, 376–377; by auto emissions, 272, 316, 397–398; and catalytic converters, 324; by cement dust, 271–276, 379–382; continuing increases of, 410–411; difficulties in regulation of, 250; emissions standards, 379; ENZA, 376; in Haifa, 271, 273–276, 289–292, 303, 376–379; Israel Electric Company and, 274; “London Fog,” 10; Malraz and, 370; by particulates, 12; and public transportation, 398; from Reading D power station, 253; reduction in cities, 14; and suburban sprawl in the1990s, 307; by sulfur dioxide, 14, 244, 254, 255, 272, 274–276, 376–379; the Supreme Court and, 291; World Health Organization criteria, 289–290
Ajjour, Mohammed, 500
Alazaroff, Shaul, 476
Albeck, Pliah, 513
Aleppo pine.See Jerusalem pine Alexandron Committee, 162, 164
Alexandron, Nachman, 162, 166
Alfi, S., 472
al-Hmaidi, Mohammed Said, 501
aliyah/aliyot: First Aliyah, 20; Second
Aliyah, 20; Third Aliyah, 20; Fourth Aliyah, 27; Fifth Aliyah, 27, 62.See also immigration Alkalai, Judah, 23
al-Khatib, Nader, 501
Allan, Tony, 501
Almog, Oz, 31, 438, 440
Alon, Azariah, 30, 33, 65, 97, 113, 115, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 148, 164, 171, 258, 264, 342, 399, 440, 441, 446, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 462, 464, 466, 489, 508; and possibilities for Green parties, 395; and the SPNI Arab unit, 341–342; response to urban pollution, 132
Alon, Dan, 493
Aloni, Shulamith, 298
Alon, Yigael, 235, 243, 256, 258, 259, 477; Stockholm Conference presen-tation, 243–244
al-Shishakli, Adib, 210
Alster, Jitzchak P., 501
Alterman, Natan, 26, 35Altneuland,208
aluminum, recycling of, 315
Alush, Zvi, 498
Americans: Lynn Golumbic, 376–379; role of, in environmental activism, 375; Shirley Benyamin, 372–375
American Zionist movement, 24
Amir, Dror, 352, 486, 487, 489, 495, 499
Amir, Shmuel, 456, 485
Amiran, David, 477, 498
Amrami, Aaron, 203, 204, 208, 218, 247; and the Ministry of Health Sanitation Department, 204
Antiquities Authority, 317
Aqaba.See Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba Arabs: agriculture, 55–56; economy under British Mandate, 48–51;in-dustry under British Mandate, 50–51; management of Palestine before 1900, 38–39; population, 49, 51; shanty towns, 50.See also Israeli Arabs Arafat, Yasir, 358
Arbeli, Aliza, 499
Ardi, David, 159
Aristotle, 217
Arlosoroff, Shaul, 475, 515
army.See Israel Defense Forces arson: and the Intifada, 340; JNF re-sponse to, 340–341; as political protest, 340
artificial islands, 428–429
Aruri, Naseer, 499
Ashdod, air quality, 379.See also marinas Ashkenazi, Amit, 461
Ashkenazi, Shoshana, 465
Ashkenazi, T., 498
Assaf, Karen, 355, 500, 501
Assaf, Said, 55–56, 444, 445
Atkinson, Marlin, 510
Atomic Energy Commission, 373
Attorney General, 290
Atzmon, Abraham, 286, 486
Atzmon, Akiva, 89
Authority.See Nature Reserves
Authority (NRA) Avidan, Yigael, 492
Avisar, Dror, 5, 11, 436, 437, 446, 500
Aviv, Daniel, 507
Aviva, Lori, 513
Avneri, Uri, 254
Avni, Zvika, 452
Avnimelech, Yoram (Yorik), 146, 285, 314, 471, 472, 473, 475, 492
Baal Shem Tov, 22
Babai, Eliyahu, 498, 499
Bahalul, Shlomo, 249
Baidatz, Uri, 181
Bailey, Clinton, 497, 498, 499
Balfour, Arthur James, 40
Balfour Declaration, 40
Ban, Yitzhak, 309
Bar, Yehudah, 324, 494
Barak, Ehud, 322
Barak, Nava, 4
Barash, Alexander, 64
Bar David, Shirli, 467, 503
Barizilai, Dov, 182
Barkia, Rabbi Yerachmyel, 514
Bar Lev, Haim, 113, 167
Barnea, Nahum, 456
Baron, Gabi, 468, 491
Bar Or, Yeshayahu, 436
Baroway, Aaron, 445
Bar-Yehudah, Israel, 121
Bar-Yosef, Yizhak, 447, 491, 492, 507, 508
Bar-Zohar, 439
Barzilai, Meir, 109, 454, 497
Bayne, Dan, 392
Beccaria, Cesare, 415, 512
Bedouin, 345–352; amicable relations with Jordan, 349–350; birth rates, 350, 351; evictions of, 348; the Green Patrol and, 347–350; Israeli containment efforts towards, 346; land registration and, 348; land use patterns of, 346; origins of, 346; overgrazing by, 350; and Ramat Hovav, 332; resettlement efforts, 347; tough policy toward, 348–349; urbanization of, 351
Be'eri, Dalia, 391
Be'eri, Yedidyah, 370, 394, 479, 503, 504
Beer Sheva, Dudaim dump, 314–315
Begin, Menahem, 182, 254, 279
Beier, Yossi, 511
Beilin, Yossi, 288, 310, 421
Beit Ja'an.See Mount Meron Nature Reserve Beit Shemesh, and Nesher Cement dust, 379–382
Bell, Gertrude, 35, 440, 441
Benari, Nahum, 441
Ben Amir, Yaakov, 501
Ben-Ari, Elli, 392, 394
Ben-Ariyeh, Yehoshua, 441, 498
Ben Avraham, Ariel, 466
Ben-David, Asael, 160, 161
Ben-David, Yosef, 498, 499
Ben-Gurion, David, 21, 24, 25, 28, 89, 91, 162, 163, 164, 167, 177, 200, 209, 217, 218, 383, 418, 430, 438, 439, 450, 463, 468, 472; Carmel National Park and, 125; internal immigration, 420
Benheim, Sol, 436
Benika, Wagen, 210
Ben-Meir, Meir, 225, 227, 238, 241, 319, 356, 426, 470, 474, 515
Ben-Porat, Shaikeh, 489, 490, 491
Ben Porat, Miriam, 225, 236
Ben Shaul, D'vora, 464, 465, 467, 481, 485, 488; role in NRA, 175; role in EcoNet, 374
Ben Shemesh, Shimon, 76, 81, 448, 449, 451
Benstein, Jeremy, 401, 509
Ben-Tal, Danny, 483
Bentham, Jeremy, 512
Benvenisti, Eyal, 500
Benvenisti, Meron, 32, 129, 356, 439, 440, 457, 477, 495, 499, 500, 502
Benyamin, Herschell, 504; as founder of EcoNet, 373
Benyamin, Shirley, 379, 504; antinu-clear crusade, 373–375; background, 373–374; and D'vora Ben Shaul, 374; EcoNet, 374; and the Knesset prize, 375
Benyamini, Eran, and campus ac-tivism campaign, 135
Ben-Yeshayahu, Tamar, 483
Ben-Yisrael, Gidon, 164
Ben Yosef, Seffi, 461, 468
Ben Zion, Zelberfarb, 513
Ben-Zvi, Izhak, 23
Ben-Zvi, Rachel Yana'it, 23, 438
Berkovich, Mickey, 3
Berman, T., 471
Bernstein, Iris, 451, 452, 453
Beyer, Lisa, 437, 509
Bibi, Yigael, 291
Bible: ecological message of, 21, 432; precept of equal treatment of non-Jews, 330
Biger, Gideon, 83, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450
Bina, Bar-On, 323
biodiversity, 13; and animal reparra-tion, 190–193; under British man-date, 37, 63; impact of grazing on, 351; JNF shift to, 99; in the nine-teenth century, 155–156; numbers of species, 156; and SLOSS debate, 170
biological oxygen demand (BOD), de-fined, 7Biosphera,258, 261
biosphere reservation, 184
birds: dependence on Eilat's salt marshes, 383; establishment of Eilat Bird Park, 384; lack of public interest, 385; migration, 382–383; tourism, 383; Reuven Yosef and, 384
Birk, Yehudith, 510
“Black Sabbath,” 206
Blank, D., 474
Blass, Chaim, 79, 91, 92, 98, 99, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452
Blass, Simcha, 117, 201–202, 206, 209, 210, 213, 214, 216, 229, 237, 443, 445, 455, 468, 469, 470, 471, 474, 475; and the development of Negev water resources, 205–207; as direc-tor of Tahal, 204–207, 208–209, 213, 220; as Director of Water; 218; and drip irrigation, 228–229;as head of Water Department, 201, 203–204, 216, 217; Kishon River ir-rigation project, 201; and National Water Carrier, 208–209, 214; and Saline Carrier, 213; and Water Law, 216
Blougrund, David, 453, 454
Blubstein, Rachel (Rachel the Poet), 22, 438
blue-baby syndrome, nitrate levels and, 225–226
The Blue Mountain,32
Blumberg, Arnold, 441, 442
Bodenheimer, Fritz, 86
Boneh, Omri, 451, 452
Boneh, Yohanan, 469
Boquelle, Veronique, 508
Boulding, Kenneth E., 492
Bovy, I.P., 460
Bracha, Revital, 437
Brachman, Yossi, 460
Brachya, Valerie, 142, 458, 459, 479, 480, 481, 487, 489, 491, 507
Brandeiss, Amos, 436
Brasser Report, 254
Bravender, Shlomo, 485
Brenner, Shmuel, 287, 486, 505
Briant, Bunyant, 495
British acquisition of Palestine, 40
British Mandate, 40, 85, 311; Arab econ-omy under, 48–51; concession to the Dead Sea Works, 308; consequences of changes under, 65–68; conserva-tion policy, 45; electrification, 42; forestry under, 45–46, 85; Hunting
― 521 ―Ordinance, 47; Hydrological Service, 203; Jewish agriculture under, 52–55; Jewish environmentalism under, 63–65; Jewish industry under, 56–58; JNF under, 73–76;law, 42–43;1940 Land Regulations, 44; sanitation under, 43; transportation, 42; urban environment, 61–63; water resources, 44; wildflower protection, 46; wildlife, 46–47British Royal Commission.See Peel Commission
Broch, Ilana, 422
Bromberg, Gidon, 510, 515
Bronfman, David, 386
Bronfman, Linda, 386
Brooks, David B., 476
Brotzkos, A., 446
Brower, David, 425, 449
brownfields, 427
brutia pine, 83
Budieri, Adnan, 467
Building and Housing Ministry, 307
bulbusim, 127
Bull, Vivian A., 499
Bullard, Robert D., 495
Burg, Avram, 26, 147, 439
Burg, Yosef, 261, 272, 274
Burger King, 324
Butterworth, B.E., 471
Caesar, Julius, 216
Cahan, D., 473
Caniel Corporation, 315
Carmel National Park: David Ben-Gurion and, 125; development de-bate and, 124–125; Nesher Cement quarry controversy, 13, 124
Carmel Towers, opposition by Adam Teva V'din, 392–394
Carmi, Zeev, 440
carob trees, JNF experiments, 93
Carson, Rachel, 277, 425, 471, 484, 490; possible influence on JNF, 96
Cashman, Greer Fay, 491
Caspi, Yisrael, 457, 458
Caspit, Ben, 459
Castel quarry, 288
Cattan, Henry, 499
Cellcom, endorsement by SPNI, 137
cesspools, effects of, 337
Chadwick-Furman, Nanette, 407, 408, 510
Charish, Micha, 144, 370–371
Charish, Yosef, 503
Chayon, David, 501
cheetah, last wild sighting of, 155
Chen, Shmuel, 508, 511
Cheshin, Mischa, 103, 389
chlorination, effects on Kinneret, 214
Chomesh, Meron, 418
Chovevei Tzion, 71, 74
Christie, D., 506
Chuwers, P., 485
Clark, Bill, 467
Clean Air Act (English), 10
Clinton, Bill, 144
closed reserves, defined, 183
cloud seeding, 218
Cloyzner, Yisrael, 447
Coastal Aquifer, 199, 202; salination of, 215; toxic chemicals, 232
coastal development: Master Plan, See also marinas
Coastal Master Plan, 392
Cohen, Amiram, 494, 501
Cohen, Ariyeh, 465, 467
Cohen, Geulah, 129, 323
Cohen, Iris, 437
Cohen, J., 473
Cohen, Johnny, 137
Cohen, Leon, 511
Cohen, Michael, 438
Cohen, Shaul Ephraim, 442, 443, 448, 450, 496, 497
Cohen, Yuval, 270
Collins, Liat, 489, 490, 493, 500, 502, 504, 510
Communist Party, and nuclear power issue, 373
composting, 247
coral, in the Gulf of Aqaba, 407.See also Eilat Council for a Beautiful Israel: estab-lishment of, 372; orientation, 372
Courty, M.A., 441
CRB Foundation, study of environ-mental activism, 368
Curnow, A., 441
Dabur, Asad, 345, 497
Dan bus company, 323
Dan Sewage Project, first stage, 207
Dan Union of Cities: establishment of, 207; wastewater treatment efforts, 221
Danieli, Yael, 497
Danon, Yehuda L., 511
Daoud, Naim, 496
Dar, Yitzhak, 389
Darwin, Charles Galton, 422, 514
Davies, Terry, 491
Davis, Bob, 180, 235
Davis, R.J., 476
Dawes, Robin, 494
Dayan, Moshe, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 172, 210, 216, 243, 298, 354
Dayan, Yael, 394–395
DDT, use in battling malaria, 60
Dead Sea: effect of National Water Carrier on, 215; legal issues sur-rounding the exploitation of, 308–310
Dead Sea Bromide Corporation, 305; and international environmental protection, 305–306; and ozone layer depletion, 304
Dead Sea Concessions Law, 308, 309, 310, 311, 317
Dead Sea Works, 308–310
Deodhar, Lina, 435
Department for Improving the Country's Landscape.See Landscape Improvement Department Department for the Protection of Nature: nature reserves, 161; reser-vatim,161
Derfner, Larry, 492, 509
Deri, Ariyeh, 121, 178, 284, 287, 289
desalination, 426–427; cost of, 201;as water strategy, 217–218, 242
De-Shalit, Avner, 24, 148, 395, 439, 440, 447, 457, 458, 460, 508
Deshanim Ltd., 388
DESHE, 132; Trans-Israel Highway controversy, 150
developed reserves, defined, 183
Diamond, D., 488
Diamond, Jared, 37, 441
Diaspora, 20
Dien, Mawil Izzi, 502
Di Lieme, Nehemia, 74, 75, 451
Dimona nuclear reactor, 300
diving, and damage to coral, 407–408
Dizengoff, Meir, 29, 40, 61, 439, 446
Donagi, Alexander, 250, 477, 478
Doron, Gil, 489, 507
drip irrigation, 228–229; in Arizona, 229; in California, 229; recycled sewage, 229
Dror, Yehezkel, 286, 486
Druze, 288; Mount Meron Nature Reserve conflict, 343–345
Earth Day: Arabs' Land Day as disin-centive, 364
Earth in the Balance,14
Earth Summit, 295
Easterbrook, Gregg, 410, 511
Eban, Abba, 210, 257; and the UN, 210
ecology, becoming mainstream, 300
EcoNet: and Chernobyl, 374; as coor-dinator of activist organizations, 375; establishment of, 373–374; role in founding Adam Teva V'din, 375; name of, 506
ecotourism, 320 “Eco-Zionism,” JNF-sponsored stu-dent organization, 102
education, 280
Efrat, Elisha, 149, 440, 460, 469, 470, 477, 505, 513
Efrati, Yoram, 440
Efron, Noah, 440
Egged bus company, 323
Ehrlich, Anne, 441
Ehrlich, Paul, 441
Eig, Alexander, 63, 64
Eilan, Michael, 487, 505
Eilat, 293; Bird Park, 384; bird protec-tion of, 383–385; coral loss, 407; corals as “fish,” 121; sewage over-flow, 408; tourism and, 408–409
Eilat-Ashkelon Oil Pipeline Company, 269
Ein Afek, nature reserve, 352
Ein Gedi, leopards of, 186–190
Einav, Rachel, 494
EIS. See environmental impact state-ment Eisenhower, Dwight D., 211
Eitan, Rafael (Raful), 10, 176, 194, 239, 317, 318, 319, 320, 467; back-ground, 318; as head of the Ministry of the Environment and Agriculture, 317–319
Elad, Elli, 379, 459, 468, 482, 487, 488, 489, 492, 499
Electric Company. See Israel Electric Company electricity: introduction of, 42
El-Hai, Lior, 507
el-Haj, Magad, 495, 502
Eliash, Yehoshua, 466
Elmusa, Sharif S., 501
Elroy, Hilah, 435
Elterman, Rosa, 4
Elterman, Sasha, 3, 4, 10, 435
endosulfan, 96
energy tower, 425
Engel, Gideon, 275
Environment Committee, 295
environmental activism, 375; CRB Foundation study, 368, 369; finan-cial resources, 369; Lynn Golumbic's strategy, 377–378;im-portance of, 368; and nuclear power, 373–375; organizations in-volved in, 368. See also Adam Teva V'din; EcoNet; ENZA; Malraz
environmental crisis, 244–245
environmental ethos: greenhouse emissions and, 430; new politics of, 430–431; theological plea for, 432–433
environmental history: and the Nature Reserve system, 15; reasons to study, 15; Yizhar Smilansky and, 15
environmental impact statement (EIS): Hadera power station, 263; Jordan River power station, 146–148; regulations, 263; Voice of America transmitter, 139, 140, 142–143; weaknesses of, 263–264
environmentalism: and consumerism, 403; and ecosolidarity, 14; greater awareness about, 403–404; and Israeli society, 14; and the labor movement, 399–400; and media coverage, 399; and the peace process, 400
environmental justice: and Israeli Arabs, 332–336; the sewage gap, 336–339
Environmental Ministry. See Ministry of the Environment environmental pressures: desalination and, 426–427; and energy towers, 425–426; Green awareness and, 430; land reclamation, 428–429; multiple-level zoning and, 427; and solar energy, 427; technological op-timism, 425–429
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.), 284
Environmental Protection Service (EPS), 25, 29, 287, 288, 289, 305, 481; achievements, 276; conflicts with Ministry of Health, 261; and culture of noncompliance, 278–279; first conflict with Ariyeh Deri, 284; early history of, 259; emphasis, 260; environmental protection units, 267–268; failures, 276;first headquarters, 260; Ministry of Health, 272; orientation, 260; ori-gin of, 256–259; Ramat Hovav de-bacle, 267; relationship to National Religious Party, 261; solid waste and recycling, 264–265; and the SPNI, 259; strategy for the Service, 261; style, 260; supported by the
― 524 ―Ministry of the Interior, 261–262; transition to the Ministry of the Environment, 285, 287environmental protection units, 267–268
environmental regulation: commit-ment to restoration, 416–417; com-pliance level, 415; enforcement ef-forts, 413–414; fines for polluters, 415; and Gross Domestic Product, 414; industry voluntary environ-mental compliance, 414; “polluter pays” principle, 413
ENZA (Citizens against Air Pollution), 376, 377
Epstein, Meron, 495
Eran, Yaakov, 496
Eretz Yisrael. See Land of Israel Erez, Shaika, 194
Eshkol, Levi, 28, 177, 206, 213, 243, 298, 430; and Mekorot, 200; and Tahal, 205
Etinger, Ami, 481
Ettinger, Akiva, 80, 81, 83, 440
eucalyptus: in early JNF forestry, 78–79; role in savannization, 106–107
Evans, Brock, 454
extinctions, 411
Fadida, Shalom, 381
Farah, Fuad, 495, 496
Fares, Amin, 502
Fattal, Badri, 473, 500
Feinberg, Avshalom, 30, 440
Feitelson, Eran, 460, 477, 488, 490, 491, 501, 513
Feldman, Ariyeh, 63
Feldman, Yossi, 122, 186
fellaheen: agriculture under British Mandate, 49–50; defined, 39; olive tree raising, 49–50
Feranio, Antonio, 271, 483
fertilizers, introduction of under Mandate, 52
Fifth Aliyah, 27
Fifth Environmental Film Festival, 322
Finkel, Haim, 454
Finkel, R., 467
Finkleman, Avinoam (Finky), 155, 461
First Aliyah, 20; compared with Second, 30
First Zionist Congress, 20
Fisch, Daniel (Danny), 388, 391, 507;as Director of Adam Teva V'din, 394
Fishelson, Lev, 189, 457, 458, 465, 466, 479
fish kills, 220, 231
Fishkoff, Sue, 506
Fletcher, Elaine, 511, 512
Flicstein, Bernanda, 273, 274, 275, 484
Foa, Esther, 226
Forbes, Malcolm (Steve), 142, 143
forestry: under British Mandate, 86; changing JNF perceptions, 100–104; early attempts fail, 77–78; JNF labor practices, 92–93; JNF shift to biodi-versity, 97; JNF under early state, 90–92; objections to JNF practices, 94–97; use of eucalyptus, 78–79
forests: arson, 340–341; under British Mandate, 45–46; characteristics of in Middle East, 38; composition of, 93–100; early afforestation, 79–80; in early JNF policy, 72; and Israeli Arabs, 339; Jerusalem pine, 82–85; JNF before Mandate, 76–79; JNF in Mandatory period, 75, 79; JNF under Weitz, 80–82; Chico Mendes, 382; natural, 106–107; problems with the Jerusalem pine, 85–86; productive, 93; protective, 93
Fourth Aliyah, 27
Frankel, Alona, 280, 485 “freier,” defined, 368
Freund, Dr., veterinary official at the Ministry of Agriculture in the1950s, 158
Frish, Felix, 497
Frumkin, Ron, 459
Frutarom Company, 255–256
Fuhrer, Zwy, 275; and Haifa Union of Cities, 273
Furman, Nanette, 510
Gabbay, Shoshana, 436, 437, 441, 454, 457, 462, 465, 466, 472, 476, 489, 490, 510, 511
Gabizon, Yoram, 460
Gabrielli, David, 496
Gal, Ram, 496
Galilee Society (Arab National Society for Health Research and Services), 328; and Adam Teva V'din, 362
Galilee Society of Municipalities, 336
Galili, Alon, 158, 174, 178, 195, 462, 465, 467, 468, 498; and the Green Patrol, 347–349
Galnoor, Itzhak, 468, 470, 472
Gal-Paz, Yankele, 190Gambusia affinis fish, as mosquito control, 8
Garb, Yaakov, 495, 507, 515
Gasith, A., 500
Gat, Yehudah, 511
Gavrielli, Noam, 378, 437
Gaza. See West Bank and Gaza Gazawi, Mahmoud, 341, 342, 360, 497, 502
Gazit, Alon, 484
Gazit, Avital, 494
Gelpe, Marcia, 512
Gerichter, B., 473
Gershuni, M., 455
Gerstenfeld, Manfred, 438
Ghattas, Basel, 328, 336, 361, 491, 494, 496, 497, 502; and Rami sewage, 327
Gidalizon, Eitan, 132, 135, 136, 151, 454, 458, 464; and field school con-solidation, 136; and SPNI funding problems, 137
Gil, Orli, 492
Gilat, Mordechai, 458
Gilbert, Shmuel, 395–396, 508
Gilmour, David, 444
Gilov, Gilad, 512
Ginsburg, Gary, 334, 495, 511, 512
Gitell, Eric, 450
Givati, Haim, 168
Givon, Bilha, 140–142, 459, 460, 461
Glazer, Myron Peretz, 505
Glazer, Penina Migdal, 505
Glickman, Eitan, 466
Global Geochemistry Laboratories, in testing Yarkon water, 5
Gofer, Esther, 293
Gofer, Haim, 235
Golan, Patricia, 453
Golan, Yael, 493
Golan, Yehuda, 502, 509, 514
Goldberger, Shalom, 437
Goldberger, Ze'ev, 515
Goldenburg, Amnon, 388–389
Goldsmid, Yehudah, 470, 471
Goldsmith, John, 504
Goldsmith, Martin, 203
Golumbic, Lynn, 457, 505; asthma and, 376; emissions standards, 379; environmental campaigning, 377–378; and ENZA, 376; and the Haifa Oil Refineries, 376–377
Goor, Amihu, 46, 64, 89, 443, 450
Gorden, Shimon, 449
Gordon, Aaron David, 15, 22, 438
Gore, Al, 14, 128, 144, 438
Goren, A.I., 511
Goren, Avi, 453, 461
Goren, Ayana, 505
Goren, Yehudit, 461
Goren, Yizhak, as Director of the Ministry of the Environment, 322
Gotfeld, Asaf, 464
Gottesman, Corri, 458
Gottlieb, Robert, 503
Graber, Michael, 305, 438, 490
Graham-Brown, Sarah, 499
Granot, Abraham, 451
Grauer, F., 485
GreenAction, 5, 368
Greenberg, Amnon, 475, 490
Greenberg, David, 482
Greenberg, Eric, 450
Greenberg, Zvi, 505 “Green Course,” SPNI student chap-ters, 135, 368
Green parties: and other political is-sues, 395; prospects in Israel, 395; success in local elections, 396
Green Patrol, 345; alleged brutality of, 348–349; Bedouin conflicts with, 347; Alon Galili and, 347–358;na-tionalistic rhetoric over, 350; ori-gins of, 347
Greenpeace, 304, 305, 368; and methyl bromide, 305
Green Wave. See Green Course
Gressel, Noam, 106, 399, 452
Gronovsky, Avraham, 448
Gross, Nachum T., 442
Gross, Netty C., 502, 511, 514
Grossman, David, 498
Gruener, N., 485
Guichard, E., 441
Gulf of Aqaba: coral ecosystem of, 407; correlation between diving and reef damage, 407–408; EcoPeace en-vironmental conference on, 406–407; oil spill of1995, 405–406; planned tourist development of, 407; proposed “tanker-free” zone, 406; reduced diving access, 408
Gurel, Ariyeh, 377, 378Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), 33
Gvirtzman, Haim, 500, 501hachsharot, defined, 53
Hadas, Eran, 438
Hadassah Medical Organization, in malaria fight, 60
Hadassah Medical School, 222
Haddad, Marwan, 501
Hadera power station, 263, 377
Haganah, 31
Hai Bar Association: early stages, 191; expectations, 191; goal, 190; indige-nousness concerns, 191; the NRA and, 191; predator center, 191; suc-cesses, 192
Haifa, 271, 289, 290, 292; air pollu-tion, 271, 273–276, 289–292, 303, 376–379; causes of air problems, 273; extraterritorial status of, 273; petrochemical water pollution, 388–389
Haifa Chemicals, 388
Haifa Oil Refineries, 274, 290, 303; and ENZA, 376–377; resistance to Ministry of the Environment stan-dards, 290–292; under Yossi Sarid, 303
Haifa Sulfides, 273
Haifa Union of Cities, 273
Ha-Levy, Dan, 471
Halpren, Haim, 201, 216
Haim, Asaf, 511
Ha-Negbi, Tzachi, 194, 322, 323;as Minister of the Environment, 322–323
Hankin, Olga, 73
Hankin, Yehoshua, 73
Hanson, Meira, 515
Haran, Micki, 481
Harari, Haim, 291, 292, 487
Harel, Eitan, 472, 478
Harish, Yosef, 486
Harris, David, 496, 515
Har Tuv, 379
Ha-Shomer, Jewish defense organiza-tion, 23
Hatkin, Ruth, 163
Hayes, James Benjamin, 208, 470
Hazardous Materials Law, 311
hazardous waste, 265–267, 311; Ramat Hovav role in, 266–267
Hazzan, Giselle, 352, 499, 502
Hebrew language, and aggressive de-velopment, 26–27
Hebrew University, 298
Hefner, Reuven, 197
Heller, David, 446, 466
Helman, Richard, 482
Helman, Sara, 505, 511
Hertzberg, Arthur, 462
Herzfield, Abraham, 219
Herzl, Theodor, 20, 23, 70, 72, 74, 76–78, 135, 156, 208, 212, 330, 442, 462
Herzog, Aura, 372, 504
Heschel Center (Abraham Joshua Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership), 401
Hess, Amira, 500
Hill, Moshe: Nahal Taninim commit-tee, 126
Hillel, Daniel, 468, 471, 475, 497, 506
Hiriyah, 247, 248, 265; Beer Sheva site as alternative, 314–315; closing of, 322; collapse, 315
Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 80
Hirsch, Moshe, 500, 510
Hirschberg, Peter, 495, 508
Hirshberg, Yosef, 488, 502
Hochman, Rafi, 293
Hoffman, Andrew, 437
Hofland, Ed, 491
Holdren, John, 441
homeland, 30
Horowitz, Paul, 490
Horowitz, Uri, 174
Hoter-Yishai, Dror, 135
Housen-Couriel, Deborah, 500, 501
housing: and environmental consider-ations, 294–295; preservation of open spaces, 306; Russian immi-grants, 294, 306–308
Huldai, Ron, 61
Huleh wetlands: and the founding of SPNI, 115–118; as nutrient sink for Kinneret, 234; recreation, 320
hunting: in background of NRA rangers, 174; under British Mandate, 47–48; in Ottoman Palestine, 39; and rabies eradica-tion, 159; State of Israel restric-tions, 160; and wildlife, 158
Hurwitz, Maximilian, 447
Hussein, Saddam, 377
Hydrological Service, under British Mandate, 203
Idelovich, Emanuel, 472
Ilani, Giora, 186–188, 192, 197, 461, 463, 466–468; and cheetah sighting, 155; and Ein Gedi leopards, 185–188
immigration, 422–424; complex psy-chological dynamics of, 28–29; crit-icism of, 423–424; internal, 420; the Labor Zionists, 20; and the legiti-macy of Judaism in the Diaspora, 423; open-door policy of, 423; Russian, 294, 306–308, 374; the Second Aliyah, 20; the Third Aliyah, 20; waves of, 20; Zionist ideology and, 423. See also aliyah/aliyot
Imre, Z., 473
Inbar, Yossi, 313, 481
industrial pollution, 229–232
industry: Arab economy under British Mandate, 50; early attempts, 40; Jewish under British Mandate, 56–58; legacy of Yishuv, 67–68; obstacles, 57; water pollution, 230–232
Intel: corporate environmental policy, 323
Interior Ministry, 288, 298–299
internal immigration, 420
International Birding Center, 384
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 179
Intifada, 301, 340–341, 355
irrigation: drip, 228–229; Master Plan for Israel Irrigation, 220; waste-water reuse in, 220–223
Israel, 302. See Land of Israel, State of Israel Israel Agency for Nuclear Information. See EcoNet Israel Chemicals, 310
Israel Defense Forces (IDF): and na-ture reserves, 179
Israel Electric Company, 253, 274, 290, 370, 376; bird conservation initiatives with the SPNI, 137; Hadera power station, 262, 377, 378; Haifa power plant, 289
Israeli Arabs, 328, 352; Arab-Jewish environmental cooperation, 362–365; and arson, 341; character-istics of community, 331–332; cot-tage industry problems, 335; cul-tural practices and environment, 333; decline of agriculture among, 360; decline of traditional values,
― 528 ―360–361; depopulation after1948 war, 329–330; distinction from Palestinians, 353; environmental injustices against, 332–336; envi-ronmental problems of, 335; his-tory before1967, 330; ideological attachment to the land, 359; as “il-legal squatters,” 336; inequalities in sewage treatment, 327–328, 336; inter-Arab discrimination and envi-ronment, 334; JNF afforestation and, 339–341; lack of industries and environment, 334; land use and tenure, 333; living standards of, 329, 333; minority status of, 329–330; and Nature Reserves Authority, 343–345; nonassimila-tion of, 331–332; olive harvest and, 361; public health effects on, 338–339; resource allocation and, 334; and the Six-Day War, 330–331; and the SPNI, 341–343Israeli Emergency Response Squad, 405
Israel Lands Administration, 294, 307, 418; cooperation with JNF, 90;es-tablishment of, 90
Israel Standards Institute, 475
Israel Union for Environmental Defense. See Adam Teva V'din
Isaac, Jad, 469, 479, 485, 493, 499, 500, 501
Issar, Arie, 473
Itzik, Daliah, 322, 489; as Minister of the Environment, 322; and Trans-Israel Highway, 322
Jabra, J., 492
Jackson, Andra, 437
Jackson, J.A., 484
Jackson turbidity units (JTUs), 214
Jarrett, Henry, 492
Jerusalem: air pollution from bakery, 301; cholera outbreak, 222; forest preservation, 403; infrastructure, 39; smog levels, 398; “Sustainable Jerusalem” coalition, 136
Jerusalem pine, 82–85; JNF shift from, 97; obstacles to, 85
Jerusalem pine blast, 85–86 Jerusalem Post,2
Jewish Agency, 53; and water resource planning, 204
Jewish National Fund (JNF), 69–111, 320, 447; as agricultural assistance agency, 92; arson protection, 340–341; birth of, 70–71; blue boxes, 72; carob experiment, 93; changing environmental attitude, 97–100; clashes with environmen-talists, 97; conflict with Adam Teva V'din, 103; controversy over poli-cies of, 69; cooperation with state government, 90; current role, 104–108; in desert regions, 105;as development agency, 104; early af-forestation, 79–80; early forestry policies, 76–79; early policies, 72; environmental initiatives other than forests, 101; forest planning density, 84–85; forestry in the State of Israel, 90–92; forestry labor practices, 92–93; forests under Weitz, 80–82; future challenges, 110–111; Huleh wetlands and, 81, 115, 116–117; Israeli Arab animos-ity toward, 339; and Jerusalem pine, 82–86; limans, 105–106; man-agement of natural forests, 106–108; in Mandatory period, 73–76; new ecological perspective, 100–104; and the NRA, 176–178; objections to policies, 94–97; pesti-cide use, 95–97; political agenda of, 339; and recreational sites, 109;re-forestation efforts, 46; role in the future, 111; role under National Master Plan22, 102; savannization, 105, 106; scandal of1996, 88; and Schapira, 70; shift in focus, 88–89; and the SPNI, 176–178; start-up, 71–73; State of Israel, 86–90;as “State within the State,” 110; sus-tainability, 108; timber plans, 93–94;
― 529 ―watchdog system, 103–104; West Bank afforestation efforts of, 339“Jewish Olympics.”See Maccabiah Games Jewish population, drop during World War I, 40
Jezreel Valley, conversion from wet-lands to farmlands, 35
Jagose, Jinni, 435
Joffe, H., 446
Johnston, Eric, 211
Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom): con-cerns over National Water Carrier, 209–210; environmental coopera-tion with Israel, 405–406; nature preservation in, 197
Jordan River: bacterial levels in, 214; B'not Yaakov bridge con-frontation, 210; under British Mandate, 67; diversion of for National Water Carrier, 209–210; hydroelectric exploitation, 67; Israeli control of after Six-Day War, 223; mountainous segment, 145; straightening, 234; turbidity of, 214
Josephus, 37
Josephy, Elchanan, 453
K'naneh, Khatam, 496
Ka'abiah, Mahmud, 495, 502
Kabel, Boaz, 499, 504
Kadmon, Sima, 493
Kallay, Elisha, 501
Kamar, Aviva, 485
Kanark, Adam, 436
Kaniel, Y., 441
Kanovich, Shimon (Sigfried), 62, 65, 248, 249, 250, 394, 412
Kanovich, Y., 474
Kanovich Law, 316; passage of, 62–63, 252, 269, 271, 272, 288; as byword for ineffectual legislation, 251–252. See also Abatement of Nuisances Law Kanfi, Yaakov, 476
Kantor, Menahem, 11, 206, 216, 223–225, 227, 228, 230, 235, 241, 437, 469, 471, 473, 474; as Water Commissioner, 216–217
Kantor, Yehuda, 43
Kaplan, Alon, 442
Kaplan, J., 443
Kaplan, Motti, 491
Kaplan, Yerahmiel, 99, 448, 449, 450, 452
Karassin, Orr, 368, 503
Karmiel: Rami sewage and, 328
Karmon, Yehudah, 469
Karsenty, Eric, 511, 512
Karshon, Rene, 449, 453
Kartin, Amnon, 440
Kashti, Or, 502
Kasis, Elias, 328
Katan, Yaakov, 305
Katin, Ernest, 478, 483, 503
Katz, Adi, 510
Katz, Jonathan, 512
Katz, Y., 441
Katza. See Eilat-Ashkelon Oil Pipeline Company Katznelson, Berl, 448
Kaufman, Richard, 29
Kaul, R.N., 453
Keinan, Amos, 13, 439
Keinan, Tamar, 445
Keinan, Tirtseh, 381
Kelner, G., 479
Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael (KKL). See Jewish National Fund
Khalifa, Elli, 492
Khenin, Dov, 499
Kibbutz Alonim, opposition to JNF settlement plan, 94
Kibbutz Dan, tradeoff for nature re-serves, 171
kibbutzim: agricultural ideology of, 237–238; Likud and, 237–238; stockade and tower approach, 53
Kibbutz Kfar ha-Nasi, and Jordan River hydroelectric generator, 145–146
Kimmerling, Baruch, 444, 445, 494, 495
King, Roni, 190, 467
Kinneret. See Lake Kinneret Kinneret Basin Authority, 180
Kinneret Secretariat, 234; lakeside construction ban, 235; Regional Drainage Authority accomplish-ments, 235; zero-effluent discharge policy, 235
Kipnis, Nir, 437
Kirpalani, Al, 435
Kishon River: irrigation project, 201; as most polluted river in Israel, 13; and cancer in Navy commandos, 231
Klasmer, Reuben, 473
Klein, Rinat, 461, 489, 490
Kling, Gabrielle, 391–392
Klinger, I., 446
K'naneh, Khatam, 338, 494
Knesset: Dead Sea Concessions pas-sage, 309–310; environmentally friendly members, 394–395; Interior and Environment Committee, 295; Kanovich Law vote, 249; nature reserve law de-bate, 163–166; Reading Power Plant debate, 254–255
Kolar, Moshe, 451, 453
Kollek, Teddy, 32, 161
Kol Yisrael, 298
Konter, Aliza, 492
Kook, Avraham, 23, 438
Koopmans, Reitse, 500
Korakh, Michal, 513
Koran, environmentalist perspective of, 359–360
Kornberg, Y., 482
Kossaifi, George, 446
Kotler, Dr. Burt, 453
Koutik, Dani, 511, 512
Krayot district, water contamination in, 13
Kremenezky, Johan, 71, 72
Kretzmer, David, 495
Kritz, Meli, 458
Kruger, Joe, 512
Kuberski, Haim, 171, 261–263, 272, 274; support for EPS, 261–262
Kurus, Batiah, 510
Labor Party, 284, 286, 298; opposition to Miloh, 286
Labor Zionists, 20; youth movement, 297
Lake Kinneret: bromide in, 214; chlori-nation by-products in, 214; con-struction ban around, 430; environ-mental progress of, 236; interrelationship with the Huleh wetlands, 234–235; the Kinneret Secretariat, accomplishments of, 235; limnological research on, 234; nutrient levels in, 215; relationship with Jordan River, 235; as reservoir for National Water Carrier, 211; rubbish around, 248; sewage in, 292; salinity levels, 213; water quality of, 146; as water supply source, 202
land: agricultural land policy, 306–307; government ownership of, 16; long-term leasing policy, 71; management under British Mandate, 45; shortages, 382; and suburban sprawl in the1990s, 307
Landau, Uzi, 395
Land of Israel: ancient forests, 37; Arab management before1900, 38–39; archaeological treasures of, 13; biodiversity of, 13; circa1900, 37–38; inspiration for renewed Jewish identity, 21; mythical views of, 19; post-Roman deterioration, 37; types of forests, 38–39
land reclamation: artificial islands, 428; potential problems regarding, 428–429; proposals for, 428
Landscape Improvement Department, 161–162
Lampret, Sagit, 508
Laor, Arie, 511
Lapid, Yosef (Tommy), 141–142, 454, 459
Lapidot, Mordechai, 264
Laqueur, Walter, 438
large families, 420–422; consumption level of, 424; government subsidization
― 531 ―of, 421–422; resentment toward, 421; sociological implica-tions of, 422; theological justifica-tion for, 422Laster, Richard E. (Reuven), 260, 262, 387, 399, 441, 442, 443, 445, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 495, 503
Lavi, Daphna, 182
Lavon, Pinhas, 455
law: coastal management, 394;im-provements in the1990s, 387; under Mandate, 42–43
Lebensohn, Micah Joseph, 19
Lehn, Walter, 447, 450, 453, 497
Leitersdorf, Tomi, 128
Lem, Amira, 489, 491
leopards: decline in population, 188; Ein Gedi oasis and, 186; Ilani study, 185–189; local concerns about, 187–188; monitoring, 187; recent sightings, 190; subspecies, 185; sur-vival, 189; tracking down, 186
Lerner, Aaron, 501
Leshem, Guy, 435, 436, 437
Leshem, Yossi, 136, 342, 400, 457, 478, 484, 492, 497; and the Arab unit of the SPNI, 341–342; bird protection and, 127–129; Um Zafah forest campaign, 128–130
Levanson, Tsvi, 487
Levenberg, Sneier, 442
Levi, Dr. A.Y., 442
Levi, Daphna, 465, 467
Levi, Yitzhak, 138
Levine, Amir, 487
Levine, R. Aryeh, 439
Levitan, Asaf, 509
Levontin, Zalman, 57
Levy, Mosche, 150
Levy, S., 485
Levy, Yitzhak, 423, 485
Levy-Stein, Revital, 510
Licensing of Businesses Law: Ministry of the Environment Administration of, 287
Liederman, Elli, 482
Life and Environment, establishment, 368
lifestyles: current, 402; and education, 402–403; environmental protection and, 401; of the general public, 401; influencing, 399; smoking, 402; and values, 402
Likud Party, 68, 284, 285, 298, 317; Central Committee, 286
Lilian, M., 442, 469, 470, 475, 478
Lilenbloom, Moshe, 74
limans, 105–106
Linzer, Dafna, 435
Lior, Gad, 494
Lopatin, Shoshana, 510, 515
Lipshitz, Mickey, 138, 150–152, 443, 457, 460, 489
Lipshitz, Nili, 83, 446, 448–450
Lipshitz, Oded, 472, 476, 500
Lipshitz, Solomon, 389
littering, 279: campaign against, 321; widespread, 401. See also solid waste
Livneh, Eliezer, 440
Livneh, Mike, 465
Lombardi, Vince, 311
Lonergan, Stephen C., 476
“London Fog,” 9–10
Lorenz, Shlomo, 479
Love Canal (New York), 10
Lovins, Amory, 512
Lovins, L. Hunter, 512
Lowdermilk, Walter Clay, 55, 208, 443, 444, 445, 446, 470
Lubzovsky, Abraham, 228
Lunts, Abraham Moshe, 436
Luria, Menahem, 398, 508
Lustick, Ian, 495, 496, 502
Lutz, solar power company, 427
Maalachi, Y'nass, 452
Maatz (highway construction agency), 180
Maccabiah Games: disaster in 1997, 1–3, 9, 321; and Mickey Berkovich, 3; history of, 2
Maimonides, Moses, 249, 478;on open spaces, 403
malaria, 58–61; causes of, 59; combat-ing malaria, 59; DDT, 60; influence of, 60; morbidity and mortality, 59; World War II, 59
Malka, Rony, 462
Malraz, 369–372; air pollution, 370; contrast with Adam Teva V'din, 386; decline of, 372; establishment of, 370; golden years, 371; lawsuit against the Israel Electric Company, 370–371; orientation, 369, 371; power plant victory, 378;
Malraz (continued), role of, 367; Yedidyah Be'eri as leader of, 370
Maor, Ziv, 497
Manuel, Muriel, 442
Mapai (socialists), 26. See also Labor Party
Margalit, Yoel, 5
Margolin, Yehoshua, 64–65
marinas: Ashdod, 391; disadvantages of, 390; Herzliyah, 390; opposition from Adam Teva V'din, 390;Tel Aviv, 391
Marine Pollution Prevention Fund, 270–271; results, 271
Marinov, Uri, 25, 69, 148, 274, 281, 284–288, 294, 299, 301, 305, 440, 447, 472, 475, 476, 478, 480–489, 493, 507; background, 257–258; dis-missal of, 296; and Haifa air pollu-tion, 271–276; as head of Environmental Protection Service, 259–262; inadequate authority, 295; local environmental protection units, 267–268; Mediterranean oil polluters, 269–271; on National Planning Council, 262; role in the Ministry of the Environment, 291; and Sir ha-Sirim,280; strategy of moderation, 262; and Water Law, 293
Mark, Landy, 486
Marlowe, John, 442, 445
Marom, Dan, 393, 394
Marom-Albeck, Orit, 512
Maroz, Liron, 493
Marpol, 269
marshes: bird sanctuary, 384; Eilat, 383; importance to bird migration, 383; lack of public interest in pre-serving, 385
Marzuk, J., 485
Massam, B.H., 488
Master Plan, 390
Matan, Eliezer, 256
Matson, R.C., 473
Mazor, Adam, 427, 477, 513, 515
Mazori, Daliah, 436, 437, 500
McCloskey, Michael, 454, 513
McDonald's, 324
McNamee, Greg, 441
Meadow, R., 441
media: and environmental issues, 299–300
Medina, Victor, 310, 419
Mediterranean Action Program, 269
Mediterranean oak, 107
Mediterranean Sea: massive pollution, 268–271
Meir, Avinoam, 499
Meir, Golda, 76, 79, 243, 256, 279, 298, 333, 449, 477, 479, 495;on Israeli Arab living conditions, 333
Meiri, Shirli Golan, 497
Meirovsky, Arik, 487
Meir, Yizhak, 355
Mekorot, 54, 203; defined, 200; lack of regulation, 233; role of National Water Carrier, 213
Memon, P. Ali, 486
Menczel, Robin, 440, 444, 457, 475, 500, 508, 509
Mendel, Zwi, 450, 452
Mendelssohn, Heinrich, 29, 47–48, 64, 81, 95, 115, 118, 158–160, 166, 173, 174, 176, 195, 320, 440, 441, 442, 444, 446, 447, 449, 451, 455, 461, 462, 464, 465, 468, 484, 511, 512; Huleh wetlands and, 116–117, 320; and Nature Protection Committee, 117
Mendes, Chico, 506
Mercado, Abraham, 445, 474, 475
Meretz Party, 298
Meshi, Noam, 466
Meteorological Service, 286
methemoglobinemia. See blue-baby syndrome methyl bromide, 319; and ozone layer depletion, 304; use of, 303–304
Midan, Anat, 435, 436
Migdal, Joel S., 444, 445, 494, 495
Mikveh Yisrael, 64
Miller, Alan, 515
Millner, Binat Schwarz, 493
Millner, Iris, 439, 444, 462, 463, 493, 511
Miloh, Ronni, 486, 487; background, 284–285; departure from the Ministry of the Environment, 291; and Haifa air polluters, 289–292;as Minister of the Environment, 285–291
Minglegreen, Uri, 6
mining and quarrying: by Dead Sea Bromine, 58; proximity to Arab communities, 335; quarry restora-tion, 416; zifzif (beach sand), 125
Ministerial Committee for Symbols and Ceremonies, 302
Ministerial Committee on the Environment, 322
Minister of Agriculture, 286
Minister of Health, 286; support for Malraz, 371
Minister of Police, 291
Ministry of Agriculture, 287, 307, 317–319; authority of, over water, 217; and nature preservation, 159; opposition to Ministry of the Environment, 286–287
Ministry of Education, SPNI and, 122
Ministry of Finance, 289, 305, 309, 313, 314
Ministry of Health, 203–204, 214, 287, 316; ban on Yarkon River boating and fishing, 11–12; conflicts with EPS, 261, 272; Goldburger, Shalom, 11; opposition to Ministry of the Environment, 286–287
Ministry of Housing, 294
Ministry of Infrastructure, 319
Ministry of Justice, 303
Ministry of Labor, 288
Ministry of the Environment, 19, 26, 324, 325; affirmative action for Arabs at, 352–353; and air pollu-tion in Haifa, 377; and animal rights, 311; battle with Haifa air pollution, 289–292; budget, 301; commentary on, 325; constraints on, 287–288; Eilat sewage, 293; under Eitan, 10, 317–318, 321; and elections of1998, 284; enforcement campaign against Yarkon River pol-luters, 10; environmental progress independent of, 323–325; establish-ment of, 284–285; fight against Dead Sea Concession Law, 309; gaining acceptance, 300; under Ha-Negbi, 322–323; history of incon-sistency, 283; Huleh Valley and, 320; and immigrant housing explo-sion, 294–295; institution building, 288–289; under Itzik, 322; joining the ozone-protecting nations, 304–305; lack of authority, 316; lack of strategy, 311; under Miloh, 287–291; Uri Minglegreen, chief scientist, 6; without a minister, 292–293; under Namir, 144, 296–298; negotiation over scope, 286–287; opposition to, 287; per-ceptions of, 311; problems facing, 292; reason for creation of, 324;re-cycling and, 313–314; restructur-ing, 301; Ronen as Director General of, 318–319; under Sarid, 298–317; solid waste policy, 288, 312–316; Trans-Israel Highway, 321; transition from EPS to, 285–287; Water and Streams Division, 11; Year of the Environment, 301–303
Ministry of the Interior, 284, 287, 301, 316–317
Ministry of Transportation, 316, 317
Miskeen, Priya, 435
Mitzna, Amram, 395
Mitzpeh Ramon: leopard sighting, 190
“mitzpim,” 194
mixed farms, 54
Mizrachi, Sari, 275
Moav, Boaz, 395
Mohasneh, Dureid, 405
Montefiore, Moses, 40
Montreal Protocols, 304
Moore, Curtis, 515
Morag-Levine, Noga, 486, 516
Morales-Suarez-Varela, M., 474
Mordechai, Yitzhak, 396
Morganstern, Daniel (Danny), 456, 460, 481, 492
Moriah Hotel, 309; challenge to Dead Sea Concessions Law, 309
Morris, Benny, 446, 449
Moskowitz, Yossi, 505
Moses, 432
mosquito control: by Gambusia affi-nis,8; by MLO, 8
mosquito larvicide oil (MLO): applica-tion of, 8; defined, 2
Mountain Aquifer, 202, 357; nitrate levels in, 227
Mount Meron Nature Reserve, 125, 170: conflict with Druze, 343–345; early history of, 344; politics of, 344–345
Muledet,33. See also homeland
Murrow, Edward R., 257
Muszkot, Leah, 232, 475
Naff, T., 473
Naftali, character in Sir ha-Sirim,280
Naftali, Peretz, 159
Naga Environmental Protection Society, 353
Nahal Taninim, power station reloca-tion, 126
Nahari, Tamar, 493
Nahtomi, H., 477
Nakhleh, Khalil, 446, 494
Namir, Mordechai, 295
Namir, Ora, 302, 319; background, 295–296; Dimona radioactive leak, 300; exit from Ministry of the Environment, 298; methyl bro-mide, 305; as Minister of the Environment, 144, 296–297
Naot, Yehudith, 395
Narkis, Y.N., 482 “Nashdod,” megalopolis extending from Netanya to Ashdod, 246
Nathan, R., 462, 511
National Biospheric and Environmental Quality Committee, origin of, 258–259
National Broadcast Authority, 296
National Environmental Council, 322
National Master Plans: No. 16, on dis-posal of garbage, 264–265; No. 22, on forests, 102; No. 35, on urban-ization, 417–418
national parks, 162; consolidation with nature reserves, 193
National Parks and Nature Reserves Law: the military and, 178–179; “protected natural assets” amend-ment, 172; wildflowers campaign, 125–126
National Parks and Reserves Authority, establishment of, 162–165
National Parks Authority, 165, 287, 289
National Planning Council, 315
National Religious Party, 291
National Religious Zionists, 23–24
National Sewage Project, 221
National Water Carrier: Arab League attempts to cut off flow to, 212; and the Dead Sea, 215; energy con-sumption of, 212; engineering ob-stacles, 209; environmental impact of, 213–215; geopolitical considera-tions, 209–211; the Johnson plan, 211; Lake Kinneret and, 211; Lake Kinneret salinity levels, 213; and Mekorot, 213; scale of, 212; Syrian objections to, 210; TVA as model, 208; the UN and, 210; U.S. involve-ment with, 211; water quality con-siderations, 208–209; water treat-ment in, 214–215
naturalists, in NRA, contrast with rangers, 171, 174–176
Nature and National Parks Authority. See Nature Reserves Authority nature preservation: the British Hunting Ordinance, 160; hunting rules, 160; the Wild Animals Protection Law, 160
Nature Protection Committee, forma-tion of, 117
nature reserves, 156–157; accommo-dations for mobility-impaired visi-tors, 183; admission fees, 183–184; biosphere reservations, 184;bu-reaucratic checks, 170; closed, 183; declaration procedures, 170; devel-oped, 183; infrastructure, 184; mili-tary classifications, 179; Mt. Meron, 170; open, 183; physical de-velopment, 183; rural areas, 171; rural communities and, 185; scien-tific criteria for delineation of, 180; types of, 183
Nature Reserves Authority (NRA), 156, 157, 165, 166, 286; the aca-demic community and, 180–181; admission fees, 183–184; budget, 194; consolidation with parks au-thority, 193–194; cooperation with SPNI through Shachal, 169; differ-ent cultures within, 174; Ein Afek reserves, 352; Green Patrol, 179; growing staff, 174; Hai Bar Association and, 190; improve-ment in scientific standards, 181; independent review of, 196; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and, 179; Israeli Arab hostility to-ward, 343; leopard study, 185–189; and the military, 178–179; mobility-impaired reserve visitors, 183; Mt. Meron, 170; nontransfer to Ministry of the Environment, 287; Poison Department, 175; praise and criticisms from the State Comptroller, 177; preservation policies, 345; problems with, 193; problems with the JNF, 176–178; “protected natural assets,” 172;re-lation with the SPNI, 182–183;re-serve infrastructure and, 183–184; rural areas, 170–171; under Adir Shapira, 178–179; SPNI alumni, 180; staffing, 174; successes, 195, 197; wildflower campaign, 172–174; under Yoffe, 170–177
Nedbeh, Yosef, 440
Negev: irrigation requirements, 205–207; and the military, 178; NRA strategy, 178; and Yoffe, 171. See also Bedouin; Beer Sheva; Ramat Hovav; Ramon Crater re-serve; Yarkon-Negev pipeline
Nehamkin, Arik, 344
Neiger, Arieh, 511
Nesher Cement Company, 271, 272; and air pollution, 379–381; Carmel National Park controversy, 13; foundation of plant, 57; Har Tuv plant, 379
Nessen, Ben, 214, 471
Netafim Company, 229, 475
Netanyahu, Benjamin (Bibi), 138, 317, 323, 358, 510
Netanyahu, Shoshana, 143
Neuman, Emanuel, 208
Nevo, Orit, 457, 458, 461, 468, 497
Nevo, S., 454
NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard), 404
Ninth of Av, 19
Nir, Ori, 475
Nisim, Moshe, 239
Nissim, Ilan, 492
nitrates: agriculture as source, 226–228; and blue-baby syndrome, 225–226; fertilizers as source, 52; selective electrodialysis, 227; waste-water irrigation as source, 227
Nixon, Richard M., 256, 284
Noufi, Mouna, 230, 388
Novomeski, Moshe, 58
Noy-Meir, Imanuel, 100, 101, 108, 450, 452, 454
nuclear power: EcoNet founded against, 373, 374
Nudleman, Michael, 395
Nuseibeh, Hazem Zaki, 441
occupied territories. See West Bank and Gaza Odenheimer, Micha, 503
oil: marine spill, 268–271
Oil Refineries. See Haifa Oil Refineries
Oliphant, Laurence, 48, 441, 444
olive trees: under British Mandate, 49–50
“Only in Israel,” 7
open reserves, defined, 183
open spaces: “green corridor” man-date, 418; urban sprawl and, 417
Oppenheimer, Hillel, 86, 251
Oppenheimer report, 450
Opposite the Forest,340
Or, Theodore, 148
Orenstein, Danny, 99, 452, 453, 498
Orfeuil, J., 460
Orni, Efraim, 440, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 469, 470, 497, 505, 513
Ortal, Reuven, 160, 168, 462, 464, 465, 468
Ortenberg, Zvi, 240
Ottomans: legacy to British Mandate, 41; rule over Palestine before1900, 36–40
“Our Haifa,” 395
outbreaks, 222
overgrazing: biodiversity and, 351; ecological impact of, 350–351; goats and, 350
Oz, Amos, 27, 33, 439, 440
ozone layer depletion: Greenpeace and, 304; methyl bromide and, 304–305; phaseout of CFCs, 304
Palestine: climate, 36–37; before Zionist settlement, 36–40
Palestine, Land of Promise,208
Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA), 72
Palestinian agriculture, 55–56
Palestinian National Authority, and water resources, 358. See also West Bank and Gaza Palestinians: distinction from Israeli Arabs, 353; environmental effects on, 353–359; as manual laborers after1967, 330. See also West Bank and Gaza
Palmach, 31
Pargament, David, 2, 8, 12, 436, 437
parks and reserves: distinctions be-tween, 165; the National Parks Authority, 165; the Nature Reserves Authority, 165; two-tier system, 165, 166
Parsitz, Shoshana, 64
Pasha, Jamal, 78
Paz, Batyah, 463
Paz, Uzi, 115, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 172, 178–180, 182, 188, 194, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446, 451, 455, 456, 457, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 497, 514
Pearce, Fred, 437, 482
Peleg, Itai, 488
Peleg, M., 508
Peleg, Yisrael, 296, 301, 302, 318, 405, 488, 489, 510; and the Year of the Environment, 301–303
Pelephone, endorsement by SPNI, 137
Peres, Shimon, 139, 274, 288, 291, 296, 298, 300, 418
Peres, Yohanan, 422
Peretz, Don, 502
Peretz, Yosef, 293; and Kinneret water pollution, 292–293, 488
Peri, Nili, 509
Perlman, Lisa, 479, 511
Perry, Dan, 171, 174, 181, 184, 189, 193, 349, 423, 424, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 497, 498, 514
Perry, Shoshi, 377, 505
Pervolotsky, Avi, 499
pesticides: aldicarb (Temick), 278; chlo-rinated organic, 277; current prob-lems with, 319; DDT, 60; endosulfan, 96; food residue limitations, 278; JNF
― 537 ―foresters' reliance on, 95–97; long-term health effects, 278; methyl bro-mide, 303–306; organophosphates, 277–278; parathion, 278; simazine, 95; thallium sulfate, 176; use of, 95–97, 276–277; in water, 227Petah Tikva, first settlement of, 51–52
“pine deserts,” 95
“Pine Fire” caterpillar, 86
pine mushrooms, 99
Pinshow, Berry, 143, 459
Pinsker, Leo, 47, 74
Planning and Building Law, 252, 294–295, 309; cancellation of, 307; Reading D power station, 253
Plasmodium,59
“polluter pays” principle, 234; inver-sion, 279
population, 419–425; and Arab-Jewish tensions, 364–365; carrying capac-ity and, 424; consumption levels as indicators of, 424–425; demand for resources, 420; high birthrate and, 420–421; and immigration, 422; and large family size, 419–420; zero population growth rate, objections to, 421
Poraz, Avraham, 421, 514
Post, Jackie, 510
Postel, Sandra, 475
“protected natural assets,” wildflowers as, 171–173
Pruginin, Amaram, 267, 295
Pseudallescheria boydii,4, 7
Pseudomonas,5
Public Council against Noise and Air Pollution. See Malraz
Public Council for the Preservation of Monuments and Sites, 131
public health: smoke-free efforts, 431; smoking, 431
Quammen, David, 466
Rabah, Mohamad, 496
rabies, campaign against, 158–159
Rabin, Leah, 168, 463, 465
Rabin, Yitzhak, 143, 176, 193, 279, 291, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 349
Rabinovich, Aviva, 69, 103, 176, 177, 180, 181, 345, 350, 447, 452, 465, 497, 498
Rabinovich, Noah, 437
Rabinowitz, Dan (Danny), 113, 130–131, 147, 148, 331, 454, 456, 457, 460, 495; Sinai mountains field school and, 123–124
Raftopoulos, Evangelos, 482
Rahamimoff, Arie, 436
Rahat, Menahem, 508
Raid, Salah, 497
railroads, under British Mandate, 42
Ramat Hovav, 266–267, 312–313; Bedouin, 332; toxic waste not deliv-ered to, 415
Rami, 327
Ramon Crater reserve, 178, 184
Ramon, Einat, 439
rangers, in NRA, 174
Rationalists, and Zionism, 25
Ratz, leftist splinter party, 298. See also Meretz
Raveh, Yaakov, 472
Raveh, Yehudah, 270
Ravek, Shukah, 123
Ravid, M., 475
Raz, Mossi, 395
Reading D Power Station, 252–255, 370; air pollution, 253–255; Brasser Report, 254; exemption from Planning and Building Law, 253–254; Sporn Report, 254
Reading, Lord, 253
Reagan, Ronald, 139
recycling: aluminum cans, 315; incen-tives, 314; progress under Ha-Negbi, 323
Regev, Ofer, 446, 451, 455, 456, 457, 462, 463
Regional Planning Committee, sup-port for Jordan River hydroelectric generator, 146
Regular, Arnold, 453
Reiser, B., 454
Reitenberg, Adolf, 444, 445
reservatim,161
reserves, protection beyond the boundary, 165
Richter, Elihu, 399, 485, 493
Rinat, Zafrir, 453, 454, 467, 468, 472, 477, 490, 491, 494, 501, 502, 508, 509, 513, 514
Ringle-Hoffman, Ariella, 458
“Ringleman” emissions standard, 272
Roberts, Alan, 507
Roberts, Marc, 486
Rodan, Steve, 504
Rokach, Avshalom, 448, 450, 451, 454, 497
Roman Russi (Russian Novel). See The Blue Mountain
Romantics, and Zionism, 21–25
Ronen, Daniel, 476
Ronen, Eli, 121–122
Ronen, Nehama, 5, 10, 318, 319, 321, 322, 436, 437, 478, 492, 493, 514, 515; background, 318; in contrast with Sarid, 319–320; as Director General of Ministry of the Environment, 318–322; and envi-ronmental enforcement, 321; and Voice of the Environment Party, 396
“Room for Everyone,” 363
Rose, Shirley. See Benyamin, Shirley
Rosen, P., 478
Rosen, Pinhas, 249
Rosenblit, Amir, 459, 491
Rosenblum, Hilik, 372
Rosenblum, Irit, 510
Rosenthal, Alon. See Tal, Alon Rosenthal, Harold, 510
Rotenberg, Ruth, 271, 273, 274, 275, 285, 437, 484, 485, 488
Rothschild, Baron Edmund de, 40, 51, 72, 78
Rothschild, James de, 87, 450
Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, 197
Ruach, Mordechai, 92, 449, 450, 451, 452, 465
Rubenstein, Amnon, 140
Rubin, Dov, 492
Rudge, David, 460, 477, 488
Rupin, Arthur, 205, 206
ruralism, 24
Russian immigration: and housing ex-plosion, 294, 306–308; as source of Chernobyl data for EcoNet, 374
Rutenberg, Pinhas, 41–42, 67
Sa'ad, Imad, 359, 501
Sabras, 24
Sachar, Howard M., 438, 439, 443, 445, 470, 494, 499
Sachs, Menahem, 100, 101, 107, 451, 454
Safriel, Uriel, 120–121, 181, 189, 191, 453, 456, 457, 459, 462, 465, 467, 511
Sagi, Yoav, 130, 132, 139, 147, 174, 438, 455, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 497, 505, 513; Bulbusim campaign, 126–127; Mount Meron and, 125; Nature Protection Department, 126; River Reclamation Committee, 138; Trans-Israel Highway contro-versy, 150
Said, Edward, 441
Sakhnin, Ministry of the Environment unit at, 353
Sale, G.N., 450
Salick, David, 473
Saline Carrier, 213, 214
Salomon, Ilan, 150, 460
Saltz, David, 192, 467
Samuel, Herbert, 36
Sandler, Deborah, 476, 481, 482, 483, 488, 489
sanitation: under British Mandate, 43; and the Ministry of Health, 203–204
Sapir, Pinhas, 205, 206, 213, 216; and Mekorot, 200
Sappir (Sappir-Gildor), Irit, 388, 453, 454, 508
Sarat, Austin, 486, 516
Sarena, Yigael, 435, 436, 437
Sarid, Yaakov, 297
Sarid, Yossi, 138, 144, 193, 319, 320, 322, 323, 352, 430, 438, 461, 467,
― 539 ―489, 492, 493, 516; and affirmative action for Arabs, 352–353; and coastal marinas, 390; background, 297–298; budgetary success, 301; comparison with Rafael Eitan, 318; and Dead Sea Concessions Law, 308–310; and the disappearance of open spaces, 307–308; and Dudaim waste facility expansion, 134;fail-ures, 308–311; humanitarian acts, 300; legacy, 317; and the media, 299–300; methyl bromide, 305–306; as Minister of the Environment, 298–317; policies, 303–306; on recycling, 313–314; and Trans-Israel Highway, 151, 310; unfinished business, 316–317Sarig, Ofra, 470, 471
Sarkar, Shubhu, 435
savannization, 105, 106
Scarpa, David, 499
Schama, Simon, 447, 450
Schapira, Zvi Herman, 70–71, 110
Schechter, Erik, 515
Schechter, Motti, 108, 378, 454
Scheingold, Stuart, 486, 516
Schiff, Brian, 435
Schneider, Gila, 436
Schnell, Izhak, 22, 438, 502
Schoenfeld, Stuart, 367, 438, 439, 494, 503
Schwarz, Joshua, 469
Schwartz, Dalia, 496
Schwartz, Eilon, 24, 439, 502, 503, 509; as Chairman of Adam Teva V'din, 401; and the Heschel Center, 401
Schwartz, T.A., 473
Schwartz, Yehoshua, 501
Scott, Sir Peter, 179
Sea of Galilee. See Lake Kinneret
Second Aliyah, 20, 22; challenges to, 28; compared with first, 30
Segal, Noami, 435
Segev, Itzhak, 392
Segev, Tom, 439, 444, 446, 449, 450, 469
Senior, L., 441
septic tanks, as waste disposal strat-egy, 219
Serri, Aharon, 511, 512
Serota, Sara, 391
Serruya, C., 471, 476
settlement: complex psychological dy-namics of, 28; European cultural manifestation, 28–29; and the Sabras, 30
Setzmeski, Tal, 458
sewage: agricultural development and, 337; bureaucratic obstacles to treat-ment, 328; cesspools, 337; and cholera, 222, 293; and the contami-nation of rivers, 220; early history of disposal, 219; drip irrigation, 229; effluent standards for reuse, 222; Eilat, 408; establishment of Sewage Administration, 324;fish kills and, 220; and gastrointestinal illness, 222; Israeli Arab disadvan-tages, 336–339; in Israeli children's literature, 280; JNF contribution to infrastructure, 101–102;in Kinneret, 292; Ministry of Interior, enforcement, 234; as municipal re-sponsibility, 233–234; nitrate pollu-tion from reuse, 227; “polluter pays” principle, 233; public health and, 338; Rami treatment plant, 327–328; Ramla, 387–388; reuse, 218, 220–222; salinity, 224; septic tanks, 219; surcharges, 234; treat-ment financing disparity, 337–338; treatment of, 221–222; untreated, 219–220; in West Bank and Gaza, 355
Sewage Administration, 324
Sha'ari, Yehudah, 479
Shachal (Society/Authority Cooperation), 169
Shachal, Moshe, 290, 291, 376, 377, 484, 501, 505
Shahir, Diab, 495, 499
Shalev, Meir, 97, 403, 440, 445, 452; The Blue Mountain,32
Shalev, Shai, 492
Shalmon, Benny, 104, 119, 453, 456, 462, 466, 467, 506; Eilat field school and, 123
Shaltiel, Eli, 442
Shamir, Moshe, 129
Shamir, Yitzhak, 26, 240, 285, 286, 287, 291, 295, 312, 439, 476, 486;as Environmental Minister stand-in, 380
Shani, Oded, 464
Shapira, Adir, 174, 178, 180, 183, 184, 269, 456, 457, 465, 466
Shapira, Amit, 453, 457
Shapira, Asaf, 513
Shapira, Shmulik, 466
Shapiro, Moshe Haim, 162
Sharf, G., 508
Sharon, Ariel (Arik), 128, 176, 348, 426, 428
Sharon, Ariyeh, 170, 245, 246, 477; master plan, 245
Sharon, Uri, 490
Shas Party, 178, 284
Shavit, Ari, 409, 510
Shavit, Tal, 462
“Shayetet13,” naval commando unit, 230
Sheabar, Fayad, 335, 496, 499
Shefer, Danny, 460
Sheinman, Moshe, 435
Shelef, Gedaliah, 494
Shelef, Lazi, 474
Shemer, Joshua, 511, 512
Shemer, Naomi, 22, 129
Shemgar, Meir, 231, 273
Shem-Tov, Victor, 251, 479
Sherman, A. Joshua, 41, 442
Shevach, Y., 474
Sheyzaf, Zur, 460
Shipler, David, 502
Shirihai, Hadurum, 383, 462, 506, 511
Shitrit, Meir, 151
Shkalim, Zohar, 512
Shlain, Ephraim, 477, 513
Shlebe, Farkhan, 348, 498, 502
Shlezenger, Y., 465
Shlomot, Obed, 513
Shmueli, A., 498
Shochat, Amatzia, 466
Shochat, Avraham (Beige), 137, 301
Shoham, Yael, 470, 471
Shoshani, Yair, 513
Shpiegelstein, Michael, 490
Shraga, Aviad, 147
Shteinitz, Heintz, 121
Shustack, Eliezer, 272
Shuval, Hillel, 204, 208, 220, 247, 258, 442, 445, 446, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 478, 499, 500, 501; Committee of Scientists for Water, 237; and the Ministry of Health Sanitation Department, 204
Shva, Shlomo, 447, 448, 451, 453
Shveig, Karl, 86
Silver, Eric, 503, 504
Silverman, Emily, 133–134, 152, 458, 460
Silverman, Gila, 503
simazine, 95
Simonsen, H.P., 439
Sinai, Arik, 378
Sinai, Ruth, 461, 491
Sivan, D., 503
Skolnick, Levi. See Eshkol, Levi
Skolnik, Yaakov, 459, 467, 468
Slott, William, 438
Small, Gregory, 1
Smilansky, Yizhar, 15, 163, 164, 165, 166, 172, 394, 438, 456
Smith, Howard K., 257
smoking, 402, 431
Sneh, Moshe, 462
Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI), 13, 25, 32, 299, 314, 320, 321; Arab unit, 341–343; background, 113–115; branches, 135; Bulbusim campaign, 127; cam-pus activism, 135; Carmel National Park, support for, 124–125; com-mercialization, 137–138; competi-tion to, 136; and Dead Sea Concessions Law, 310; DESHE framework, 132; Dudaim waste facility
― 541 ―expansion, 134; Eilat corals, 121; and Environmental Protection Service, 258; field agents, 120;field schools, 122–124, 136; flaws of, 399; founding, 115, 117–118; funding difficulties, 137–138; and Lynn Golumbic, 377–378; growth after founding, 118–119; and the Huleh, 115, 320; within the Israeli Arab community, 361; and the JNF, 176; and Jordan River hydroelectric project, 145–149; kibbutz move-ment in, 119; in the late1980s, 372; middle age, 130–133; Ministry of Education and, 122; in modern en-vironmental activism, 369; Mount Meron campaign, 125; Nahal Taninim campaign, 126; and Namir, 296–297; Nature Protection Department, 126, 135; and Nature Reserves Authority, 167, 169, 174, 182–183; objections to Jordan River hydroelectric generator, 146–149; operational overhaul, 133–138; prospects for, 152–153; Public Council for the Preservation of Monuments and Sites, 131; and Sarid, 299; split, 169; Trans-Israel Highway controversy, 149–151; Um Zafah forest campaign, 128–129; and urban pollution, 131–132; Uri Maimon Association controversy, 133–134; Voice of America campaign, 139; wildflow-ers campaign, 126; women soldiers as guides, 123Sofer, Arnon, 467, 469, 501
Sofer, Barbara, 467, 503
Sofer, Michael, 496
Sokolow, Nahum, 57
Solamon, Eran, 460
solar energy, 427
solid waste, 61, 244; collection diffi-culties, 248–249; composting of, 247–248; Dudaim sanitary landfill controversy, 314; Hiriyah, 247, 248, 265; and the Ministry of the Environment, 288, 312–316; National Master Plan No. 16, 264–267; recycling of aluminum cans, 315; regulation, 288; throw-away cycle, 313
Soliternick, Chen, 227, 474
Solomon, Yoel Moshe, 51
Sonovsky, Tsvi, 436
Sporn Report, 254
Starr, Joyce, 474, 502
State of Israel: first master plan, 245–246; JNF under, 86–90; three-tier planning system, 252. See also Third Jewish Commonwealth
Steinberger, Y., 454
Stern, Reuven, 456
Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, 243, 257
Stopler, Gila, 391
Storrs, Ronald, 442, 446, 448
Strauss, Walter, 204
Streams Authority Law, 8
Strong, Maurice, 259
suburban sprawl, 306–308
sulfur dioxide, 14, 243; in Haifa, 272, 289–292, 303; low-sulfur fuel, 254; scrubbers, 255
Superfund (United States), 10
Supreme Court (Israel), 297; on Adam Teva V'din litigation, 387–389;am-bient air standards, 251; conflict be-tween Beit Ja'an and SPNI, 345; and Haifa air polluters, 291–292; Voice of America case, 142, 143
Surkin, Dr. Patrick, 1–2
Sursuk, Ibrahim, 49
sustainability: of agriculture, 55–56; and JNF, 108–111
sustainable development, 108
Sustainable Jerusalem coalition, 136
Suzuki, David, 503
Syria, concern over National Water Carrier, 210
Syro-African Rift, bird migration through, 382–383
Szold, Henrietta, 60
Tagar, Shmulik, 383; bird sanctuary, 384
Tahal: defined, 204–205; desalination venture, 218; role of National Water Carrier, 213
Tahon, Yaakov, 447
Tal (Rosenthal), Alon, 442, 445, 460, 476, 482, 483, 484, 488, 490, 492, 493, 494, 503, 507, 508, 510, 511, 512; from founding Director to Chairman of Adam Teva V'din, 394, 515
Tálame, Tariq, 500
Tal, Dalia, 508
Talias, Moti, 447, 458, 460
Talitman, Dorit, 512
Talitranik, T., 446
Talmi, Efraim, 445
Talmi, Menahem, 445
Tal, Ronen, 467
Tal, Shimon, 241, 477
Tal-Shir, Anat, 475, 503
Tamboor Paint Company: and EPS re-decoration, 262
Tamimi, Abd el-Rahman, 500
Tamir, Abraham, 274
Tamir, Josef, 63, 251, 253, 255, 256, 259, 279, 285, 287, 394, 438, 444, 445, 446, 479, 480, 485, 486, 504; founder of the Council for a Beautiful Israel, 372; founder of Life and Environment, 368; opposition to Reading D power plant, 370; as suc-cessor to Kanovich in Knesset, 251
Tarabiah, Husain, 353
Tarif, Salah, 467
Tashluz, 393
Taub, Avi, 482
Tchernichovsky, Saul, 21
Technion, 224
Tel Aviv, 29, 246; air pollution, 249, 252–256; bicycle lane advocacy, 402; Green Party in City Council, 396; Hiriyah, 265; marina, 391; ori-gin of, 57; Reading D power sta-tion, 252–255; Regional Planning and Building Committee, 253-255; solid waste, 247–248; SPNI branch, 134
Temkin, Benny, 309, 387, 395
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), as model for National Water Carrier, 208
Terris, Bruce, 387
thallium sulfate, 176
Third Aliyah, 20, 22
Third Jewish Commonwealth: accom-plishments of, 410; air pollution-related deaths in, 410–411; collective identity, question of, 431; continuing environmental degradation, 410–411; demographics of, 411; environmen-tal progress of, 13–14; environmental successes of, 411–412; environmen-tal tradeoffs, 419; growing environ-mental awareness in, 412; irre-versible groundwater contamination in, 411; population density of, 419–420; renewed inter-est in nature, 431; self-discipline for the common good, 431. See also State of Israel
Thirgood, J.V., 442
Thomas, Bill, 490
Thomas, Steve, 486
Tiberias, sewage in the Kenneret Lake, 292–293
Tiberski, N., 448
Titus, Roman Emperor, 228, 474
Tolley, R.S., 509
Tolstoy, 22
Tolstoyan agrarianism, 32
Tomer committee, 144; Voice of America project advocacy, 140
Tomer, Yisrael, 499, 500
Toran, Abraham (Boomi), 118, 455
tourism, destruction of Eilat salt marshes, 383
Trans-Israel Highway, 310, 311, 317, 321, 322; and Arab Israelis, 364; Ministry of the Environment re-sistance, 310; NRA and, 194; oppo-sition by Adam Teva V'din, 389; SPNI and, 149–151
transportation: cars, 397–398; envi-ronmental allies, 398–399; the
― 543 ―Forum for Public Transportation, 399; inadequacy of infrastructure, 398; public, 398Travis, Tony, 442
Tristam, H.B., 185, 461, 466
Tshuva, Itzhak, 392
Tsur, Batsheva, 497
Tsur, Naomi, 509; “Sustainable Jerusalem,” 136
turbidity, Jordan River, 214
Turkel, Miriam, 314
Turkish Forest Law, 39
Turlow, Tsvi, 258
TVA on the Jordan,208
Twain, Mark, 38, 428, 441
Twite, Robin, 440, 444, 457, 475, 479, 485, 493, 499, 500, 508, 509
Tzimuki, Tova, 435
Tzipi, Ron, 135
Tzon, Uri, 159, 190
Um Zafah forest, SPNI campaign to save, 128–129
United Nations, 295, 304, 325; and National Water Carrier, 210–211
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 257
urban environment: air pollution, 244; first master plan and, 245–247;ef-fects of German immigration, 62;in Mandate period, 61–63; solid waste, 244, 247–248; neglect, 246–247
urbanization: historic roots of, 416–417; land preservation and, 418; National Master Plan No. 35, 417–418; and open spaces, 417; rulebreaking and, 418; “ruralist” inclination and, 417; sprawl, 417; zoning and, 417
Ussishkin, Menahem, 73, 74, 75, 77, 110, 447, 448, 451
Uzan, Zvi, 347
Valalim, 294
Vamosh, Miriam, 465
Vanunu, Elli, 505; actions against Nesher cement plant, 380; back-ground, 380; as a politician, 380–382
Vanunu affair, 374
Varberg, Elli, 405, 406, 510
Vardi, Aaron, 194, 318, 345, 467
vegetarianism, 23
VIBAS. See National Biospheric and Environmental Quality Committee
Vienna Convention, 304
Virshubski, Mordechai, 478, 483, 503
Vitkon, Gidon, 109
Vitnam, Idit, 459
Vogel, David, 486
Voice of America (VOA): EcoNet role in opposition, 374–375; and Namir, 297; SPNI campaign, 139–145
Voice of the Environment Party, 396
Volcani Institute, 232
Volcani, Yitzhak, 54
Volkswagen Corporation, 309
Wachs, Alberto M., 472
Wago, S., 225, 226, 474
Waisal, Y., 506
Waksman, Yosef, 479
Wall, Harry, 498
Warburg, Otto, 77, 78
Warburg, Philip, 468, 482, 488, 502, 507, 514, 515
Warwah, Said, 158
wastewater. See sewage
water. See water resources
Water and Streams Division, effluent standards recommendation, 11
Water Commission, 11, 205, 316; and agricultural contamination, 227; nontransfer to Ministry of the Environment, 287; transfer to Ministry of Infrastructure, 319
Water Commissioner, 216
Water Council, 216
Water Court, 216
Water Law, 388; amendments of1971, 227, 230; as criminal statute, 293; and Kinneret Lake sewage, 293
water pollution: acidic effluents from petrochemical industry, 13; cad-mium, 232; chlorination by-products, 214; chromium, 231; crude oil, 268–271; from farm runoff, 7; fish
― 544 ―kills, 231; industrial, in West Bank and Gaza, 355; industrial noncompliance, 231; from industry, 230–232; hard de-tergents, 231; in Kinneret Lake, 292–293; in Kishon River, 13, 388–389; Mediterranean Sea, 268; MLO, 8; municipal responsibility for, 232–234; nitrates, 225–228;on-going, 411; overpumping as cause, 203; pathogens, 221–222; pesticides, 227; in the Red Sea, 293; salinity, 223–225; sewage, 7, 11, 219–220, 222, 233–234;water pollution (continued): turbidity, 214; vinyl chloride, 256; in Yarkon River, 5
water resources, 206; agencies com-peting for jurisdiction, 203–205; agriculture and, 202, 226–227, 237, 239–241; Arab-Israeli negotiations over, 356–357, 357–358; availabil-ity of, in Arab villages, 233; blue-baby syndrome, 225–226; under British Mandate, 44, 54, 67, 203; Cairo accord and, 358; climatic cy-cles and, 240, 241; cloud seeding, 218; Coastal Aquifer, 199; conser-vation laws, 215–218; consump-tion, 401; desalination, 217, 242; deterioration of groundwater, 411; drinking-water quality, 233; drip irrigation and, 229; early estimates of, 202; hardness, 223; industrial pollution, 230–232; international conventions, 209–211; Israel-Palestine conference, 359; Jewish Agency, 204; Joint Water Committee and, 358; Kinneret Secretariat, 234–235; Labor Party priorities toward, 241; market-based allocation system, 242; Mekorot, 200, 203; Ministry of Health, 203–204; Mountain Aquifer, 357; municipal responsi-bility for, 232–234; the National Water Carrier project, 205, 208–215; Negev demands, 205–207; nitrates, 225–228; Oslo agreement and, 358; overpumping of, 202–203, 224–225, 236–238; Palestinian disadvantages, 356–359; politics of water policy reform, 238–242; red lines, 225; salinity, 223–225; sources of, 202; Tahal, 204–205; unsustainability trends in, 236, 241; wastewater reuse, 218–222; Water Commission, 205, 319; and Zionism, 199–200, 242
Watzman, Haim, 436, 493
Webber, Baruch, 11, 437
Weinstein, Avraham, 452
Weinstein, Dina, 464
Weiss, H., 441
Weitz, Ra'anan, 53, 439, 443, 445, 449
Weitz, Sharon, 86, 97
Weitz, Yehiam, 82
Weitz, Yosef, 80, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 117, 162, 166, 177, 441, 448, 449, 450, 451, 455, 463
Weitzman, Ezer, 127, 128, 167, 302
Weizmann, Chaim, 76, 208
Werbach, Adam, 28, 439
West Bank and Gaza: as a developing economy, 359; environmental rights in, 355–356; groundwater contami-nation, 354–356, 358; Jewish settle-ments resources consumption, 356; Joint Water Commission, 358; mili-tary occupation, unintended conse-quences of, 354; the Mountain Aquifer and, 357; Palestinian water rights recognized, 358; quality of life in, 356; sanitation problems in, 355; standards of living in, 354
wetlands: damage under Mandate, 54; Huleh valley, 320
Wetterstrom, W., 441
White, L., 438
Whitman, Joyce, 438, 470, 471, 472, 476, 482, 483
Whittles, Cyril Leonard, 444
Wilbur, S.R., 484
wildflowers: British Mandate protec-tion, 46; comeback, 157; conserva-tion campaign, 172–174; as “pro-tected natural assets,” 172–174; protection campaign, 173
wildlife (fauna), 189; and the army, 158; under British Mandate, 46–47, 158; British Hunting Ordinance, 159–160; cheetahs, 155; extinction, 156; failures in preserving, 195; Hai Bar reintro-duction program, 190; hazards to, 157; hunting rules, 160; interna-tional cooperation, 196; motoriza-tion and, 195–196; ongoing loss of, 411; problem with Thai work-ers and, 196; rabies panic, 158–159; regional strategy, 196–197; restoration, 157; suc-cesses in preserving, 195; wolves, 197; and Zionism, 156
Wingate, Orde, 167
Wolfson, Tara, 513
Wood, Heather, 173
Woodcock, John, 451, 452
World Health Organization (WHO), 289, 290
World War II, effect on Palestine economy, 44–45
World Zionist Organization, 70
Ya'ar, Efraim, 514
Yaakov, Shmuel, 468
Yadin, Batiah, 472
Yadin, Yigael, 161, 166, 167
Yafeh, Leib, 447
Yaffe, Hillel, 59
Yaffe, Ruth, 386, 387, 488, 506, 507
Yanai, Yan, 162, 164, 165, 193
Yarkoni, Yoram, 435
Yarkon-Negev pipeline, 206–207; con-nection to National Water Carrier, 212; environmental price tag of, 207
Yarkon River, 1, 4; bilharzia (schisto-somiasis), 6; BOD of, 7; bridge acci-dent, 1, 3, 4, 9–12; diversion of water from, 6; effect on Sasha Elterman, 3; effect of Yarkon-Negev pipeline, 207; as an environ-mental indicator, 12; fauna of, 6; history of, 6;lavnun ha-Yarkon in, 6; mosquito control and, 7; pollu-tion of, 7; prospects for reviving, 8; Pseudomonas bacteria, concentra-tions in; reactions to, 4; sections of, 7; watershed of, 7
Yarkon River accident, 1, 3, 4; com-memorations, 12; compensation for victims, 10–11; response to, 9–12
Yarkon River Authority, 8, 12
Yarkon Streams Authority, 2; master plan of, 9; under Pargament, 2, 8, 9; Streams Authority Law, 8. See also Yarkon River Authority
Yarkon-Taninim. See Mountain Aquifer
Yaron, Y., 479
Year of the Environment, 301–303, 313; campaign, 302; events, 302–303
Yediot Ahronot,3
Yehezkel, Yehudit, 435
Yehezkel, Zadok, 475, 503
Yehoshua, A.B., 340
Yekkes, 62
Yishai, Zemach, 239
Yishuv: agricultural revolution, 51–55; attitudes toward wildlife, 156–157; consequences of activities, 65–68; defined, 20; environmental movement, 63–65; industry, 56–58; sustainability of agricultural ac-complishments, 55–56; war on malaria, 58–61; water resources, 200
Yisrael, Urieh Ben, 119
Yoffe, Aviva, 168, 169
Yoffe, Avraham, 157, 174–180, 182, 186, 187, 190, 193, 194, 259, 269, 464; background, 167; biography, 168–169; as candidate to head Environmental Protection Service, 259; and Green Patrol, 347; as head of the NRA, 167–168; military ac-complishments, 167; Mt. Meron,
― 546 ―170, 344; and the Negev region, 171; selec-tion to head NRA, 166; small vs. large reserves, 170; wildflowers campaign, 173Yoffe, Danny, 169, 463, 465, 466
Yoffe, Shaul, 169
Yom-Tov, Yoram, 195, 196, 441, 442, 444, 461, 462, 464, 468, 511, 512
Yosef, Orna, 490
Yosef, Reuven, 458, 506; Eilat bird sanctuary, 384–385; threats to, 385, 462
Yuval, Tirza, 477
Zaban, Haim, 448, 450, 451, 454, 497
Zabari, Rachel, 95, 163, 165, 395
Zach, Linda, 455, 456
Zacharia, Janine, 493, 508, 512
Zahari, Michael, 449
Zahavi, Amotz, 115, 118–120, 121, 124, 125, 131, 133, 153, 160, 161, 165, 167, 169, 197, 455, 456, 457, 461; Huleh wetlands and, 116–117
Zaitsev, N., 454
Zak, Yaakov, 472
Zakai, David, 407
Zamir, Yizhak, 251, 478, 487
Zamir, Zvi, 275
Zanberg, Esther, 509
Zangvil, Yisrael, 38
Zaslavsky, Dan, 473, 476, 477, 515; and energy towers, 425–426;as Water Commissioner, 224–225, 238–241
Zein al-Din, Syrian representative at UN, 210
zifzif, 62; prohibition of mining, 125
Zigelman, A., 455
Zionism: and aggressive development, 26; agricultural ideology, 67, 237–238; and the aliyot, 20;am-bivalence toward natural world, 22–23; American, 24; attitude to-ward wildlife, 156–157; attitudes toward Arabs, 330; attitudes toward norms, 415; and the Bible, 20–21; and biblically influenced ecology, 21; combat metaphor, 29; concept of, 19–21; developing naturalist at-titudes, 29–31; development ideol-ogy, legacy of, 409; ecological im-plications, 19–34; ecologically progressive variations of, 22; envi-ronmental nostalgia and, 429–430; and Israeli environmental ethic, 31–34; and the Jewish National Fund, 70; the Labor Zionists, 20; and the Land of Israel, 19, 21; National Religious Zionists, 23–24; “new pioneers,” 368; and popula-tion pressure, 26; psychology of pi-oneers, 27–29; quality-of-life issues and, 430; and the Rationalists, 25–27; and the Revisionists, 27; and the Romantics, 21–25; and rural-ism, 24; and the Society for Protection of Nature, 25; and the United Nations, 295; water re-sources, 199, 242; World Zionist Organization, 70
Zionist settlement: cynicism about, 16; and ecological deterioration, 13; and the environment, 16
Zisling, Aaron, 87
Zohar, Aharon, 501
Zohar, Gabi, 511
Zohari, Michael, 83
Zucker, Dedi, 387, 395, 396
Zur, Gidon, 241
Zur, Yaakov, 193, 241, 310
Zureik, Elia, 446, 494, 495
Zwirn, Michael, 515