1. “Two Dead and Sixty-five Injured in Maccabiah Opening Ceremonies,” Yediot Ahronot, July 15, 1997, pp. 1–9.

2. Yehudit Yehezkel, Moshe Sheinman, and Hilah Elroy, “The Bridge Is Falling, the Bridge Is Falling, Help! Help!” Yediot Ahronot, July 15, 1997, p. 2.

3. Yigael Sarena and Guy Leshem, “Something in the Water Is Killing People,” Yediot Ahronot, August 22, 1997, p. 17.

4. Dafna Linzer, “Two Die in Bridge Collapse: 64 People Injured When Temporary Structure Falls During Opening Ceremonies at Maccabiah Games in Israel,” Associated Press Report, July 15, 1997.

5. Sarena and Leshem, op. cit., p. 18.

6. Tova Tzimuki and Yoram Yarkoni,“Five Indictments Will Be Filed against Suspects in the Bridge Collapse,” Yediot Ahronot, January 12, 1998, p. 5.

7. “A Sense of Shame,” Jerusalem Post editorial, at www.jpost.com, July 16, 1997.

8. Brian Schiff, “Tragedy and Triumph,” Jewish News of Greater Phoenix, August 8, 1997, http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970808/athletes.shtml.

9. Tzimuki and Yarkoni, op. cit., p. 5.

10. Anat Midan, “This Isn't How I Imagined It,” Yediot Ahronot— 7 Yamim, January 16, 1998, p. 18.

11. Noami Segal, “Fourth Australian Dies Due to Bridge Collapse; Polluted Water Cited,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, August 1997.

12. Lina Deodhar, Priya Miskeen, Al Kirpalani, Jinni Jagose, and Shubhu Sarkar, “Pseudallescheria boydii Brain Abscess in an Immunocompromised Host,” Bombay Hospital Journal 42, no. 1 (January 2000), http://www.bhj.org/journal/2000_4201_jan00/case_180.htm.

13. Infections in the Lung Transplant Recipient, http://path.upmc.edu/divisions/pulmpath/infe03.html, University of Pittsburgh, 1997 at f.

14. Midan,op. cit.

15. Sasha Elterman's medical condition can be monitored on a special website dedicated to the Maccabiah victims: http://www.tfta.com.au/ maccabi_bridge_victims. She is available to receive email messages through the site.

16. Midan,op. cit., p. 8.

17. Sarena and Leshem,op. cit, p. 18.

18. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Director General, Israel Ministry of the Environment, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

19. David Pargament, Director, Yarkon Streams Authority, oral presenta-tion, Kibbutz Ketura, October 26, 1997.

20. Yeshayahu Bar Or, Director of the Water and Streams Division, Summary of the Laboratory Findings of Water and Sludge Samples Taken from the Yarkon River, Following the Maccabiah Bridge Collapse Accident, (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, August 18, 1997), copy on file with author.

21. Haim Watzman, “Rivers of Death,”New Scientist, August 16, 1997.

22. Interview with Dror Avisar, hydrologist, Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense), Tel Aviv, January 10, 1998.

23. Daliah Mazori,“It's Final: Industrial Pollution and Machine Oils Caused the Death of the Athletes at the Maccabia,”Maariv, August 27, 1997, p. 2.

24. Interview with Sol Benheim, Kibbutz Ketura, October 26, 1997.

25. Abraham Moshe Lunts,A Guide to the Land of Israel (1891), as quoted in Ofer Regev,Forty Years of Blossoming (Tel Aviv: Society for Protection of Nature, 1993), p. 96.

26. Arie Rahamimoff and Amos Brandeiss, “The Yarkon as a National and Regional Resource,”Preservation of Our World in the Wake of Change (Jerusalem: Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Services, 1996), pp. 240–244.

27. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: State of Israel, Ministry of the Environment, 1994), p. 29.

28. Rahamimoff and Brandeiss, “The Yarkon as a National and Regional Resource,” pp. 240–244.

29. Hashachar Shiron (New York: Young Judaea, 1985).

30. The Public Health Regulations, Determination of Standards for Effluent Waters, 1992. K.T. 9440.

31. The Yarkon River Authority,The Yarkon River Master Plan, 1996, p. 13.

32. David Pargament, oral presentation, Kibbutz Ketura, October 26, 1997.

33. Tsvi Sonovsky, “The Survival Limitations in Difficult Conditions for Fish Used in Mosquito Extermination,”Biosphera, May/June 1994, pp. 25–31. Also, Gila Shneider and Adam Kanark,“ Transplanted Fish in the Sands, Mosquito Extermination with the Help of Gambusia Fish,”Teva V'Aretz, 263 (1994): 20.

34. The oil increases the water's surface tension, causing a mosquito larva to slip underwater, extend its breathing “pipe,” and ingest the oil. This physi-cally clogs its air supply, and the mosquito suffocates.

35. Revital Bracha, “Thousands of Fish Discovered Dead Again in the Yarkon: Fear of Additional Kills,”Ha-Aretz, July 28, 1993. Also, Liat Collins, “Probe into Death of Yarkon Fish,”Jerusalem Post, July 29, 1993.

36. Nir Kipnis, “The Yarkon Isn't Restored At All,”Zman Tel Aviv, August 6, 1993.

37. The Yarkon River Authority,The Yarkon River Master Plan, 1996, pp. 6–9.

38. Gabbay,op. cit., p. 29.

39. Ford Pearce, “Back to the Days of the Deadly Smogs,”New Scientist, December 5, 1992, pp. 25–28.

40. Andrew Hoffman, “An Uneasy Rebirth at Love Canal,”Environment, 1995, pp. 5–31.

41. Rachel Adam, personal communication, May 23, 1998.

42. Lisa Beyer, “The Filthy Holy Land,”Time, September 1, 1997, p. 27. Also, Lisa Beyer, “Trashing the Holy Land,”Time, September 7, 1998, p. 54.

43. Mazori,op. cit., p. 2.

44. Rachel Adam, personal communication, May 23, 1998.

45. Ruth Rotenberg, personal communication, May 1, 2000.

46. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Director General, Israel Ministry of the Environment, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

47. David Pargament, personal communication, October 17, 2001.

48. Andra Jackson, “Thirteen Million Dollars for Maccabiah Games Victims,” The Age News, May 10, 2001.

49. Israel requires that sewage effluent meet a “20–30 standard” (20 mg/L BOD, 30 mg/L suspended solids). Public Health Regulations (Establishing Standards for Effluent Waters), 1992.

50. Baruch Weber, Deputy Director of Water and Streams Division, Ministry of the Environment, personal communication, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

51. Rachel Adam, personal communication, May 23, 1998.

52. Interview with Dror Avisar, Tel Aviv, January 10, 1998.

53. Rachel Adam, personal communication, May 23, 1998.

54. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997.

55. Letter from Shalom Goldberger to Noah Rabinovich, Ministry of Education, September 22, 1997. Copy on file with author.

56. Sarena and Leshem,op. cit., p. 18.

57. David Pargament, personal communication, December 24, 1998.

58. Iris Cohen and Dror Avisar, “One Year After the Maccabiah Disaster—and the Yarkon Is Still Polluted,” pamphlet published by Adam Teva V'din and the Council for a Beautiful Israel, Summer 1998, p. 1, and “The Yarkon Is Again a Disappointing River,”Green, Blue and White (August-September 1998): 8–9.

59. Noam Gavrielli, “New Findings on Additional Mortality as a Result of Particulate Air Pollutants,”Particulate Air Pollution (Proceedings) (Haifa: Technion, 1995).

60. “Report of the Committee to Assess the Water Pollution in the Krayot,”Biosphera (July 1985): 5–16.

61. Michael Graber, “Emissions and Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Israel,”Biosphera (January 1995): 13–14.

62. Joyce Whitman,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1988), p. 162.

63. Yossi Sarid, personal interview, December 30, 1997.

64. Al Gore,Earth in the Balance, Ecology and the Human Spirit (New York: Plume, 1992).

65. “Musaf L'Chag,”Yediot Ahronot, October 1, 1997, p. 1.

66. “Public Opinion Survey on the Subject of Environmental Quality,” Biosphera (October-November 1994):p. 2.

67. Interview with Yizhar Smilansky, January 13, 1998.

68. Eran Hadas, “Listening Survey, An Impressive Increase to ‘Reshet Gimmel’—The Move to Broadcasting Israeli Music Took a Bite in Listeners from the Military and Regional Stations,”Yediot Ahronot—24 Hours, November 11, 1997.

69. Michael Cohen, personal communication, March 10, 1998.

1. Translated in Howard Sachar,A History of Israel, From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p. 8.

2. Walter Laqueur,A History of Zionism (New York: Holt, 1972).

3. David Ben-Gurion,Maarechet Sinai (Tel Aviv:Am Oved, 1964), p. 130.

4. Stuart Schoenfeld, personal communication, June 3, 1998.

5. Oz Almog,The Sabra—A Profile (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1997), p. 255.

6. See: L. White, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crises,” Science 155 (1967): 1203–1207.

7. Manfred Gerstenfeld, “Jewish Attitudes to the Environment in the Bible's Narrative,” in Judaism, Environmentalism and the Environment (Jerusalem: Institute for Israel Studies, 1999), 163–207.

8. Yoav Sagi in The Zionist Dimension of Nature Preservation (Jerusalem: Ministry of Education, 1981), p. 4.

9. Aaron David Gordon,The Human and Nature (Jerusalem: Zionist Press, 1951), p. 44.

10. “Biographical Sketches,”Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund, 1932), pp. 111–112.

11. Rachel Blubstein, “Sham Harei Golan,”Rachel's Poems (Tel Aviv: Davar, 1978), translation by William Slott, 1998.

12. R. Y. Ben Zvi,We Immigrate (Jerusalem: Am Oved, 1975), p. 22, as cited in Izhak Schnell, “Nature and Environment in the Socialist-Zionist Pioneers' Perceptions: A Sense of Desolation,”Ecumene 4, no. 1 (1995): 69.

13. R. Avraham Yitzhak Hakohen Kook,A Vision of Vegetarianism and Peace (Jerusalem: Lahai Ro'i, 1961), p. 207.

14. Josef Tamir, “A Chosen Land or a Lousy Land,”Green, Blue and White (April 1998), p. 36.

15. R. Aryeh Levine, in Simcha Raz,A Tzadik in Our Times (Jerusalem, 1976), pp. 108–109.

16. Avner De-Shalit, “From the Political to the Objective: The Dialectics of Zionism and the Environment,”Environmental Politics 4 (1995): 70–87.

17. Interview with Eilon Schwartz, Tel Aviv, January 12, 1998.

18. Michael Bar-Zohar,Ben-Gurion, A Biography (New York: Delacorte Press, 1977), pp. 6–12.

19. Ibid., p. 21.

20. David Ben-Gurion,Divrei ha-Knesset, 1963, p. 331.

21. David Ben-Gurion (1962) as quoted in Science and Technology (Jerusalem: Israel Information Center, 1997), 1.

22. Tom Segev,1949, The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 150.

23. Interview with Eilon Schwartz, Tel Aviv, January 12, 1998.

24. Stuart Schoenfeld, personal communication, June 3, 1998.

25. Avner De-Shalit, “From the Political to the Objective: The Dialectics of Zionism and the Environment,”Environmental Politics 4 (1995): 75–76.

26. Interview with Yizhak Shamir, Tel Aviv, November 24, 1997.

27. Avram Burg, lecture at the Annual Meeting, Society for Protection of Nature, Tel Aviv, January 13, 1998.

28. Meron Benvenisti, “An Image of a Homeland,”Conflicts and Contradictions (New York: Eshel, 1989), 19.

29. Einat Ramon, “The Zionist Myth of the Mother: The Land of Israel in the Thought of A. D. Gordon, ” presented at the Annual Conference,Association of Jewish Studies, Boston, December 14, 1993, p. 14 (copy with author).

30. Sachar,op. cit., pp. 154–155.

31. Amos Oz, “On Loving the Land,” in The Zionist Dimension of Nature Preservation (Jerusalem: Ministry of Education, 1981), p. 14.

32. H. P. Simonsen, ed.The Significance of the Frontier in American History (New York: Ungar, 1963).

33. Adam Werbach, keynote address, Eco Zionism Conference, Marin County, California, March 1997.

34. Bar-Zohar,op. cit., p. 14. Ben-Gurion's numbers have no clear empiri-cal basis, and many experts believe them to be far smaller. Gideon Biger, per-sonal communication, March 5, 1999.

35. Ibid., p. 16.

36. Meir Dizengoff,On Tel Aviv and Its Life Styles (Tel Aviv: Yediot Iriyat, 1934), p. 2.

37. Almog,op. cit., p. 266.

38. Interview with Ra'anan Weitz, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

39. Amos Keinan, “To Understand the Land,” in The Zionist Dimension of Nature Preservation (Jerusalem: Ministry of Education, 1981), p. 20.

40. Iris Milner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

41. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal interview,Tel Aviv University,August 27, 1997.

42. See generally Benvenisti,op. cit., pp. 19–23.

43. Eliezer Livneh, Yosef Nedbeh, and Yoram Efrati,NILI (Jerusalem: Shoken, 1980), pp. 61–62. Three years later, twenty-eight-year-old Feinberg was killed on a mission for the pro-British NILI spy ring.

44. Almog,op. cit., p. 255.

45. Azariah Alon, personal interview, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

46. Azariah Alon, “By the Side of the Abandoned Train Bank,”Teva V' Aretz, vol. 254, p. 46.

47. Almog,op. cit., p. 259.

48. Ibid., p. 268.

49. Ibid., p. 260.

50. Uri Marinov, presentation, September 19, 1997, Anglo-Israel Colloquium, Suffolk, England.

51. Noah Efron, personal communication, April 5, 1998.

52. The Blue Mountain is the title of the English translation of Roman Russi (Russian Novel). Meir Shalev, personal communication, November 11, 1998.

53. Meir Shalev, oral presentation, Kibbutz Ketura, Purim, 1997.

54. Meron Benvenisti, “Part II,”Moment, January-February 1986, p. 26.

55. Benvenisti, “An Image of a Homeland,” pp. 17–47.

56. Benvenisti, “Part II,” p. 24.

57. Avner De-Shalit, “Where Do Environmentalists Hide?” in Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. Robin Twite and Robin Menczek (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), pp. 274–276.

58. Azariah Alon, “Nature Preservation versus Zionism,” in The Zionist Dimension of Nature Preservation (Jerusalem: Ministry of Education, 1981), p. 27.

59. Oz,op. cit., pp. 16–17.

1. Efraim Orni and Elisha Efrat,Geography of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1971), p. 96.

2. Gideon Biger and Amnon Kartin,“The Emeq Yizrael Swamps—Legend or Reality,”Cathadra on the History of Eretz Israel and Its Settlement, vol. 30, 1984, pp. 179–182; also see recollections of Akiba Ettinger, “The Development of the National Fund in Ten Year Periods,”Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund, 1932), pp. 46–47.

3. Zeev Carmi, “Description of a Journey, 1910,” as quoted in Adam Ackerman,The Deeds of The Pioneers in Eretz Israel, 1840 – 1940 (Jerusalem: Good Times, 1982), p. 25.

4. Gertrude Bell, letters of 1905; see Ackerman,op. cit., p. 25.

5. Nahum Benari, diary as quoted in Ackerman,op. cit., p. 35.

6. In this chapter, the “land of Israel” refers to the geographic boundaries of the British Mandate, specifically from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River and from the Galilee to the Sinai desert's edge.

7. Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1944–1945, p. 17.

8. Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren, “The Impact of Population Growth,” Science 171 (1971): 1212–1217; see also Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich, Healing the Planet (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1991), p. 7.

9. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1994), p. 3.

10. Yosef Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael (Ramat Gan: Masada, 1970), particularly Chapter 1, “Forests in Biblical Times.”

11. H. Weiss, M. A. Courty, W. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, L. Senior, R. Meadow, and A. Curnow, “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization,”Science 20 (August 1993): 995–1004.

12. Jared Diamond,Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 312.

13. Arnold Blumberg,Zion before Zionism (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985), p. 158.

14. Yehoshua Ben-Ariyeh, “Population of the Land of Israel and Its Settlements on the Eve of the Zionist Settlement,”Research in the Geography and Settlement History of the Land of Israel, ed. Y. Katz, Y. Ben-Ariyeh, and Y. Kaniel (Jerusalem: Ben Tzvi Institute, 1991), pp. 1–14.

15. Hazem Zaki Nuseibeh,Palestine and the United Nations (New York: Quartet Books, 1981), p. 15.

16. Edward Said,The Question of Palestine (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980), pp. 79–81.

17. For example, Laurence Oliphant,Life in Modern Palestine (Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1887); Gertrude Bell, “The Wilderness of Judea” (1903) in The Sierra Club Desert Reader, ed. Greg McNamee (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995).

18. Yoram Yom-Tov and Heinrich Mendelssohn, “Movement and Distribution of Vertebrates in Israel in the 20th Century,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), p. 67.

19. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

20. Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),I (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 21.

21. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

22. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 67.

23. Mark Twain,The Innocents Abroad (New York: Oxford Press, 1996), p. 495.

24. “Woods and Forest Ordinance,”Laws of Palestine, October 1920, pp. 92–102; see also Richard Laster, “Israel,”Environmental Law (Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Publishers, 1993), p. 84.

25. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

26. Shaul Ephraim Cohen,The Politics of Planting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 44–47.

27. Paz,op. cit., p. 85.

28. J. V. Thirgood,Man and the Mediterranean Forest (London: Academic Press, 1981), p. 114, as quoted by Cohen,op. cit.

29. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 64.

30. Paz,op. cit., p. 22.

31. Blumberg,op. cit., p. 3.

32. Ackerman,op. cit., p. 50.

33. M. Lilian and H. Shuval,Ten Years of Sanitation in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1959), p. 15.

34. Theodor Herzl,Diary, Jerusalem, October 31, 1898, http://www.cet.ac.il/ ~history/herzl/yoman17.htm.

35. Sneier Levenberg, “History,” in Israel, ed. Muriel Manuel (London: St. James Press, 1971), p. 15.

36. Ronald Storrs,Orientations (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1945), pp. 286–310.

37. Ackerman,op. cit., p. 46.

38. Ibid, p. 46.

39. A. J. Sherman,Mandate Days (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997), p. 74.

40. Ibid, pp. 42–43.

41. Nachum T. Gross,The Economic Policy of the Mandatory Government in Palestine (Jerusalem: Falk Institute, 1982), p. 4.

42. John Marlowe,The Seat of Pilate: An Account of the Palestine Mandate (London: Cresset Press, 1959), p. 108.

43. Storrs,op. cit., p. 417.

44. See Eli Shaltiel,Pinchas Rutenberg, 1879–1942: Life and Times (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1990).

45. Tony Travis, personal communication, March 3, 1998.

46. Alon Tal, “Citizen Suits to Improve Sewage Treatment in the Poleg River: The Limitations and Potential of Legal Actions,”Ecology and Environment 2 (1995): 151–158; see also Alon Tal, “Law of the Environment,” Israel Law and Business Guide, ed. Alon Kaplan (Boston: Kluwer Publishers, 1994), p. 341.

47. Laster,op. cit., pp. 23–37.

48. Hillel Shuval,The Inspection of Environmental Sanitation in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1960), pp. 3–4.

49. Palestine Gazette 1065, December 20, 1940, p. 191.

50. Palestine Gazette, vol. I, 1936, p. 74.

51. Dr. A. Y. Levi,Sanitation: A Guide for Food and Beverage and for Installing Comfortable and Healthy Conditions at Home and Outside (Tel Aviv: Ahiabar, 1936).

52. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit. Notes / 443

53. Palestine Gazette, 1937, p. 667.

54. Laws of Palestine, vol. III, Rotenburg, Tel Aviv, 1933, pp. 852–860.

55. Laws of Palestine, vol. 1, p. 710, amended in the Palestine Gazette, no. 600, January 22, 1937, p. 1.

56. Palestine Gazette, 1940 II, p. 66.

57. Simcha Blass,Water in Strife and Action (Givataim: Masada, 1973), p. 136.

58. Laster,op. cit., p. 6.

59. A primitive series of industrial effluent standards were promulgated as part of the licensing of business system but never really enforced. Indeed, sewage treatment itself was hardly regulated. The Municipal Corporations (Sewerage, Drainage and Water) Ordinance of 1936 (Palestine Gazette, 1936, p. 560) essentially threw the problem at local governments.

60. Laster,op. cit., pp. 7–8.

61. Howard Sachar,A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), p. 230.

62. Walter Clay Lowdermilk,Palestine, Land of Promise (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 90.

63. Sachar,op. cit., p. 230.

64. “Woods and Forest Ordinance,”Laws of Palestine, October 1920 (sec. 14), p. 96. The ordinance was amended in 1926, but the above activities still were allowed only after receiving a permit.

65. Laws of Palestine, vol. 1, p. 710, amended in the Palestine Gazette, no. 600, January 22, 1937, p. 1.

66. “Review of the Agricultural Situation in Palestine,” p. 54, as quoted in Weitz,op. cit., p. 44.

67. Weitz,op. cit., pp. 44–45.

68. Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger, “Afforestation Policy of the British Government in Land of Israel,”Ofakim B'Giographiah 40–41 (1994): 5–16.

69. Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger,The Rise and Fall of the Jerusalem Pine as the Primary Tree in the Land of Israel (Jerusalem: Jewish National Fund, 1994), pp. 13–14.

70. For instance, in March 2000, local activists prevented the conversion of the Shaked Forest, an old British forest reserve, into a military base that was to be moved as part of the peace agreement.

71. A. Y. Goor,Forest Reservations in Palestine December 31, 1946, ISA A403/F/26/12/4, sheet 1, as quoted in Cohen,op. cit., p. 53.

72. Government of Palestine,Annual Report for the Year 1947, Department of Forestry, as cited in Lipshitz and Biger,The Rise and Fall of the Jerusalem Pine, pp. 13–14.

73. Department of Forests,Report of the Period 1936 – 39, ISA AF/41/39, p. 11, as quoted in Cohen,op. cit., p. 57.

74. Gideon Biger and Nili Lipshitz, “Protected Trees and Flowers in the Mandate's Land of Israel,”Ariel, A Journal of Israeli Geography (April 1994): 242–246.

75. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal interview,Tel Aviv University,August 27, 1997.

76. Paz,op. cit., p. 22.

77. Iris Milner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

78. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal interview,Tel Aviv University,August 27, 1997.

79. Ibid.

80. Laurence Oliphant,Life in Modern Palestine (Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1887).

81. David Gilmour,Dispossessed: The Ordeal of the Palestinians, 1917–1980 (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980), p. 33.

82. Evelyn Abel, “Righting the Record,”JNF Illustrated, Spring 1994, pp. 30–33.

83. Baruch Kimmerling and Joel Migdal,Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 23.

84. Ibid., p. 31.

85. “Although much slower than the tractor, the horse-pulled plow does not cause the stirring up and erosion of the shallow hilly soil in the rocky and sloped land of today's West Bank.” Said Assaf, “Overview of Some Traditional Agricultural Practices Used by Palestinians in the Protection of the Environment,”Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. Robin Twite and Robin Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 12–13.

86. Palestine: Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and Development (London: HMSO, 1930).

87. Adolf Reitenberg, translated by Cyril Leonard Whittles,The Soils of Palestine (London: T. Murby, 1947), p. 161.

88. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 33.

89. Reitenberg,op. cit., p. 158.

90. ISA 672/AG/38/1/2, November 10, 1941, as quoted in Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 52.

91. Ibid.

92. Ibid., p. 52.

93. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 28.

94. Lowdermilk, op. cit., p. 152.

95. Gilmour,op. cit., p. 45.

96. Ibid.

97. Tom Segev,1949, The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 78.

98. Reitenberg,op. cit., p. 157.

99. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 117.

100. Report of the Royal Commission (London: HMSO, 1937), p. 127.

101. Yoram Yom-Tov and Heinrich Mendelssohn, “Altered Landscapes,” Eretz Magazine, November 1985, p. 55.

102. Josef Tamir, personal communication, June 3, 1998.

103. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 329.

104. Reitenberg,op. cit., p. 166.

105. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 329.

106. Reitenberg,op. cit., pp. 162–163.

107. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 329.

108. Reitenberg,op. cit., p. 164, Table 87.

109. Abraham Mercado, “The Coastal Aquifer in Israel: Some Quality Aspects of Groundwater Management,” in Water Quality Management under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel as a Case Study, ed. Hillel Shuval (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 99.

110. Interview with Ra'anan Weitz, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

111. Ibid.

112. Efraim Talmi and Menahem Talmi, “Yizhak Elazari-Volcani,”Lexicon of Zionism (Tel Aviv: Maariv Library, 1982), p. 21.

113. Interview with Ra'anan Weitz, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

114. Lowdermilk,op. cit., p. 90.

115. Simcha Blass,op. cit., p. 136.

116. Richard Laster,The Legal Framework for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1976), p. 26.

117. Paz,op. cit., pp. 21–22.

118. Lowdermilk,op. cit., p. 219.

119. Ibid., p. 6.

120. “A Man Who Cared for the Earth,”The Jerusalem Post, July 5, 1976.

121. Assaf,op. cit.

122. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

123. Paz,op. cit., pp. 94–95.

124. Tamar Keinan, Director of Information Systems, Israel Water Commission, personal communication, March 5, 1998.

125. Ackerman,op. cit., p. 49.

126. “The Year in Palestine,”Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund, 1932), p. 93.

127. Sachar,op. cit., p. 190.

128. Josef Tamir, personal communication, June 3, 1998.

129. Sachar,op. cit., p. 190.

130. “The Year in Palestine,” p. 101.

131. Lowdermilk,op. cit., p. 3.

132. Ackerman,op. cit., p. 58.

133. Marlowe,op. cit., p. 109.

134. Aaron Baroway, “Palestine's Mineral Wealth,” in Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund, 1932), p. 93.

135. Sachar,op. cit., p. 190.

136. EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges: Final Report (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996), p. 7.

137. Alon Tal, “Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Hole,”Eichut ha-Sviva, 1994.

138. Meir Shalev,Primarily about Love (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1995), p. 31.

139. Numbers 13:32.

140. World Health Organization, web site, www.who.ch/programmes/ ctd/diseases/mala/maladis.htm, 1997.

141. Ibid.

142. T. Talitranick, “Malaria and Stages of Its Eradication in Our Land,” Public Health (1963): p. 356.

143. H. Joffe, “Campagne antipaludéenne en Galilee, 1914,”p. 2, as quoted in T. Talitranick,op. cit.

144. Talitranick,op. cit.

145. I. Klinger,Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in Palestine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930).

146. Talitranick,op. cit., p. 362.

147. Meir Dizengoff,On Tel Aviv and Its Life Styles (Tel Aviv: Yediot Iriyat, 1934), pp. 3–4.

148. Ibid. pp. 3–6.

149. Dror Avisar, personal communication, March 5, 1998.

150. Tom Segev,The Seventh Million:The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).

151. Josef Tamir,Haver Knesset (Jerusalem: Ahiabar, 1987).

152. David Heller and Azariah Alon, “Nature Researchers of the Land of Israel,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), pp. 55–63.

153. Ofer Regev,Forty Years of Blossoming (Tel Aviv: Society for Protection of Nature in Israel, 1993), pp. 8–9.

154. As quoted in Paz,op. cit., p. 41.

155. Heller and Alon,op. cit., pp. 60–61.

156. A. Brotzkos, “The Possibilities and Functions of National Planning,” Ha-Binyan (1938).

157. Regev,op. cit., pp. 9–10.

158. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal interview, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

159. Hillel Shuval, “Israel's Impending Water Crisis,”Selected Papers on the Environment in Israel, no. 9 (Jerusalem: Israel Ministry of the Interior, 1982), p. 47.

160. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

161. Benny Morris,The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

162. The United Nations estimated the number of refugees in 1949 to be between 716,000 and 726,000, but Palestinians claim the number was higher. See George Kossaifi, “Demographic Characteristics of the Arab Palestinian People,”The Sociology of the Palestinians, ed. Khalil Nakhleh and Elia Zureik, (London: Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 18–26.

163. Storrs,op. cit., chapter 15.

164. Lowdermilk,op. cit., p. 174.

165. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 15.

166. “Israel 2020, A National Master Plan for the Year Two Thousand,” Biosphera 24 (1994): 6.

167. Avner De-Shalit and Moti Talias, “Green or Blue and White? Environmental Controversies in Israel,”Environmental Politics 3 (1994): 278–280.

168. EcoPeace,op. cit., p. 4.

169. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, April 29, 1998.

170. For example, Yizhak Bar-Yosef, “The Military Industries Are Polluting the Water in Ramat ha-Sharon,”Yediot Ahronot, March 3, 1998.

171. The National Parks, Nature Reserves, Memorial Sites, and National Sites Law, 1992,Sefer ha-Hokim, 1397 (sec. 23), p. 230.

1. Uri Marinov, presentation, September 19, 1997, Anglo-Israel Colloquium, Suffolk, England.

2. Interview with Aviva Rabinovich, Kibbutz Kabri, January 11, 1998.

3. Interview with Henrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

4. Walter Lehn,The Jewish National Fund (London: Kegan Paul International, 1988), pp. 16–18.

5. Yisrael Cloyzner,Land and Spirit: The Life and Activities of Professor Tsvi Herman Schapira (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1966), p. 12.

6. Maximilian Hurwitz, “The Father of the National Fund,” in Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund for America, 1932), pp. 24–30.

7. Leib Yafeh, “Zvi Schapira,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), pp. 15–20.

8. Cloyzner,op. cit., p. 61.

9. Lehn,op cit., p. 18.

10. Shlomo Shva,One Day and Ninety Years: The Story of the Jewish National Fund (Jerusalem: JNF, 1991), p. 26.

11. Ibid., pp. 17–18.

12. Ibid.

13. Menahem Ussishkin, Memorandum to National Committees of the Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, December 24, 1922, Zionist Archive Number, KKL 10/5111–514.

14. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, Budget for the Year 1997, Jerusalem, December 1996.

15. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

16. Simon Schama,The Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (London: Collins, 1978), pp. 21–22.

17. Yaakov Tahon, “Yehoshua Chankin,”Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), p. 150.

18. Ibid., pp. 147–149.

19. “Infertile Women Seek Redemption at the Grave of Chankin, The Land Redeemer,”Yediot Ahronot, December 12, 1997.

20. Berl Katznelson, “Menahem Ussishkin,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), p. 116. This is a eulogy written by the Labor Party Leader.

21. Shva,op. cit., pp. 35–36.

22. Jewish Advocate,May 10, 1941.

23. Katznelson,op. cit., p. 115.

24. Ronald Storrs,Orientations (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1945), p. 417.

25. Avraham Gronovsky, “Nehemiah Di-Lieme,” in Megilat ha-Adamah (Jerusalem: Ha-Gesher, 1951), pp. 122–130.

26. Shva,op. cit., p. 42.

27. Avshalom Rokach and Haim Zaban, “Forty Years of Land Development and Afforestation in Israel,” JNF reprint from Ariel, A Review of Arts and Letters in Israel, no. 75 (1989): 4.

28. Efraim Orni,Land in Israel (Jerusalem: Ha-Makor, 1981), p. 27.

29. Katznelson,op. cit., p. 109.

30. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

31. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

32. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

33. Shva,op. cit., p. 52.

34. For example,The Australian Jewish News, October 17, 1941, p. 1.

35. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Achovoth, Israel, May 5, 1999.

36. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

37. Shaul Ephraim Cohen,The Politics of Planting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 47.

38. Shva,op. cit., p. 26.

39. “The primary claim of the JNF is in expanding the national lands… and foresting them only has value insofar as it provides the requisite occu-pation for establishing ownership of the land.” Ussishkin,op. cit.

40. Some JNF publications suggest that a full half of the 45,000 planted trees in 1948 were JNF in origin (Rokach and Zaban,op. cit.). Most other esti-mates are set between 10,000 and 12,000. See Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger, The Rise and Fall of the Jerusalem Pine as the Main Tree in the Land of Israel (Jerusalem: JNF, 1994). Also see Azariah Alon, “This Is Not the Forest We Sought,”Green, Blue and White 8 (May-June 1996): 36.

41. Yosef Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar V'ha-Yi'ur B'Yisrael (Ramat Gan: Masada, 1970), pp. 82–84.

42. Ibid, pp. 85–86. See also Efraim Orni,Afforestation in Israel (Jerusalem: Sivan Press, 1969), p. 24.

43. “Rishon L'Zion Is Seventy,” pamphlet, pub. N. Tiberski (1952), pp. 97–98, as quoted in Weitz,op. cit, p. 94.

44. Lipshitz and Biger,op. cit., p. 3.

45. Weitz,op. cit., p. 69.

46. “Naked and barefoot, you spent all day in the mud, amidst a thicket of bushes. The sun heated the swamp and created bubbles until you became dizzy

47. Ibid., p. 71.

48. Ibid.

49. Lipshitz and Biger,op. cit., p. 3.

50. David Brower, personal communication, Eugene, Oregon, March 15, 1993.

51. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

52. Ibid.

53. Golda Meir,My Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), p. 67.

54. Weitz,op. cit., p. 99.

55. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 25.

56. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

57. Interview with Heinrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

58. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

59. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

60. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

61. Tom Segev,1949, The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 29–30.

62. Benny Morris, “Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees, 1948–1949,” 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), pp. 89–149.

63. Interview with Ra'anan Weitz, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

64. Weitz,op. cit., pp. 140–141.

65. Yosef Weitz, journal entry from June 26, 1946, published in Tlamim Ahronim (Jerusalem: Keren Kayemet, 1974), pp. 24–25.

66. Nili Lipshitz and Gideon Biger, “Forestry Policy of the British Government in the Land of Israel,”Geographic Horizons 40 (1994): 5–16.

67. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, pp. 27–28.

68. The indigenousness of the brutia pine tree is the subject of some debate. Senior foresters of the JNF insist that it is an exotic tree, first appearing in Israel in 1924. Yerahmiel Kaplan and Rene Karshon, personal communication, February 8, 1999.

69. Interviews with Yerahmiel Kaplan and Rene Karshon, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

70. Michael Zahari,Geobotanica (Tel Aviv: 1959), pp. 342–345, as quoted in Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, footnote 2.

71. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 3.

72. Ibid., p. 3.

73. Ibid., pp. 4–5.

74. Ibid., p. 7.

75. Ibid.

76. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

77. Imanuel Noy-Meir, “An Ecological Viewpoint on Afforestation in Israel: Past and Future,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift 24–26 (1989): 615.

78. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

79. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 64.

80. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

81. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 15.

82. Orni,op. cit., p. 27.

83. Cohen,op. cit., p. 58.

84. Interview with Gideon Biger, Tel Aviv, March 5, 1999.

85. Zwi Mendel, “Major Pests of Man-Made Forests in Israel: Origin, Biology, Damage, and Control,Phytoparasiticia 15, no. 2 (1987): 683.

86. Lipshitz and Biger,Rise and Fall, p. 17.

87. Oppenheimer report, October 30, 1939, as quoted in Lipshitz and Biger, Rise and Fall, p. 19.

88. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, pp. 38–40.

89. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 6.

90. JNF report to the Twenty-Third Zionist Congress as cited in Lehn,op. cit., p. 132.

91. Letter from Dorothy de Rothschild to David Ben-Gurion, July 15, 1957, reprinted in Schama,op. cit, pp. 327–329.

92. Lehn,op. cit., pp. 131–133.

93. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget for the Year 1997, Jerusalem, December 1996, p. 6.

94. Eric Greenberg, “JNF Probe Expands,”The Jewish Week, October 11, 1996; Seth Gitell, “Lone Rangers Try to Lasso Herzl's Fund,”Forward, September 20, 1996.

95. “JNF Moves to Slash Operations, Tighten Budget,”St. Louis Jewish Light, September 24, 1997, p. 33.

96. Ibid., p. 8.

97. Lehn,op. cit., p. 122.

98. “The Jewish National Fund: Its Origin, Object, History, and Achievements,”Eretz Israel (New York: Jewish National Fund for America, 1932), p. 31.

99. Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 300.

100. In fact Goor's promotion to head of a Mandate department was re-markable for a non-British Jew. It was made possible when the previous forest “conservator,” G. N. Sale, became embroiled in a broadly publicized sex scan-dal. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, May 5, 1999.

101. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

102. Weitz,op. cit., p. 302.

103. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on: www.jnfreform.org).

104. Abraham Granot, a former aide to Nehemiah Di Lieme and Menachem Ussishkin and himself the JNF chairman from 1944 to 1961, is credited with getting the government to adopt this JNF axiom. Efraim Orni,Land in Israel, p. 30.

105. Yosef Weitz,The Struggle for the Land (Tel Aviv: Tubersky, 1950), p. 336.

106. Segev,op. cit., pp. 117–129.

107. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 33.

108. Shva,op. cit., pp. 93, 98.

109. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

110. Journal entry from August 18, 1949, Yosef Weitz,My Diary and Letters to My Sons, vol. IV (Ramat Gan: Masada, 1965), p. 48.

111. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997; Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 295.

112. Moshe Kolar, “The Forest Department of the JNF,” Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift (June 1989): 600.

113. Interview with Shimon Ben Shemesh, Jerusalem, January 12, 1998.

114. Weitz,Ha-Ya'ar v'ha-Yi'ur b'Yisrael, p. 300.

115. Ibid., p. 302.

116. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 22.

117. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

118. Ibid., p. 11.

119. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

120. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

121. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

122. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 10

123. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

124. Interview with Menahem Sachs, Director of JNF Forestry Department, October 28, 1997.

125. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Planner for JNF Central Region, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

126. Land Development Authority,Annual Report 1996 (Jerusalem: Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, July 1997), p. 18.

127. Ofer Regev,Arbaim Shnot Pricha (Tel Aviv: Society for the Protection of Nature, 1993), p. 46.

128. Ibid., p. 16.

129. Alon,op. cit., 338–340.

130. Heinrich Mendelssohn, personal communication, November 19, 1998.

131. Divrei ha-Knesset, December 11, 1962, p. 413.

132. Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),–I (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 92.

133. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 57.

134. Omri Boneh and John Woodcock, “Cherishing Precious Resources,” JNF Illustrated (Spring 1994): 3.

135. Extension Toxicology Network, Oregon State University, “Simazine,” http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/simazine.html, June 1996.

136. Aviva Rabinovich, “Evaluation of the Damages Caused to the Soil and Groundwater as a Result of Spraying with Simazine in Open Spaces,” as quoted in Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00,op. cit.

137. Mendel,op. cit., p. 2.

138. Extension Toxicology Network, Oregon State University, “Endosulfan,” http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/endosulf.htm, June 1996.

139. Boneh and Woodcock,op. cit., p. 2.

140. Mendel,op. cit.

141. Mendel, “Integration of Management of Forests and Preservation of Forest Habitats as a Way to Address Damaging Insects,” lecture at JNF Research Symposium, Hebrew University, Agriculture Faculty, Rehovoth, December, 19, 2001.

142. Orni,Afforestation in Israel, p. 61.

143. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

144. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

145. Meir Shalev,Primarily about Love (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1991), p. 34.

146. Interview with Chaim Blass, Herzliyah Pituach, September 3, 1997.

147. Mendel, “Major Pests.”

148. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

149. Avraham Weinstein, “The Species of Pinus and Eucalyptus Used for Afforestation in Israel,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 627.

150. JNF Mini-Manual (Jerusalem: JNF, 1973), p. 34.

151. The percentage of conifer trees planted is actually higher, owing to their relatively high density, reaching as high as 65 percent. Zvika Avni, head of JNF Forestry Department, personal communication, March 12, 2000.

152. Mordechai Ruach, “Organization and Activities of the Forest Department,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 604.

153. Interview with Yerahmiel Kaplan, Rehovoth, May 5, 1999.

154. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

155. Danny Orenstein, oral presentation, JNF Educational Department, December 8, 1997.

156. Interview with Y'nass Maalachi, Yatir Forest, December 8, 1997.

157. Noam Gressel, personal communication, May 2000.

158. Noy-Meir,op. cit.

159. Interview with Menahem Sachs, Director of JNF Afforestation Department, October 28, 1997.

160. Noy-Meir,op. cit.

161. Ibid.

162. Land Development Authority,op. cit.

163. Ibid., p. 33.

164. Planning and Building Law, 1965—National Master Plan for Forests and Forestry, submitted to the Government, Ministry of the Interior, Jerusalem, August 1995. Published in Yalkut Pirsumim, no. 4363, December 19, 1995.

165. “Keren Kayemet: Twelve Million People Can't Be Wrong,”Green, Blue and White (May 1996): 39.

166. Avi Goren, “Hands Off the Forest,”Green, Blue and White 3 (March 1995): 34–35.

167. Interview with Iris Bernstein, Eshtaol, October 28, 1997.

168. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on www.jnfreform.org).

169. Ibid.

170. Zafrir Rinat, “Grounds for Suspicion,”Ha-Aretz, August 14, 1998.

171. Land Development Authority,op. cit., p. 6.

172. David Blougrund,The Jewish National Fund Policy Study No. 49, The Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, September 2001. Also, Arnold Regular, “‘Destructive and Dangerous’ Management: The Report of the Comptroller of the Jewish Agency Regarding the JNF,”Kol ha-Ir, February 9, 2001.

173. Lehn,op. cit., p. 147.

174. Shva,op. cit., p. 93.

175. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget for the Year 1997 (Jerusalem, December 1996), p. Zayin-2.

176. Land Development Authority,op. cit., p. 45.

177. Interview with Dr. Benny Shalmon, Kibbutz Ketura, January 14, 1998.

178. J. Kaplan, R. Karschon, and M. Kolar, “Israel,” in Afforestation in Arid Zones, ed. R. N. Kaul (The Hague: Junk, N.V. 1970), pp. 151–152.

179. Jewish National Fund,Savannization—An Ecological Answer to Desertification (Jerusalem: JNF, 1994).

180. Danny Orenstein, oral presentation, JNF Educational Department, December 8, 1997.

181. Patricia Golan, “Redeeming the Desert: Successful Experiment in Reversing the Process of Desertification in Israel's Negev,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 13, no. 3 (1990): 21–22.

182. Dr. Burt Kotler, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, personal com-munication, May 5, 1998.

183. Dr. Uriel Safriel as quoted in Janine Zacharia, “The Final Frontier,” The Jerusalem Report, May 1, 1997, p. 14.

184. Elchanan Josephy, “The Natural Forest of Israel,”Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift, June 1989, p. 663.

185. Ibid.

186. Amit Shapira, Director of the Environment and Nature Preservation Department, Society for Protection of Nature in Israel, personal communica-tion, April 27, 1998.

187. Irit Sappir-Gildor, “Environmental Attitudes among Visitors to JNF Forests,” master's thesis, Tel Aviv University, Department of Geography 2001.

188. Ibid.

189. Interview with Menahem Sachs, October 28, 1997.

190. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission),Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

191. Mike McCloskey, “The Emperor Has No Clothes: The Conundrum of Sustainable Development,” Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 9 (1999): p. 153.

192. Noy-Meir,op. cit., p. 618.

193. Sappir Gildor,op. cit.

194. M. Schechter, N. Zaitsev, B. Reiser, and S. Nevo, “On Valuing Natural Resources Damages,”Preservation of the World in the Wake of Change, ed. Y. Steinberger (Jerusalem: Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Pub., 1996), pp. 343–349.

195. Zafrir Rinat, “There Once Was a Forest,”Ha-Aretz (English Internet edition), December 2, 1997.

196. Meir Barzilai, personal communication, Jerusalem, May 1, 2000.

197. Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael Budget (Jerusalem: December 1996), p. “F.”

198. “Keren Kayemet: Twelve Million People Can't Be Wrong,” p. 39.

199. Rokach and Zaban,op. cit., p. 29.

200. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Ministry of Interior and Others, Bagatz 288/00, August 29, 2001 (text on: www.jnfreform.org).

201. Blougrund,op. cit., pp. 6, 11.

1. Interview with Danny Rabinowitz, Maoz Aviv, September 30, 1997.

2. Azariah Alon, “Position Paper of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Regarding ‘Nesher's’ Demand to Establish a Quarry In the Heart of Carmel National Park,”Biosphera 73, no. 2 (1972): 1.

3. Azariah Alon, “Nature Protection in Israel: Activities and Campaigns of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel,” unpublished manuscript, on file with author, 1997.

4. Environmental Protection Service, “Conditions for a Quarrying Permit in Tamra-Kabul,”Environmental Quality (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1977), p. 192.

5. Yosef Lapid, “The Pelican Survey,”Maariv, August 20, 1992, Yoman Ma'ariv section.

6. Eitan Gidalizon, personal communication, April 27, 2000; also Israel State Comptroller, “The Society for the Protection of Nature: Field Schools,” in “Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport,”The 47th Report of Israel's State Comptroller, 1997, p. 415.

7. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1995), p. 240.

8. Brock Evans, personal communication, May 23, 1998.

9. Ofer Regev,Forty Years of Blossoming (Tel Aviv: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, 1993), p. 23.

10. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

11. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

12. Yosef Weitz, “The Redemption and Settlement of the Huleh Valley,” in The Huleh: An Anthology (Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization, 1954), pp. 114, 119.

13. A. Zigelman and M. Gershuni, “The Flora and Fauna of the Huleh Valley,” in The Huleh: An Anthology (Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization, 1954), pp. 62–63.

14. Ibid., pp. 62–99.

15. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

16. Regev,op. cit., p. 18.

17. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

18. Interview with Heinrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

19. Haim Finkel, “The Hula Lake Project,”Jerusalem Post, June 1993.

20. Regev,op. cit., p. 18.

21. Alon,op. cit.

22. In his memoirs, Simcha Blass claims that it was Pinhas Lavon, who served briefly as Minister of Agriculture, who made the fateful decision to go ahead with the project, explaining, “There's no way to leave the swamp when it's in our hands.” Simcha Blass,Water in Strife and Action (Givataim: Masada, 1973), p. 161.

23. Interview with Heinrich Mendelssohn, Tel Aviv University, August 27, 1997.

24. Ibid.

25. See, for example, Boomi Toran's account of the February 25, 1953, meeting in Linda Zach,Boomi: To Collect Golden Moments, Publication of Kibbutz Mabarot, 1997, pp. 173–174.

26. Alon,op. cit.

27. Ibid.

28. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

29. Ibid.

30. Regev,op. cit., p. 24.

31. Ibid.; interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997. A decade later, after it joined forces with the natural history journal Teva V'Aretz, the number reached fifteen thousand.

32. Zach,op. cit., pp. 173–174.

33. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

34. Regev,op. cit., p. 27.

35. Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),I (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 42.

36. Regev,op. cit., p. 27.

37. Paz,op. cit., p. 42.

38. Interview with Uriel Safriel, Sdeh Boqer, January 6, 1998.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

42. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

43. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

44. Regev,op. cit., pp. 29–30.

45. Shmuel Amir and Reuven Stern, “Involvement of Citizen Groups in Environmental Quality Protection,”Biosphera (1975): 8–12.

46. Regev,op. cit., p. 31.

47. Interview with Adir Shapira, Ramat Gan, December 18, 1997.

48. Yizhar Smilansky,Divrei ha-Knesset, December 11, 1962, p. 419.

49. Support is delivered mainly in the form of direct Ministry of Education payments to field school staff for educational trips. The figure is actually an understatement and does not include indirect subsidies, such as those arising from the use of the schools themselves by the SPNI. Israel State Comptroller, op. cit., p. 413.

50. Interview with Benny Shalmon, Kibbutz Ketura, January 14, 1997.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

54. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

55. Alon,op. cit.

56. Zach,op. cit., pp. 173–174.

57. In a 1962 Knesset debate Ben-Gurion proclaimed: “We only have one Carmel in this land. It is necessary, in may opinion, to use the Knesset's au-thority to do for the Carmel what we must to safeguard the character of the land.”Divrei ha-Knesset, December 11, 1962, p. 474.

58. Areas traditionally owned by neighboring Druze villages of Daliat al-Karmel and Usifiyah lay outside of the Park's boundaries, as were the lands of Kibbutz Beit Oren, a small sanitarium, military bases, and even a quarry run by the Nesher Cement plant. But the remaining 75 percent of the area in ques-tion was protected.

59. Yoav Sagi, personal communication, January 7, 1999.

60. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

61. “Environmental Prize to Yoav Sagi,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 13, no. 3 (1990): 2–3.

62. Interview with Danny Rabinowitz, Maoz Aviv, September 30, 1997.

63. “Activities of the Society for the Protection of Nature Regarding the Power Station on the Sharon Coast,”Biosphera 72, no. 8 (1972): 15–17.

64. Interview with Danny Morganstern, Tel Aviv, March 31, 1996.

65. “Power Station, Nahal Taninim or Hadera,”Biosphera 72, no. 7 (1972): 5.

66. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

67. Ibid.

68. Ibid.

69. Regev,op. cit., p. 69.

70. Interview with Adir Shapira, Ramat Gan, December 18, 1997.

71. Danny Rabinowitz, “The Bird Man Flies Again,”Ha-Aretz, October 11, 1991, p. B-4.

72. Orit Nevo, “Nature Knows No Borders,”Eretz v'Teva (May 1994): 8.

73. Yossi Leshem, “Birds without Borders,”Teva ha-Dvarim 24 (October 1997): 40–68.

74. Paz,op. cit., II p. 282.

75. Regev,op. cit., p. 89.

76. Interview with Yossi Leshem, London, September 21, 1997.

77. Regev,op. cit., p. 90.

78. Interview with Yossi Leshem, London, September 21, 1997.

79. Regev,op. cit., p. 90.

80. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

81. Meron Benvenisti,Moment Magazine, February 1986, p. 24.

82. Nahum Barnea, “The Fall of the Giants,”Yediot Ahronot, special sec-tion, “A New Land,” Independence Day edition, 1998, p. 10. It was only be-cause of his personal distaste for many of the Greater Israel movement's leadership (born of historical political rivalries) that Alon did not become more deeply involved.

83. Interview with Yossi Leshem, London, September 21, 1997.

84. Avner De-Shalit, “Where Environmentalists Hide,” in Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. Robin Twite and Robin Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1995), p. 273.

85. Yoav Sagi, “Militevah,”Teva v'Aretz (May 1992): p. 30.

86. Interview with Danny Rabinowitz, Maoz Aviv, September 30, 1997.

87. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

88. SPNI Director General's Office,Summary of Activities in the Society for the Protection of Nature,1997 (Tel Aviv: SPNI, 1998).

89. Amit Shapira, personal communication, May 28, 1998.

90. Yoav Sagi, personal communication, January 13, 1999.

91. Gabbay,op. cit., p. 240.

92. Regev,op. cit., p. 108.

93. Interview with Lynn Golumbic, Haifa, November 24, 1997.

94. Interview with Azariah Alon, Kibbutz Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

95. Yoav Sagi, keynote address at the International Conference on the Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Protecting the Environment, Eilat, Israel, March 21, 1994.

96. SPNI Director General's Office,op. cit., p. 13.

97. Interview with Lev Fishelson, Tel Aviv, September 28, 1997.

98. Interview with Uriel Safriel, Sdeh Boqer, January 6, 1998.

99. Yisrael Caspi, personal communication, December 13, 1997.

100. Mickey Lipshitz, oral presentation, Law School Class, Tel Aviv University, December 11,1997.

101. Ariella Ringle-Hoffman, Mordechai Gilat, and Meli Kritz, “They Don't Stop on Green,”Yediot Ahronot, December 12, 1997, Musaf Shabbat, pp. 12–15; Ariella Ringle-Hoffman, “Recorded Evidence: This Is How They Will Take Over the Society for the Protection of Nature,”Yediot Ahronot, December 26, 1997, pp. 1, 6; “Hostile Takeover Threat,”Ha-Aretz, December 15, 1997.

102. Yisrael Caspi, personal communication, December 13, 1997.

103. Emily Silverman, personal communication, May 28, 1998.

104. Interview with Emily Silverman, Tel Aviv, September 14, 1997.

105. Ibid.

106. Ibid.

107. CRB Foundation,Catalogue of Environmental Organizations in Israel (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1997), pp. 19–20.

108. Eitan Gidalizon, personal communication, April 27, 2000.

109. Eitan Gidalizon, personal communication, December 10, 1998.

110. Orit Nevo, “170 Men and Women Guides in the Society for the Protection of Nature,”Teva v'Aretz 262 (1993): 12.

111. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 423.

112. Ibid. On average, SPNI guides were underemployed, idle 25 percent of the time, even though they were never expected to work more than 160 days a year. Field schools were often deserted on weekends.

113. Part of the financial problem stems from the SPNI's substantive integrity. Schools prefer a lighter, more attraction-packed experience. The SPNI policy of two guides per bus rather than one is pedagogically sound, but twice as expensive.

114. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 414.

115. Eitan Gidalizon, personal communication, April 27, 2000; see also Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 415.

116. Ibid., p. 415.

117. Interview with Lev Fishelson, Tel Aviv, September 28, 1997.

118. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 413.

119. Eitan Gidalizon, personal communication, April 1997.

120. Corri Gottesman,Case Study of the Carmiel-Tefen Road: Management of an Environmental Conflict (Jerusalem: Environmental Protection Service, 1988).

121. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

122. Tal Setzmeski, “The Voice of America Station in the Arava: Summary of Events,” unpublished paper, for the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, January 1997.

123. Avner De-Shalit and Moti Talias, “Green or Blue and White? Environmental Controversies in Israel,”Environmental Politics 3 (Summer 1994): 274.

124. Reuven Yosef, “Clues to the Migratory Routes of the Eastern Flyway of the Western Palearctics: Ringing Recoveries at Eilat, Israel,”Die Vogelwarte 39 (1997): 131–140.

125. Letter from Yoav Sagi to Shimon Peres, May 13, 1985, on file with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv.

126. Interview with Uriel Safriel, Sdeh Boqer, January 6, 1998.

127. Yaakov Skolnik, “Save the Ashdod Sands,”Eretz Magazine, Winter 1991, pp. 10–12.

128. Interview with Bilha Givon, Tel Aviv, November 25, 1997.

129. The Central Arava Regional Council et al. v. the National Planning Board and the Tomer Project Council, Piskei Din, vol. 47, section 1 (1990), pp. 610–618.

130. Interview with Bilha Givon, Tel Aviv, November 25, 1997.

131. Azariah Alon and Yoav Sagi, “Cancel the Voice of America in the Arava,” SPNI flyer, January 1990.

132. Yosef Lapid, “The Pelican Survey,”Maariv, August 2, 1992.

133. The Central Arava Regional Council et al. v. the National Planning Board and the Tomer Project Council, Piskei Din, vol. 47, section 1 (1990), pp. 610–618.

134. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

135. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

136. “After reviewing the written materials that were submitted to us and the arguments of the attorneys of the [two] sides, we are convinced that the fol-lowing subjects were not checked in a sufficiently serious fashion by the National Planning Board: A) The dangers facing the birds from the nets of the Voice of America Transmission Station of the Arava… B) The change in the lo-cation of the IDF's firing zones… C) The possible noise and explosions from the location of the IDF firing zone.” Bagatz 3476/90, May 20, 1991, pp. 1–2.

137. Berry Pinshow, personal communication, June 16, 1998.

138. Idit Vitman, “Green Birds in the World,”Globes, September 4, 1992.

139. Berry Pinshow and Ron Frumkin,Bird Migration Survey, Spring 1992, Ground Survey Report, Mitrani Center for Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University, Sdeh Boqer Campus, 1992.

140. Elli Elad, “Migrating Bird Survey in the Negev Determines That Only a Few Individuals Will Be Injured by the Voice of America,”Ha-Aretz, August 16, 1992.

141. Ben Caspit, “Forbes Is Coming to the Arava,”Maariv, October 27, 1992.

142. “They Demonstrated in Jerusalem Against the Voice of America: The Land of Israel is Blossoming, We Won't Let It Go Bald,” Davar, August 25, 1992; “The Air Force Is Liable to Accidentally Bomb Arava Elementary Schools,”El ha-Mishmar, November 11, 1992.

143. Elli Elad, “Protection of Nature: The Tomer Council Forged a Report About the Voice of America,”Ha-Aretz, October 16, 1992.

144. “Namir: In the Question of the Voice of America, the Matter of Employment Can't Be Ignored,”Yediot Ahronot, August 19, 1992.

145. Amir Rosenblit, “The Society for the Protection of Nature to Rabin: Don't Ignore the Supreme Court's Decisions,”Davar, December 29, 1992.

146. “The Senate and Congress: To Freeze the Funds for the Voice of America,”Maariv, October 1, 1992.

147. Interview with Bilha Givon, Tel Aviv, November 25, 1997.

148. SPNI press release, May 3, 1993.

149. Interview with Danny Morganstern, Tel Aviv, March 31, 1996.

150. “Last Hope for the Jordan,”World Rivers (September/October 1991): pp. 13–14.

151. Eran Solamon and Yoram Gabizon, “A Money Station at K'far ha-Nasi,”Ha-Aretz, June 3, 1992, p. C-1.

152. De-Shalit and Talias,op. cit., p. 274.

153. Yoav Sagi, personal communication, January 12, 1999.

154. The Movement for Quality Government in Israel and Others v. the National Planning and Building Council and Others, Piskei Din, vol. 45 III, 1991, pp. 680–689.

155. Ibid., pp. 680–689.

156. De-Shalit and Talias,op. cit., p. 274.

157. Interview with Danny Rabinowitz, Maoz Aviv, September 30, 1997.

158. Interview with Mickey Lipshitz, Tel Aviv, January 8, 1998.

159. Interview with Yoav Sagi, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

160. The Movement for Quality Government in Israel and Others v. the National Planning and Building Council and Others, Piskei Din, vol. 45 III, 1991, p. 688.

161. David Rudge, “Electric Plant Inauguration Sparks Protest,”The Jerusalem Post, May 21, 1992.

162. De-Shalit and Talias,op. cit., pp. 281–282.

163. Zur Sheyzaf, “The River against the World,”Ha-Aretz, May 31, 1991.

164. Elisha Efrat, personal communication, March 1994.

165. Trans-Israel Highway Company, “1993 Was an Important Year for Drivers,” promotional material, 1999.

166. Daniel Morganstern, “Don't Want Trans-Israel Highway,”Green, Blue and White (August 1999): p. 11.

167. Adam Teva V'din, “Cross-Israel Highway or Cross-Israel Railway,” 1995.

168. Yossi Brachman, Ilan Salomon, Eran Feitelson, and Danny Shefer,The Place of the Train in the Transportation System in Israel (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 1993); see also Ilan Salomon and Eran Feitelson, “Israel: Transport on a Small Turbulent ‘Island State,’”A Billion Trips a Day, ed. I. Salomon, I. P. Bovy, and J. Orfeuil (Kluwer: Academic Publishers, The Hague, 1993).

169. “Do We Need the Trans-Israel Highway?” debate between Alon Tal and Ilan Salomon,The Jerusalem Report, January 3, 2000, p. 56.

170. Letter from Yoav Sagi to Alon Tal, July 1, 1993.

171. DESHE Transportation Team,Summary of the Staff Position Regarding the Trans-Israel Highway (Highway 6), Revised and shortened version approved by DESHE Transportation Committee, June 1993.

172. Initially,Adam Teva V'din and Others v. The National Planning Commission and Others, Bagatz 2920/94 Piskei Din 50(III)446; in 1999,

173. Amit Ashkenazi, “How to Direct Traffic to a Highway and Still Get Stuck,”Telegraph, October, 7, 1994, Dividend Supplement, p. 1.

174. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

175. Orit Nevo, “More against Trans-Israel Highway,”Eretz v'Teva 47 (1997): 17.

176. SPNI Director General's Office,op. cit.

177. Ruth Sinai, “With a Tie and a Hat Against the Bulldozers,”Ha-Aretz, December 5, 1999, p. B-3.

178. Bilha Givon, “A Law unto Itself,”Eretz Magazine (Winter 1993): p. 70; Seffi Ben Yosef, “Improvisers Out: The Dead Sea Yet Lives,”Teva v'Aretz 255 (1993), pp. 6–9.

179. Yehudit Goren and Rinat Klein, “Severe Pollution in the Golan Streams,” Maariv, August 10, 1993; see also Alon Tal, “Pollution Prevention in the Kinneret Watershed through the Regulation of Animal Feedlots,” Proceedings from Pollution Prevention NGO Conference in Sfax, Tunisia, September 1994.

180. Orit Nevo, “Down by the Seaside, Sifting Sand,”Eretz Magazine (Autumn 1963): p. 70; see also “Beach Clean Up Campaign,”Biosphera 22 no. 8–9 (1993): 31.

181. Orit Nevo, “The Forum to Promote Trash Recycling,”Teva v'Aretz 256 (1993): 9.

182. Avi Goren, “Hands off the Forest,”Green, Blue and White 3 (March 1995): 34–36.

183. SPNI Director General's Office,op. cit., p. 7.

184. “The Society for Preservation of Nature to the Supreme Court: The Water Commissioner Is Endangering the Kinneret,”Shomrei ha-Sviva 27 (October 2001): 4.

185. Interview with Emily Silverman, Tel Aviv, September 14, 1997.

186. Yoav Sagi offers a somewhat different perspective on the strategic ap-proach of SPNI during the 1980s and 1990s in his article “Militevah,”Teva v'Aretz (May 1992): 28–32.

187. Interview with Amotz Zahavi, Tel Aviv University, December 18, 1997.

1. Interview with Avinoam Finkleman, October 28, 2001.

2. Giora Ilani,Zoogeographical, Ecological Survey of Predators, in Israel, the Golan, Judea and Samaria, and Sinai (Jerusalem: Nature Reserve Authority, November 1979), pp. 125–128.

3. H. B. Tristam, “The Land of Israel,” in A Journal of Travels in Palestine (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1866), as quoted in Giora Ilani,op. cit.

4. Yoram Yom-Tov and Heinrich Mendelssohn, “Altered Landscapes,” Eretz Magazine (November 1995): 52.

5. Interview with Azariah Alon, Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

6. Shoshana Gabbay, “Human Activity and Wildlife Protection: Conflicts and Challenges,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1997): 15–16.

7. R. Nathan, U. Safriel, and H. Shirihai, “Extinction and Vulnerability to Extinction at Distribution Peripheries: An Analysis of the Israeli Breeding Fauna,Israel Journal of Zoology 42 (1996): pp. 361–383.

8. Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),I (Givataim: Masada, 1981).

9. Moshe Sneh, in Divrei ha-Knesset, December 19, 1962, p. 469.

10. Theodor Herzl, “The Jewish State,” in The Zionist Idea, ed. Arthur Hertzberg (Athenum, New York: Temple, 1981), p. 221.

11. Reuven Yosef and Rony Malka, “Avian Conservation in Israel,” un-published manuscript, 1998.

12. Tal Shavit, “All-Terrain Vehicles on You Israel,”Maariv, June 18, 1995.

13. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 57.

14. Uzi Paz, personal communication, November 11, 1998.

15. Heinrich Mendelssohn, “Nature Protection in Israel,”Biosphera 72, no. 3 (1972): 3.

16. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

17. Paz,op. cit., p. 42.

18. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Paz,op. cit., p. 70.

22. Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 4.

23. Benny Shalmon, personal communication, July 13, 1998.

24. Uzi Paz, “Nature Preservation in Israel,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), pp. 71–72.

25. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

26. Mendelssohn,op cit., p. 3.

27. Sefer Chokim, 1956, p. 10.

28. Iris Millner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

29. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

30. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

31. Uzi Paz, “Thus It Began,”Teva v'Aretz 264 (1994): 62.

32. Ibid.

33. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 43.

34. Paz, “Nature Preservation in Israel,” p. 70.

35. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 41.

36. Ofer Regev,Forty Years of Blossoming (Tel Aviv: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, 1993).

37. Ibid.

38. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

39. David Ben-Gurion, Knesset debate,Divrei ha-Knesset, December 3, 1962, p. 331.

40. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

41. Paz, “Thus It Began,” p. 62.

42. Proposed law, National Parks and Nature Reserves Laws, 1962.

43. Yosef Weitz, “To Sit Narrowly—On Landscapes and Nature Reserves,” speech from Weitz's JNF archives, dated second day of Hanukkah, 1963.

44. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

45. Divrei ha-Knesset, December 3, 1962, p. 331.

46. Ibid., p. 413.

47. Ibid., p. 419.

48. Ibid., p. 473.

49. Ibid., p. 471.

50. In the Knesset, a bill must be read and voted on at least three times be-fore it becomes law. The bill goes back to committee for revisions between the first and second readings.

51. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 44.

52. Paz, “Thus It Began,” p. 63.

53. Divrei ha-Knesset, December 11, 1962, p. 413.

54. Uzi Paz, personal communication, November 27, 1998.

55. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

56. Paz, “Thus It Began,” p. 63.

57. Ben-Gurion was suspicious of the rival Palmach's “barefoot” image as well as their leftist Mapam political ideology.

58. “The Zimmerman Prize for the Environment—Judges Explanation,” Biosphera G, no. 8 (1978): 2.

59. Regev,op. cit, p. 38.

60. An English officer who established a reconnaissance unit of Jews from the Yishuv prior to and during World War II.

61. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

62. Danny Yoffe, personal communication, November 17, 1998.

63. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

64. “In 1957 I was out observing gazelles for the annual count, and Yoffe showed up hunting. He argued that he loved animals, and he underwent a metamorphosis when he became head of the NRA. But before that, there were no limits for him.” Interview with Giora Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

65. Interview with Batyah Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

66. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

67. Paz, “Nature Preservation in Israel,” p. 73.

68. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

69. Iris Millner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

70. Interview with Leah Rabin, Tel Aviv, January 7, 1998.

71. Ibid.

72. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

73. Ibid.

74. National Parks, Nature Reserves, Memorial Sites and National Sites Law, 1992, sec. 22 and 34.

75. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 48.

76. Paz, “Nature Preservation in Israel,” p. 70.

77. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, II, p. 101.

78. Ibid., p. 48.

79. Azariah Alon, “The Nature Reserve Authority,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), p. 77.

80. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 58.

81. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

82. Ibid.

83. Interview with D'vora Ben Shaul, Rosh Pina, January 11, 1997.

84. Ibid.

85. Azariah Alon, “After the Establishment of the Nature Reserve Authority,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), p. 74.

86. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

87. Ibid.

88. The Legislation of the State of Israel (Jerusalem, updated 1991), pp. 3045–3047.

89. SPNI, “Educating for Israel's Environment,” promotional pamphlet, 1994; see also Uzi Paz, “A Success Story,” in Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, pp. 76–80.

90. National Parks, Nature Reserves, Memorial Sites and National Sites Law, 1992, sec. 41(d).

91. Avraham Yoffe, “The Nature Reserve Authority,”Biosphera 72, no. 3 (1972): 6.

92. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, pp. 78–80.

93. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

94. Uzi Paz, letter to Eitan Gidalizon, March 19, 1998.

95. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, pp. 76–80.

96. Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 4.

97. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 48.

98. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

99. Ibid.

100. Israel State Comptroller,Twenty-First Annual Report, Jerusalem, 1971, p. 236.

101. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 70.

102. Asaf Gotfeld, “The Judea and Samaria Team,”Yedion, no. 45 (1993): p. 6.

103. Dina Weinstein, “Danger: Rabies,”Eretz v' Teva 47 (1997): 79.

104. Oded Shani, personal communication, May 1997.

105. Interview with D'vora Ben Shaul, Rosh Pina, January 11, 1997.

106. Ibid.

107. “From the Activities of the Nature Reserve Authority,”Biosphera D(1974): 7.

108. Heinrich Mendelssohn, “The Impact of Pesticides on Bird Life in Israel,”ICBP Bulletin 11 (1972), pp. 75–104.

109. Interview with Aviva Rabinovich, Kibbutz Kabri, January 11, 1998.

110. Ibid.

111. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 237.

112. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

113. Interview with D'vora Ben Shaul, Rosh Pina, January 11, 1997.

114. Interview with Mordechai Ruach, Beit Zayit, September 9, 1997.

115. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

116. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., pp. 234–242.

117. “Sea and Coasts,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1979–80 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1981), p. 102; see also Y. Shlezenger, “Monitoring for Oil and Phosphates in the Eilat Coast,”Biosphera E, no. 10 (1979): 8–9.

118. Interview with Adir Shapira, Ramat Gan, December 18, 1997.

119. Interview with Ariyeh Cohen, Kibbutz Ketura, September 11, 1997.

120. Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi, I, p. 341.

121. Interview with Leah Rabin, Tel Aviv, January 7, 1998; interview with Ariyeh Cohen, Kibbutz Ketura, September 11, 1997.

122. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

123. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

124. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

125. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

126. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

127. Interview with Lev Fishelson, Tel Aviv, September 28, 1997.

128. Aviva Rabinovich, personal communication, November 11, 1998.

129. Interview with Uri Safriel, Sdeh Boqer, January 6, 1998.

130. Gabbay,op. cit., pp. 6–7.

131. Daphna Levi, “Gazelle Count in the Arava, October 1991,”Yedion, (NRA, September 1992), pp. 39–44.

132. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

133. Interview with Lev Fishelson, Tel Aviv, September 28, 1997.

134. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 238.

135. Hagai Agmon-Snir, “Nature Preservation as Nostalgic Greed,”Teva v'Aretz 260 (1993): 45.

136. Miriam Vamosh and Mike Livneh, “Effervescent Eden,”Eretz Magazine (October 1995): 52.

137. Edward Abbey, the conservation novelist and philosopher, felt other-wise, as passionately expressed in his collection of essays,Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (New York: Ballantine, 1968).

138. National Parks, Nature Reserves, Memorial Sites and National Sites Law, 1992, sec. 37.

139. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

140. Shoshana Ashkenazi, “Biosphere Reserves—Their Meaning, Value in Nature Preservation, and Function,”Ecology and Environment 4, no. 3 (1996):

141. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

142. “Seven years after I had left the Authority, people who had criticized us approached me and said, ‘If it were not for you, there would not be a reserve left today.’” Interview with Adir Shapira, Ramat Gan, December 18, 1997.

143. Noam Meshi, personal communication, May 1997.

144. There is a disagreement among zoologists regarding the taxonomical breakdown of Middle Eastern leopards. Today the predominant opinion among experts is that all subspecies in the Middle East, from Arabia through Sinai-Israel to Turkey and Iran, are considered to belong to a single subspecies:Panthera par-dus saxicolor. Benny Shalmon, personal communication, July 13, 1998.

145. Ilani,op. cit., pp. 125–128.

146. David Heller and Azariah Alon, “Nature Researchers of the Land of Israel,” in The Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, ed. Azariah Alon (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1990), p. 57.

147. Tristam,op. cit., p. 128.

148. Ilani,op. cit.

149. Interview with Giori Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

150. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

151. Interview with Giori Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

152. Ibid.

153. Ibid.

154. Ilani,op. cit., p. 9.

155. Interview with Giori Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

156. Interview with Danny Yoffe, Tel Aviv, November 15, 1997.

157. Amatzia Shochat, as quoted in Yehoshua Eliash, “Man and Leopard: Can the Two Live Together?”, unpublished honors paper, 2001, p. 72.

158. Interview with Giori Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

159. Shmulik Shapira, “Notices from the Southern Region,”Yedion, (NRA) no. 28 (1986), p. 5.

160. For instance, in 1987 Ilani reported “Herod” mounting his mother, “Shlomzion.” Giora Ilani, “Fauna News,”Teva v'Aretz 31, no. 3 (December 1998): pp. 28–29.

161. Ariel Ben Avraham, “Desert of Leopards,”Teva v'Aretz 254 (March 1993): pp. 31–34.

162. Interview with Uzi Paz, Ramat Efal, September 14, 1997.

163. Interview with Lev Fishelson, Tel Aviv, September 28, 1997.

164. Benny Shalmon, personal communication, July 13, 1998.

165. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

166. David Quammen,The Song of the Dodo, Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction (Touchstone: New York, 1997), pp. 512–519.

167. Gabbay,op. cit., p. 19.

168. Eitan Glickman, “Vulture Campaign,”Yediot Ahronot—24Hours, July 7, 1998, p. 10.

169. Ronen Tal, “A Leopard Who Came to the Movies,”Yediot Ahronot, December 23, 2001, p. 23.

170. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 236.

171. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

172. David Saltz, personal communication, June 14, 1998.

173. Ibid.

174. Yaakov Skolnik, “Back to Nature,”Eretz Magazine, December 1997, p. 41.

175. Bill Clark, “Desert Compatible,”Eretz Magazine, January 1995, p. 27.

176. Uzi Paz, “The Hai Bar Reserve,” in Eretz ha-Tsvi, II, pp. 337–339.

177. Interview with Ariyeh Cohen, Kibbutz Ketura, September 11, 1997.

178. Benny Shalmon, personal communication, July 13, 1998.

179. Interview with D'vora Ben Shaul, Rosh Pina, January 11, 1997.

180. Adnan Budieri, personal communication, June 1996.

181. Interview with Uri Safriel, Sdeh Boqer, January 6, 1998.

182. “If today I was asked to start setting up a Hai Bar, I would be against it. However, the Hai Bars already exist, and unless the reintroductions are car-ried out, the chances of them ever closing down would be very slim. There is now a long-range program accepted by the Authority that the Hai Bars will shut down in eight years. Another positive point is that these projects raise quite a bit of money and are flagship projects.” David Saltz, personal commu-nication, June 14, 1998.

183. Interview with Ariyeh Cohen, Kibbutz Ketura, September 9, 1997.

184. Ibid.

185. Interview with Giora Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

186. Arje Cohen,The Pere Back in Nature (The Netherlands, Valenzuela, 1994).

187. Skolnik,op. cit., p. 45.

188. Shirli Bar David, personal communication, October 29, 1998.

189. Roni King, personal communication, January 10, 1997.

190. Barbara Sofer, “Israel's Wild Side,”Hadassah Magazine, 1990.

191. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

192. Salah Tarif, who was the Chairman of the Interior and Environment Committee, is Druze. With his long history of displeasure with the NRA over the Mount Meron situation and no love lost for the new Minister of the Environment, Raful Eitan, he grandstanded but eventually gave in.

193. A. Sofer and R. Finkel,The Mitzpim in the Galilee: Goals,Achievements, Lessons (Rehovoth: Center for Rural and Urban Settlement, 1986).

194. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

195. Zafrir Rinat, “The Minister of Environment Delays Allocation of the Budget for the Nature and Parks Authority,”Ha-Aretz, October 26, 2001.

196. For instance, the Zipori National Park had three hundred dunams of breathtaking archaeological sites and sixteen thousand dunams of open spaces and indigenous forests that it did little to manage and monitor.

197. Interview with Aaron Vardi, Tel Aviv, December 3, 1998.

198. Levi,op. cit., pp. 39–44.

199. Orit Nevo, “Counting Bats,”Eretz v' Teva 47 (1997): 17.

200. Elli Elad, “The Departure of the Arava Gazelle,”Ha-Aretz, October 15, 1993.

201. Interview with Giora Ilani, Beer Sheva, September 9, 1997.

202. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 58.

203. Orit Nevo, “They Blossom and Are Picked,”Teva v' Aretz 256 (1993): p. 9.

204. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 57.

205. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

206. Ibid.

207. Zafrir Rinat, “Tire Tracks Scar Israel's Dunes,”Ha-Aretz, April 25, 2000, p. A5.

208. Gabi Baron, “Thais Have Destroyed 90% of the Gazelles in the Golan Heights,”Yediot Ahronot, April 6, 2000, p. 22.

209. Menahem Abadi, “Deterioration in the Southern Nature Reserves,” Yedion, no. 44 (1992): pp. 28–34.

210. Ibid.

211. Shmuel Yaakov, “As a Result of the Article,”Yedion, no. 44 (1992): p. 34.

212. Interview with Reuven Ortal, January 13, 1998.

213. Seffi Ben Yosef, “The Three Percent Problem, The Case of the Off-the-Record-Reserve,”Eretz Magazine (March 1999): pp. 21–27.

214. Zafrir Rinat, “Ibex without Borders,”Ha-Aretz, November 23, 1994.

215. Munir Adgham, “Non-Governmental Environmental Organizations in the Gulf of Aqaba-Bordering States: A Current Appraisal,”Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. P. Warburg (Washington: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), pp. 479–489.

216. Yaakov Skolnik, “Running with the Pack,”Eretz Magazine, September 1996, pp. 28–30.

1. Daniel Hillel,Rivers of Eden: The Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East (New York: Oxford, 1994), p. 26.

2. Itzhak Galnoor, “Water Policy Making in Israel,”Water Quality Management Under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel as a Case Study, ed. Hillel Shuval, (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 293.

3. David Ben-Gurion,Southbound (Tel Aviv: Ahdut Press, 1956), p. 305.

4. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 295.

5. Ibid., pp. 290–298.

6. Simcha Blass,Water in Strife and Action (Givataim: Masada, 1973), pp. 113–115.

7. Ibid., p. 157.

8. Ibid., p. 158.

9. Ibid., p. 159.

10. Joshua Schwarz, “Management of Israel's Water Resources,”Water and Peace in the Middle East, ed. J. Issac and H. Shuval (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994), p. 69.

11. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. A cubic meter is equal to 1000 liters, or roughly 250 gallons.

12. Schwarz,op. cit., p. 69.

13. Tom Segev,Nineteen Forty Nine: The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986) p. 95.

14. Schwarz,op. cit., p. 70.

15. Yohanan Boneh, “The Historical Development of Underground Water Supply,”Water in Israel: Selection of Articles, Part I (Tel Aviv: Water Commissioner, 1973), p. 44.

16. Blass,op. cit., pp. 170–171.

17. “Tel Aviv and the surrounding cities were notable for their overpumping. From its first days it never installed water meters, and every citizen paid what he paid, without any connection to how much he consumed.” Blass,op. cit., p. 171.

18. Richard Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality,” in Water Quality Management, op. cit., p. 279.

19. Water Law (Notice of Agreement),Yalkut Pirsumim 842, p. 1206, as re-ported in Laster,op. cit., pp. 26, 34.

20. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

21. Ibid.

22. M. Lilian and H. Shuval,Ten Years of Sanitation in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1959), pp. 5–6.

23. Ibid., p. 10; see also “Environmental Sanitation,”Health Services (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1957), p. 12.

24. Blass,op. cit., p. 166.

25. Blass,op. cit., pp. 160–164.

26. Richard Laster,The Legal Framework for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1976), p. 27.

27. Blass,op. cit., p. 165.

28. Blass,op. cit., pp. 165–166.

29. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 289.

30. Yehudah Karmon,The Land of Israel: Geography of the Land and the Region, 3rd ed. (Tel Aviv: Yavneh, 1976), p. 131.

31. Blass,op. cit., pp. 141–143.

32. Efraim Orni and Elisha Efrat,Geography of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), p. 444.

33. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997.

34. Orni and Efrat,op. cit., p. 446.

35. Blass,op. cit., p. 168.

36. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 17.

37. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

38. Based on the geographical origins of the tribe of Dan, the “Dan block” is generally used to denote the Greater Tel Aviv metropolitan area.

39. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 15.

40. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 277.

41. Hillel Shuval, “Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel,”Proceedings of the 17th Industrial Wastes Conference, Purdue University, 1962, pp. 650–664.

42. Yael Shoham and Ofra Sarig,The National Water Carrier (Sapir: Mekorot, 1995).

43. Walter Clay Lowdermilk, “The Jordan Valley Authority—A Counterpart of TVA in Palestine,” in Palestine, Land of Promise (New York: Harper and Brothers 1944), pp. 168–179.

44. Blass,op. cit., p. 135.

45. J. B. Hayes,TVA on the Jordan, Proposals for Irrigation and Hydro-Electric Development in Palestine (Washington, D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1949).

46. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 7.

47. Blass,op. cit., p. 161.

48. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

49. Blass,op. cit., p. 167.

50. Howard M. Sachar,A History of Israel (New York: Knopf, 1976), p. 519.

51. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 6.

52. Blass,op. cit., pp. 184–185.

53. Ibid., pp. 188–190.

54. Ibid., p. 190.

55. Ibid., pp. 195–207.

56. Arnon Sofer, “The Relevance of the Johnston Plan to the Reality of 1993 and Beyond,” in Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 110–112.

57. Sachar,op. cit., p. 458.

58. Yehudah Goldsmid, “Water Quality Management of the Israel National Water System,” in Developments in Water Quality Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), p. 9.

59. Ibid.

60. Orni and Efrat,op. cit., p. 156.

61. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 9.

62. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 296.

63. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 1, 16–24.

64. Sachar,op. cit., pp. 618–619.

65. Meir Ben Meir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

66. Joyce Whitman,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1988), p. 136.

67. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 8, 11.

68. Hillel Shuval, “Drinking Water and Sewage Disposal,”Public Health 8, no. 2 (1965): p. 475.

69. Blass,op. cit., pp. 237–248.

70. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 8.

71. Richard E. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,”Israel Law Review 12, no. 3 (1977): p. 296.

72. Blass,op. cit., p. 23.

73. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9.

74. B. E. Butterworth, et al. “The Role of Regenerative Cell Proliferation in Chloroform Induced Cancer,”Toxicological Letters (1995), pp. 23–26.

75. Hillel Shuval, personal communication, November 20, 1998.

76. Yoram Avnimelech, “Irrigation with Sewage Effluents: The Israeli Experience,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993), p. 1280.

77. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

78. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 8.

79. Nessen's contribution to New York City's water system was substan-tial enough that the laboratory at one of the city's eighteen reservoirs was named in his honor. Cristina Manos, City of New York Department of Environmental Protection, personal communication, October 9, 1998.

80. Today aluminum sulfate is added at the Eshkol reservoir; it adsorbs to the sediments and turns them into larger flocs that settle in the settlement basin. Chlorine dioxide and chloramine are added to the water prior to its in-troduction into the municipal water systems. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

81. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9.

82. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 26–27.

83. EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges: Final Report, (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996).

84. Whitman,op. cit., p. 136.

85. C. Serruya and T. Berman, “The Evolution of Nitrogen Compounds in Lake Kinneret,” in Developments in Water Quality Research (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), pp. 73–78.

86. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9.

87. Blass,op. cit., p. 185.

88. “For years I had stood in opposition to the water legislation that the Mandate was about to legislate. It took time until I could get over my own principled hostility to a Water Law.” Ibid.

89. S efer ha-Hokim, 1959, p. 169.

90. Water Law, Notice of Agreement,Yalkut Pirsumim, 842, p. 1206.

91. See generally: Laster,The Legal Framework.

92. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997.

93. Ibid.

94. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality,” p. 280.

95. Dan ha-Levy, “Mekorot versus the Water Commissioner,”Davar, November 22, 1994.

96. Daniel Hillel, “Water,” in The Negev: Land, Water and Life in a Desert Environment (New York: Praeger, 1982), p. 32; see also Rachel Carson,The Sea around Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950).

97. Ben-Gurion,op. cit., pp. 305–306.

98. Oded Lipshitz, “Agriculture, Water, and Much Adrenaline,”El ha-Mishmar, Musaf, August 25, 1992.

99. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 299.

100. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1994), p. 21.

101. Zafrir Rinat, “Altering Mother Nature's Recipe: To Get Water, Just Add Salt,”ha-Aretz, March 23, 1999.

102. Hillel Shuval, “Quality Management Aspects of Wastewater Reuse in Israel,”Water Quality Management, p. 213.

103. Uri Marinov, “How Israel Handles the Environment and Development,” Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993), p. 1253.

104. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

105. Hillel Shuval, “The Problem of Sewage and Waste Discharges in Israel,” lecture to sanitary engineers, February 2, 1967, Tzrifin, Israel (manu-script available with author).

106. Ibid.

107. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

108. Yaakov Zak, “Water Quality in Israel's Streams,”Biosphera F, no. 9 (June 1977): 4; see also Yaakov Raveh, “Sources of Pollution in the Streams of Israel,”Biosphera 5 (1971): 9–12.

109. S. Alfi, “The Alexander Stream: Conclusions of a Field Study for the Ministry of Health,”Biosphera 72, no. 7 (1972): 3.

110. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279.

111. Shuval, “Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel,” pp. 651–652.

112. Alberto M. Wachs, “The Outlook for Wastewater Utilization in Israel,”Developments in Water Quality Research, ed. Hillel Shuval (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), pp. 109–111.

113. Uri Marinov and Eitan Harel,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: National Council for Research and Development, 1972), p. 31.

114. Avnimelech,op. cit.

115. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 277.

116. Whitman,op. cit., pp. 140–141.

117. Emanuel Idelovich, “Can We Get Water at Drinking Water Quality from the Dan Plant?”Biosphera E, no. 1 (November 1975): 14–15, and re-sponse by Hillel Shuval, p. 15.

118. Batiah Yadin,Wastewater Reuse (Tel Aviv: Mekorot, 1993).

119. Whitman,op. cit., p. 142.

120. Hillel Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Agriculture and Hygenic Problems,”Journal of the Engineers and Architects Association of Israel 9 (August 1951), pp. 38–40.

121. Hillel Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Israel,” in Proceedings of an International Seminar on Soil and Water Utilization (South Dakota State College, Brookings, 1962), p. 40.

122. Badri Fattal and Hillel Shuval, “Historical Prospective Epidemiological Study of Wastewater Utilization in Kibbutzim in Israel, 1974–77,” in Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality, Ed. Hillel Shuval (Philadelphia, Pa.: Balaban ISS, 1981), pp. 333–343.

123. J. Cohen et al., “The Endemicity of Gastrointestinal Infections,” in Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1971), p. 3.

124. B. Gerichter and D. Cahan, “Laboratory Investigations During the Cholera Outbreak in Jerusalem and Gaza, 1970,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health), pp. 26–35. T. A. Schwartz, “The Jerusalem Cholera Outbreak: The Course of the Epidemiological Investigation,” ibid., p. 13.

125. Reuben Klasmer, “Primary Investigation and Chemoprophylaxis of Cholera,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1971), p. 19.

126. Z. Imre et al., “The Cholera Outbreak with Vibrio cholerae in the Gaza Area in 1970,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health 1971), pp. 39–40.

127. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 274.

128. Ministry of Health Public Health Principles, 1981,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1357, p. 718.

129. T. Naff and R. C. Matson,Water in the Middle East: Conflict or Cooperation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984).

130. David Salick, “A Lebanese Time Bomb,”Green, Blue and White (August–September 1998): 14–15.

131. Arie Issar, “Fossil Water under the Sinai-Negev Peninsula,”Scientific American 253 (1985, 107–108): see also E. M. Adar et al., “Quantitative Assessment of the Flow Pattern in the Southern Arava Valley (Israel) by Environmental Tracers and a Mixing Cell Model,”Journal of Hydrology 136 (1992): 333–352.

132. Cardiological problems are primarily associated with the sodium ele-ment in salts. See Drinking Water and Health, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science Press, 1980), pp. 243–247.

133. “We pour about two million tons of salt into our water each year. There's a billion cubic meters of water with a hundred milligrams per liter of chlorine. And everyone adds 100 grams of sewage a day. Getting the salt out. That is our real environmental problem.” Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. Other experts dispute this level of salinity infiltration, arguing that the amount is closer to one hundred thousand tons. Dan Zaslavsky, personal communication, September 22, 1998.

134. Baruch Weber,Reduction of Salinity in Urban Effluents in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1996), p. 32.

135. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279.

136. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997.

137. Ibid.

138. Ibid.

139. Israel State Comptroller,Report on Water Management in Israel (Jerusalem: State Comptroller's Office, 1990), pp. 22–23.

140. Ministry of the Environment, “Water Quality,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, nos. 17–18,1990–91 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 269–270.

141. Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “Nitrates in Drinking Water,”Harnessing Science for Environmental Regulation, ed. John Graham (New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 159–179.

142. S. Wago, “Two Cases of Methemoglobinemia in Infants,”Ha-Refuah 5, no. 2 (1955): 35–36.

143. M. Morales-Suarez-Varela et al., “Nitrates and Stomach Cancer,” Cancer Detection and Prevention 20 (1996): 5.

144. Shuval, “The Problem of Sewage and Waste Discharges in Israel.”

145. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

146. Abraham Mercado, “The Coastal Aquifer in Israel: Some Quality Aspects of Groundwater Management,” in Water Quality Management under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel as a Case Study, ed. Hillel Shuval (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 99.

147. Hillel Shuval, “The Problem of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Israel,” VIBAS conference proceedings, Tel Aviv, 1972.

148. C. Soliternick, Y. Kanovich, and Y. Shevach, “Sources of Ground Water Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds,” reprinted in Biosphera72, no. 9 (1972): 1–6.

149. Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Israel.”

150. Y. Kanovich and D. Blank, “Groundwater Pollution by Nitrates in Israel,”Biosphera I(1973): 7–8.

151. Hillel Shuval, “Utilization of Sewage Water in Agriculture and Hygiene Problems,” manuscript available with author.

152. Meir Ben Meir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

153. Lazi Shelef, personal communication, November 26, 1998. Nitron Purification Systems, which built Israel's first major facility of this type in Rishon L'Tzion, reports nitrate reductions from 90 to 40 milligrams per liter, with an additional benefit of cutting the chloride levels in half—from 120 to 60 milligrams per liter,“Technological Advantages of Ultra Filtration,” Nitron Purification Systems promotional material, 1999.

154. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997.

155. Alon Tal, “Enforceable Standards to Abate Agricultural Pollution: The Potential of Regulatory Policies in the Israeli Context,”Tel Aviv Studies in Law 14 (1998), pp. 223–286.

156. Joyce Starr, “The Quest for Water, from Biblical Times to the Present,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): p. 1265.

157. Blass,op. cit., p. 330. A talmudic story (Mesechta Gittin 56 b) relates that after the Roman Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem, a mosquito flew into his nose and entered his brain, destroying it from within over seven years.

158. Shaul Arlosoroff, “Managing Scarce Water: Recent Israeli Experience,”Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security (London: Frank Çass, 1996), p. 242.

159. Hillel,op. cit., p. 221.

160. Amnon Greenberg, Southern Arava Agricultural Research Center, personal communication, 1998.

161. Blass,op. cit., p. 351.

162. Netafim web site, http://www.netafim.co.il.

163. Netafim, promotional film (undated).

164. Ori Nir, “In California the Grapes—and the Grass—Are Greener,” Jerusalem Report, July 24, 1997, pp. 30–31.

165. Hillel,op. cit., p. 221.

166. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1280.

167. Arlosoroff,op. cit., p. 246.

168. Sandra Postel,Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (Washington D.C.: World Watch, 1992).

169. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1972, p. 8.

170. Rachel Adam and Uri Marinov, “Problems in Enforcing the Water Law, 1959,”Water and Irrigation 305 (1992): p. 235.

171. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” pp. 272–273.

172. Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense), Annual Report,1995 (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1996), p. 5.

173. Zadok Yehezkel and Anat Tal-Shir, “The Navy Leaves the Water,” Yediot Ahronot, July 27, 1001, pp. 1,3.

174. Water Regulations (Prohibition of Hard Detergents), 1974,Kovetz Takanot, no. 3208, p. 1621.

175. M. Ravid, “Hard Detergents Are Marketed in Israel in Contravention to the Law,”Biosphera 6, no. 12, (1977): 1–3.

176. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279.

177. Mercado,op. cit., p. 134.

178. Leah Muszkot, “First Results of Research That Examined Groundwater Point to Pollution by Hazardous Organic Materials,”Biosphera (October 1988): 15; see also Leah Muszkot et al., “Large Scale Contamination of Deep Groundwaters by Organic Pollutants,”Advances in Mass Spectrometry 11B (1990): 1628.

179. Leah Muszkot, “Groundwater Quality, Problems, and Solutions,”Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. R. Twite and R. Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Conference for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 70–86.

180. Muszkot, “First Results,” p. 15.

181. Israel Standards Institute,Gilayaon Hadracha, No. 193, as reported in “The Ministry of Health, 1959–1964”Public Health 8, no. 2, (1965): 474–475.

182. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 11.

183. Shuval, “Drinking Water and Sewage Disposal,” p. 475.

184. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 12.

185. The Water Regulations (The Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water), 1974, Regulation 7(e),Kovetz Tekanot, no. 3117, p. 556.

186. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1962, p. 96.

187. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1258.

188. Alon Tal, “Six Reasons Behind Israel's Environmental Crisis,”Politica 47 (1993): 48.

189. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 303.

190. C. Serruya, “The Nutrient Load of Lake Kinneret,” in Merinov and Harel,op. cit., p. 41.

191. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” pp. 307–308.

192. Ibid., p. 303.

193. R. J. Davis, “Investigation of the Pollution Problems of Lake Kinneret,” 1971, as cited in Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” note 17.

194. Richard Laster, personal communication, January 30, 2002.

195. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 311.

196. Whitman,op. cit., p. 135.

197. Gabbay,op. cit., pp. 27–28.

198. Rachel Adam, personal communication, July 13, 1998.

199. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit.

200. Israel Water Commission,The Chemical Quality of Ground Water in the Coastal Aquifer of Israel, Report No. 76/1 (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Agriculture, 1976) and accompanying letter to Shaul Alazaroff, Deputy Water Commissioner, from authors Yaakov Kanfi and Daniel Ronen.

201. Hillel Shuval, “The Impending Water Crisis in Israel,”Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality, ed. Hillel Shuval (Philadelphia: Balaban ISS, 1981), pp. 101–114.

202. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 9.

203. Oded Lipshitz, “Agriculture, Water and Much Adrenaline,”El ha-Mishmar, Musaf, August 25, 1992.

204. Based on data from the 1980s, two Canadian experts wrote, “The State of Israel is commonly regarded as presenting a model of sound water man-agement. The reality is, however, different from the image.” Stephen C. Lonergan and David B. Brooks,The Economic, Ecological and Geopolitical Dimensions of Water in Israel (Victoria, British Columbia: Center for Sustainable Regional Development, 1992).

205. Hillel,op. cit., p. 39.

206. Pocket World in Figures: 2000 Edition (London: Economist, 1999), p. 1.

207. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997.

208. Ibid.

209. Ibid.

210. Dan Zaslavsky, personal communication, September 22, 1998.

211. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997.

212. Interview with Yitzhak Shamir, Tel Aviv, November 24, 1997.

213. David Rudge, “Sewage Flows into Kinneret,”Jerusalem Post, May 3, 1992.

214. H. Nahtomi, “Improvement in the Water Levels in the Aquifer and Southern Region,”Mabat l'Kalkalah v'l'Chevrah, November 11, 1994.

215. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997.

216. David Amiran,Rainfall and Water Policy in Israel: Series of Dry and Rainy Years and Their Implications for Policy (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 1994).

217. See Ha-Aretz newspaper special edition on the water crisis, July 15, 2001, available electronically at: http://www2.haaretz.co.il/special/water-e/.

218. Zafrir Rinat, “Ex-Water Chiefs Report: Treasury Was Opposed to Desalination Plans,”Ha-Aretz, July 10, 2001.

219. Shimon Tal, personal communication, Tel Aviv, January 1, 2002.

1. Golda Meir,My Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), pp. 315–316.

2. “The Jewish stamp on the face of the abandoned Galilee will ultimately be placed through Jewish rural settlements, rather than a large population in a sin-gle city.” Yigael Alon,A Nation and Its Land (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1963), p. 79.

3. Yigael Alon, “International Environment Day,”Biosphera 73, no. 7 (1973).

4. A. Donagi, “Sources of Air Pollution in Israel,”Humans in a Hostile Environment, Conference Proceedings (Jerusalem: VIBAS, 1971), p. 18, Table 3.

5. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Tirza Yuval, “2020 Vision,”Eretz Magazine, January–February 1995, p. 43.

7. Elisha Efrat, “Fathers and Sons in the Physical Planning of Israel,” Karka (1995).

8. Ariyeh Sharon,Physical Planning for Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Government Printer, 1951).

9. “Immigrant and transit camps, housing projects and settlements, all planned and built in haste, will remain as social and economic blots on the landscape and may be succeeded by even worse blemishes later on.” Ariyeh Sharon,op. cit., reprinted in “Planning for the New State,”Eretz Magazine, January 1995, p. 51.

10. Meron Benvenisti,Conflicts and Contradictions (New York: Eshel, 1986), pp. 59–60.

11. Adam Mazor,Israel in the Years of 2000 (Tel Aviv: Haim U'Sviva, 1993), p. 4.

12. Efrat,op. cit.

13. Ibid.

14. Ephraim Shlain and Eran Feitelson,The Formation, Institutionalization and Decline of Farmland Protection Policies in Israel (Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute, 1996), pp. 10–11.

15. P. Rosen, “The Breeding of Flies in Tel Aviv Municipal Garbage,” Tavruah, August 1957.

16. Uri Marinov and Eitan Harel,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: National Council for Research and Development, 1972), p. 54.

17. Hillel Shuval, “Composting Municipal Garbage in Israel,” unpublished manuscript.

18. M. Lilian and H. Shuval, “Ten Years of Sanitation in Israel” (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1959), p. 20.

19. Shuval,op. cit.

20. Yossi Leshem and Nehama Ronen, “Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump, Israel–A Test Case,” presented to the International Bird Strike Committee Conference, Slovakia, September 14, 1998.

21. Hillel Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting with a Will,” Municipal Engineering (March 6, 1959): 241.

22. The Hiriyah plant used a windrow process. Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting,” p. 241.

23. Shuval, “Composting Municipal Garbage in Israel.”

24. Shuval, “Israel Is Tackling Her Composting,” 241.

25. Marinov and Harel,op. cit., p. 54.

26. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 19.

27. Richard E. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,”Israel Law Review 12, no. 3 (1977): 303.

28. Mishna Baba Batra 2:9.

29. Moses Maimonides, “The Preservation of Youth, ” in Daniel Fink, “The Environment in Halacha,” in Judaism and Ecology (New York: Hadassah, 1993), p. 42.

30. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 22.

31. “Dr. Shimon (Zigfried) Kanovich,”Encyclopedia of Founders of the State (Tel Aviv: Tedhar, 1975), p. 4068.

32. Ernest Katin and Mordechai Virshubski, “Environmental Law and Administration in Israel,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 1 (1975): 210.

33. Divrei ha-Knesset, 1960, p. 580.

34. Proposed Prevention of Nuisances Law, 1961, sec. 6(2),Proposed Laws, 1961, p. 67.

35. Ibid., sec. 10.

36. Prevention of Nuisances Law, sec. 11, 1961,Sefer ha-Hokim 32, p. 58.

37. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Vehicular Air Pollution) (Hartridge Test Standard), 1963,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1506, p. 92. A Hartridge test measures the opacity of smoke emitted from a tailpipe, with a relatively high degree of precision.

38. Alex Donagi, “Air Pollution Prevention in Israel,”Public Health 8, no. 2 (1965), p. 506.

39. Ibid.

40. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 18.

41. Yizhak Zamir, personal communication, January 13, 2002.

42. Bagatz 295/65,Hillel Oppenheimer and Others v. Ministers of Interior and Health, 1966, PADI 20 I, 309–338.

43. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality), 1971,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1633, p. 380.

44. “Hope for Recycling: Supreme Court Orders Ministry of Environment to Prepare Recycling Regulations within Three Months,”Law and Environment (Fall, 1997), p. 3.

45. Josef Tamir,Haver Knesset (Jerusalem: Ahiabar, 1987).

46. Victor Shem-Tov,Divrei ha-Knesset, May 31, 1971, p. 2559.

47. Y. Yaron, “Laws Disregarded,”Israel Law Review 6 (1971): 188.

48. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1965, p. 307.

49. For a description of Israel's planning system and the environment, see Valerie Brachya, “Environmental Management through Land Use Planning,”Our Shared Environment, ed. Robin Twite and Jad Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), pp. 339–354.

50. Israel Electric Company study cited in speech of Yehudah Sha'ari, Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2905.

51. Yehudah Sha'ari,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2905.

52. Josef Tamir,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2892.

53. Richard Laster, “Reading D: Planning and Building or Building and Then Planning,”Israel Law Review 8 (1973): p. 482.

54. Interview with Yedidyah Be'eri, Tel Aviv, September 5, 1997.

55. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 360.

56. Ibid., pp. 361–362.

57. Tel Aviv Power Station Law, 1967,Sefer ha-Hokim, 1967, p. 141, sec. 1.

58. Ibid.

59. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 492.

60. Shlomo Lorenz,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2893.

61. Tamir,Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2891.

62. Divrei ha-Knesset, August 8, 1967, p. 2907.

63. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 358

64. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 488.

65. Ibid., p. 489.

66. Ibid.

67. Lisa Perlman, “Threat from the Air,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, February 24, 1989, p. 4.

68. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 358.

69. Laster, “Reading D,” p. 490.

70. Lev Fishelson, personal communication, 1994.

71. Yosef Waksman, “Frutarom Factory Expansion Rejected,”Maariv, February 14, 1973.

72. G. Kelner, “The Epidemiology of Cancer in Israel,”Public Health (in Hebrew) 8, 1965, pp. 115–129.

73. Meir,op. cit. 480 / Pollution in a Promised Land

74. “The U.N. Convention on the Human Environment, Stockholm,” Biosphera 72, no. 7 (1972): 12.

75. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

76. “Eban in Stockholm: Air Pollution Endangers Humanity,”Yediot Ahronot, June 7, 1972.

77. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

78. Ibid.

79. “The Life Science Branch of the National Council for Research and Development,”Biosphera 70, no. 1 (May, 1970): 3.

80. “Editor's Word,”Biosphera 71, no. 2 (June 1971): 2.

81. Ibid.

82. “I represented the Knesset at VIBAS. Except for academic arguments, the institution didn't contribute a thing. From its start it was a dud.” Tamir, Haver Knesset, p. 169.

83. Protocol No. 12, the Kinneret Committee, p. 1, September 17, 1971, as quoted in Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 311.

84. “Haim Kubersky, Director General of the Ministry of the Interior, ar-gued that it is impossible in the foreseeable future to consider any proposal for a government ministry on the subject.” “The Debate about Government Organization for Addressing Environmental Quality Subjects That Took Place in VIBAS,”Biosphera 72, no. 11 (1972): 8.

85. Ibid.

86. “The Environmental Protection Authority,”Biosphera 72, no. 11 (1972): 1–5.

87. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

88. Interview with Josef Tamir, Tel Aviv, July 1, 1997.

89. Government Decision No. 563, March 20, 1973.

90. Interview with Josef Tamir, Tel Aviv, July 1, 1997.

91. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

92. Uri Marinov, “The Service to the Ministry of Interior,”Biosphera E (1 November 1975): 1.

93. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

94. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

95. Ibid.

96. Interview with Richard Laster, Jerusalem, September 9, 1997.

97. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

98. Ibid.

99. Marinov,op. cit., p. 2.

100. Ibid., p. 1.

101. Richard Laster, personal communication, November 18, 1998.

102. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

103. Ibid.

104. Interview with Richard Laster, Jerusalem, September 9, 1997.

105. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1257.

106. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

107. Environmental Protection Service,Environmental Quality in Israel, 1976 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1977), p. 69.

108. Planning and Building Regulations (Environmental Impact Statements), 1982,Kovetz Takanot, no. 4307, p. 502.

109. “Environmental Impact Statements,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11,1983–84, (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985): 259–261.

110. “Environmental Impact Assessment in Israel,”Israel Enviromental Bulletin (Winter 1998): 23.

111. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

112. Ibid.

113. Explanatory Notes,National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem Ministry of the Interior, 1980), p. ii.

114. Ibid.

115. The Master Plan explains, “In garbage burial sites, it will be possible to establish facilities for recycling of raw materials and facilities for collecting methane gas. Garbage disposal sites of a different type will allow the burning of trash in incinerators. … In certain cases, the sites for treating garbage will be attached to the transfer stations, as their primary activity is concentrated around the subject of sorting.”National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1989), p. 6.

116. The Israel State Comptroller took the government to task for this in-ordinate delay. See Israel State Comptroller's Report.

117. Danny Morganstern, “A Waste, Stinking to the Sky,”Ksafim, March 15, 1989, pp. 25–29.

118. Ami Etinger, “Ben-Gurion Airport Will Close on Tuesday for Two Hours Because of Hiriyah,”Maariv, January 16, 1998, p. 9.

119. D'vora Ben-Shaul, “Solutions That Go to Waste,”Jerusalem Post, January 2, 1998, p. 15.

120. National Master Plan for Garbage Disposal: TAMA 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1989), pp. 36–37.

121. Yossi Inbar, Deputy Director, Ministry of the Environment, lecture at the Third Conference of the Professional Forum for Solid Waste Management, Maaleh-ha Chamishah, January 9, 2002.

122. Micki Haran, lecture, Conference on Brownfields in Israel, Technion, December 1999.

123. Elli Liederman, Beer Sheva Environmental Unit, personal communi-cation, January 4, 1998.

124. Elli Liederman, personal communication, January 13, 2002.

125. Y. N. Narkis and Y. Kornberg, “The Problem of Hazardous Waste in Israel,”Ecosystem Stability, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, Jerusalem, June 4–8, 1989. Reprinted in Israel Environmental Bulletin, 1980, p. 17.

126. Joyce Whitman,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1988), pp. 208–209.

127. Ibid.

128. Avi Taub, presentation, Ramat Hovav, December 7, 1997.

129. Narkis and Kornberg,op. cit.

130. Licensing of Businesses Regulations (Disposal of Wastes from Hazardous Materials), 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5298, p. 22.

131. “An inspection of the site revealed that that it runs in contravention to all the procedures. … These inappropriate activities create environmental risks that arise from leaks of wastes requiring immediate, high priced restoration activities.” Quoted in Elli Elad, “Disposal of Wastes at Ramat Hovav Is Managed Negligently, Endangering the Environment,”Ha-Aretz, June 4, 1991.

132. Avi Taub, presentation, Ramat Hovav, December 7, 1997.

133. Environmental Protection Service,Environmental Quality in Israel, 1976 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1977), Introduction.

134. “Proposal to Create Environmental Quality Unit in the Local Authorities,”Biosphera 6, no. 5 (1977): 6.

135. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

136. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

137. Uri Marinov, “Introduction,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1977 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Interior, 1978), p. d.

138. Fred Pearce, “Dead in the Water,”New Scientist, February 4, 1995, pp. 26–31.

139. David Greenberg and Richard Helman,Israel in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Jerusalem: Ha-Makor, 1978), p. 15.

140. Evangelos Raftopoulos, “The Mediterranean Action Plan: Appraisal of a Model for Regional Cooperation,” in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg (Washington: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), pp. 315–347; see generally: www.unepmap.org.

141. Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, February 16, 1976, 15 ILM, p. 290.

142. Marinov and Sandler,op. cit., p. 1259.

143. See Alon Tal, “Preventing Pollution from Ports and Maritime Activity in the Gulf of Aqaba: Current Practices in Israel,” in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg (Washington: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), pp. 264–266.

144. The Abu Rodeis fields also supply the SOPED Suez-Mediterranean pipeline in Egypt. Danny Ben-Tal, “Peace and Pollution,”Green Pages at Ariga, 1992.

145. Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution for the Medit-erranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency, February 16, 1976, 15 ILM, p. 306.

146. Palestine Gazette, no. 612, July 16, 1936, sec. 216–234.

147. Prevention of Seawater Pollution by Oil Ordinance (New Version), 1980, sec. 13–17,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 630.

148. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

149. “Establishing the Marine Pollution Prevention Department in the Environmental Protection Service,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 147.

150. Regulations for Prevention of Seawater Pollution by Oil, 1983,Kovetz Takanot, p. 1973.

151. “Establishing the Marine Pollution Prevention Department in the Environmental Protection Service,” p. 150.

152. Marinov and Sandler,op. cit., p. 1258.

153. Elik Adler, “The Marine Pollution Prevention Department: Review of the Past Two Years of Activities,”Biosphera 18, no. 9 (1989): 16.

154. Whitman,op. cit., p. 159.

155. Tal, “Preventing Pollution,” pp. 260–261.

156. Elik Adler, personal communication, 1995.

157. Whitman,op. cit., p. 162.

158. Tamar Ben-Yeshayahu,Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1990), p. 338.

159. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

160. Prevention of Nuisances Law, sec. 8, 1961,Sefer ha-Hokim 32, p. 58.

161. Whitman,op. cit., p. 185.

162. Katin and Virshubski,op. cit., p. 212.

163. Engineer A. Feranio and the Haifa Public Council for Protecting Environmental Quality versus the Minister of Health and the Minister of the Interior, Bagatz 372/71,Piskei Din 26 I 1972, pp. 809–811.

164. Public Health Regulations (Pollution Emissions from Vehicles), 1980, Kovetz Takanot, p. 1244.

165. The Ringleman standard defines air violations according to a scale of “opaqueness” or “blackness.” Inspectors visually contrast the darkness of emis-sions to the levels of gray on their chart. Although it is criticized for being a very blunt instrument, it is also easy to implement. Public Health Regulations (Pollution Emissions from Vehicles), 1980,Kovetz Takanot, p. 1244. Reg. 2.

166. Announcement on Approval of a Decision under the Basic Law, the Government, May 4, 1982, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 286.

167. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) 1971,Kovetz Takanot, no. 2783, p. 380.

168. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) 1992,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5435, p. 972.

169. “Air Quality,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 10 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), p. 14.

170. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

171. Ibid.

172. Ibid.

173. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

174. Ibid.

175. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

176. Moshe Shachal, “The Ministry of Energy and Air Quality in the Haifa Region,” speech by the Minister of Energy, reprinted in Biosphera 1 (October 1987).

177. “Amendment to the Personal Decree to the Haifa Oil Refineries,” Biosphera 14, no. 11 (1985): 2–8.

178. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

179. Haifa Criminal File 2004/87, 1987, on file at the Ministry of the Environment.

180. Interview with Bernanda Flicstein, Haifa, December 27, 1998.

181. Ibid.

182. Alon Tal, “The Economic Benefits of Noncompliance with Environmental Laws: The Role of Economic Analysis in Assessing Penalties for Polluters in Israel,”Ecology and Environment (January–February 2000), p. 3.

183. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Unreasonable Noise) 1977, Kovetz Takanot, no. 365, p. 716; see also Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “Measuring Noise: Towards an Optimal Judicial Policy,”Israel Law Review 20 (1985).

184. Meir Gazit, “A Law to Remove Advertising Signs on the Sides of Inter-City Roads Is Passed,”Biosphera 9, no. 2 (1979): 5.

185. Yarkon River Authority Order, 1988,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5109, p. 855.

186. Streams and Springs Authorities Law, 1965,Sefer ha-Hokim 457, p. 150.

187. Uri Marinov, “The Service Doesn't Rest on Its Laurels,”Biosphera (December 1977): 2–4.

188. Plant Protection Law, 1956,Sefer ha-Hokim 206, p. 79.

189. Rachel Carson,Ha-Aviv Ha-Domem (Petah Tikva:Teva u'Briyut, 1966).

190. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications,”Biosphera (November 1977).

191. Whitman,op. cit., p. 212.

192. Israel State Comptroller, “The Use of Pesticides and the Control for Prevention of Toxic Impacts,”Annual Report 37, Part A (Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1986), p. 528.

193. Heinrich Mendelssohn and Yossi Leshem, “The Status and Conservation of Vultures in Israel,”Vulture Biology and Management, ed. S. R. Wilbur and J. A. Jackson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 86–98.

194. “The Impact of Pesticides on Fauna in Israel: The Situation at the Start of 1976,”Biosphera F, no. 2 (1976).

195. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications.”

196. Elihu Richter, “Sustainable Agriculture and Pesticide Programs: Perspectives and Programs,”Our Shared Environment, ed. Robin Twite and Jad Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), p. 186.

197. “The Use of Pesticides in Israel and Its Implications.”

198. Poison Control Center in Haifa, as cited in D'vora Ben Shaul, “A Pharmacy of Poisons,”Econet News 7, no. 2 (1992) 1.

199. Y. Levy, F. Grauer, S. Levy, P. Chuwers, N. Gruener, J. Marzuk, and E. Richter, “Organophosphate Exposure and Symptoms in Farm Workers and Residents with Normal Cholinesterase,”in Environmental Quality 4A (Jerusalem Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, 1991).

200. Aviva Kamar, personal communication, June 15, 1995.

201. The Pharmacist Regulations (Limitation of Pesticide and Chemical Spraying from Airplanes), 1979,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1114, p. 1003.

202. The Water Regulations (Prevention of Water Pollution) (Spraying near Water Sources), 1991,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5344, p. 776.

203. Shlomo Bravender, “The Polluter Pays: The Principle and Its Application,”Biosphera 4 (1974): 2–3.

204. Tal, “The Economic Benefits of Noncompliance with Environmental Laws.”

205. Tamir,Haver Knesset, p. 360.

206. Shmuel Amir, “Public Expenditures for Protecting Environmental Quality,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 9,1981 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1982), p. 281.

207. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

208. Protection of Cleanliness Law, 1984,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 442.

209. It imposed legal presumptions of liability to expedite enforcement. For instance, a car owner was assumed to be driving his vehicle when trash was thrown from it, unless he could prove otherwise. The law contained a gimmick that allowed for citizens to be appointed “Cleanliness Trustees” and report anyone they caught littering in public places.

210. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg. Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997. Rotenberg emphasizes that subsequently other such sessions were well at-tended but that the EPS staff never forgot its first experience.

211. Alona Frankel,Sir ha-Sirim (Givataim: Masada, 1975).

212. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

1. Mark Landy, Marc Roberts, and Steve Thomas,The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford, 1994).

2. P. Ali Memon,Keeping New Zealand Green: Recent Environmental Reforms (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1993), p. 48.

3. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

4. Ibid.

5. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

6. Shamir recalls the process: “There was never really any doubt that we had to create a Ministry of Environment. Except perhaps for the Third World, you can find one in every country today. I didn't think that sports needed a Minister.” Yitzhak Shamir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 24, 1997.

7. David Vogel, “Israel Environmental Policy in Comparative Perspec-tive,”Israel Affairs, as quoted in Noga Morag-Levine, “The Politics of Imported Rights,” in Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold (London: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 353.

8. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

9. Yosef Harish, personal communication, December 1989.

10. Abraham Atzmon and Yehezkel Dror, “Professional Opinion: Establishing the Ministry of Environment,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), p. 736.

11. Ibid.

12. Government Decision, no. 349, regarding the Authorities of the Ministry of the Environment, April 2, 1989, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 719–721.

13. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 22, 1998.

14. Government Decision, no. 525, regarding the Authorities of the Ministry of the Environment, May 28, 1989, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 721–722.

15. Shmuel Brenner, personal communication, Ra'ananah, October 25, 2001.

16. Continued Discussion, Government Decision, no. 1262, of January 21, 1990, reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 725–727.

17. Josef Tamir, “The Embarrassing Budget,”Biosphera 19, no. 5 (1990): 9.

18. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

19. Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Castel Quarry according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961, May 2, 1989.

20. Prevention of Sea Pollution from Land-Based Sources Regulations, 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5240, p. 250.

21. Abatement of Nuisances Regulations (Unreasonable Air Pollution and Odors from Solid-Waste Disposal Sites), 1990,Kovetz Takanot, no. 5250, p. 386.

22. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 22, 1998.

23. In practice, the planning advisors who worked for the EPS in the re-gions became the Regional Directors. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

24. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997.

25. Amir Levine, “Inspection, Practice in the Field: The Ministry of the Environment Patrol,” in Environmental Quality in Israel,1992 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1993), pp. 20–21.

26. Report of the Committee for Investigating Air Pollution Episodes in Haifa Bay on April 29 and 30, 1989, in Environmental Quality in Israel,1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), p. 53.

27. Ibid., pp. 54–56.

28. Eilan,Note, p. 10.

29. Prevention of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality), 1971,Kovetz Takanot, p. 380.

30. Position paper summaries for ozone, particulates, and sulfur dioxide in “Environmental Air Quality Standards,”Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 11,1985 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1985), pp. 44–54.

31. Yizhak Zamir, “Secondary Legislation: Procedure and Directives,”The Directives of the Attorney General (Jerusalem: Ministry of Justice, November 1985).

32. “Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Electric Company Station in Haifa (Amendment) according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961,” and “Instructions for Abatement of Air Pollution Nuisances from the Petroleum Refineries in Haifa (Amendment) according to the Abatement of Nuisances Law, 1961,” reprinted in Environmental Quality in Israel, 1990 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 761–764.

33. Protocol of the Ministerial Committee regarding Abatement of Nuisances Regulations (Air Quality) November 14, 1989, Israeli Government.

34. Haim Harari, “Report Investigating the Subjects and Aspects Associated with the Controversy between the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Energy Regarding Air Quality Standards and Associated Problems of the Fuel Industry,” February 1990.

35. Oil Refineries v. the Minister of the Environment and Others, Bagatz 1201/90.

36. Interview with Ronni Miloh, Tel Aviv, January 19, 1999.

37. Adam Teva V'din and Tsvi Levanson v. the Minister of the Environment (and Others), Bagatz 2112/91, June 19, 1991 (unpublished).

38. Arik Meirovsky, “The Government Adopts the Recommendations of the Harari Committee for Air Quality Standards,”Kol Haifa, July 5, 1991, p. 1.

39. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. the Deputy Minister of the Environment and Others, Bagatz 1183/92 (unpublished) on file with author.

40. Elli Elad, “New Orders Will Force the Oil Refineries and the Electric Company to Reduce Pollution,”Ha-Aretz, April 15, 1992.

41. Alon Tal, “The Air Is Free,”Eretz v'Teva (September-October 1999).

42. David Rudge, “Sewage Flows into Kinneret,”Jerusalem Post, May 3, 1992.

43. Letter from Uri Marinov to Yosef Peretz, December 2, 1991.

44. Letter from Rachel Adam to Ruth Yaffe, April 28, 1992.

45. D'vora Ben Shaul, “No Excuse for Kinneret Sewage,”Jerusalem Post, April 27, 1992; Rudge,op. cit.

46. Elli El Ad, “The State Attorney Has Filed an Indictment against the Sewage from the City of Tiberias and the City of Eilat,”Ha-Aretz.

47. Interview with Ruth Rotenberg, Tel Aviv, December 11, 1997.

48. Criminal File 538/92, filed on May 26, 1992; see Deborah Sandler, “Environmental Law and Policy for the Gulf of Aqaba: An Israeli Perspective,” Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg et al. (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), p. 87.

49. Almost two hundred thousand new immigrants arrived in Israel in 1990 as opposed to ten thousand in 1988. Eran Feitelson, “Muddling toward Sustainability: The Transformation of Environmental Planning in Israel,” in Progress in Planning 49, p. 1, ed. D. Diamond and B. H. Massam (London: Pergamon Press, 1998): 19.

50. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1990, p. 166, amended 1991, p. 8.

51. “Committees for Residential Construction.”

52. Their express, but somewhat convoluted, mandate was “to approve building plans that offered urgent readiness for solutions to housing and em-ployment needs in the country for absorbing immigration, young couples, homeless people and employment.” The Planning and Building Procedures Law (Temporary Measures), 1990, sec. 1.

53. Ministry of the Environment, “Review of the Work of the Residential Building Committees from the Environmental Viewpoint,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, nos. 17–18 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1992), pp. 89–90.

54. Ibid., pp. 91–92.

55. In 1988, twenty-two thousand residential units were under construc-tion. The number rose to forty-three thousand by 1994. Feitelson,op. cit., p. 23.

56. Itai Peleg, “The Knesset Approved the Valalim Law in the Second and Third Readings,”Telegraph, November 23, 1994.

57. “Israel Is Elected to the Directorate of the Mediterranean Organization for the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 1–2 (1991): 2–3.

58. “Ora Namir, The Minister of the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 2.

59. Yosef Hirshberg, “Environmental Quality Protection: From Service to Government Ministry,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 7.

60. “Dr. Yisrael Peleg, Director General of the Ministry of the Environment,”Biosphera 21, no. 10 (1992): 4. Peleg, who calls himself “one of Peres's boys,” was rewarded for his loyalty with a consular appointment to Philadelphia from 1988 to 1992.

61. Interview with Yisrael Peleg, Tel Aviv, September 30, 1997.

62. Uri Marinov, personal communication, September 18, 1997.

63. Shaikeh Ben-Porat,Discussions with Yossi Sarid (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1997), p. 28.

64. Ibid., p. 64.

65. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

66. Uri Marinov, personal communication, December 27, 1998.

67. Ibid.

68. Interview with Mickey Lipshitz, Tel Aviv, January 8, 1998.

69. Rinat Klein, “Sarid in the Important Place,”Maariv, August 10, 1993. Seven years later, Minister Daliah Itzik would cash in on the same photo op-portunity. Liat Collins, “Itzik, Shahak Get a Whiff of Substandard Public Bathrooms,”Jerusalem Post, April 18, 2000, p. 4.

70. A nature reserve that is home to one of three craters, or “machteshim,” in the Negev desert.

71. Liat Collins, “Sarid: Country's Nuclear Reactors Pose No Threat,” Jerusalem Post, March 31, 1993; Elli Elad, “Water, Air, Soil and Flora Samples from the Dimona Reactor to Be Passed Regularly to Minister Sarid,”Ha-Aretz, March 31, 1993.

72. Liat Collins, “Sarid: Authorities Hushed Up Negev Nuclear Waste Leak,”Jerusalem Post, April 15, 1993.

73. Amira Lem, “Yossileh: How Did It Happen?,”Kol ha-Ir, July 23, 1993.

74. Liat Collins, “The Year of Public Awareness,”Jerusalem Post, September 3, 1993.

75. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

76. Dror Amir, personal communication, December 21, 1998.

77. Shoshana Gabbay, “We've Moved,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1995): 2.

78. Ben-Porat,op. cit., pp. 94–95.

79. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1258.

80. Interview with Yisrael Peleg, Tel Aviv, September 30, 1997.

81. Liat Collins, “Environmental Year Off to a Smelly Start,”Jerusalem Post, September 7, 1993.

82. “The Opening of the ‘Year of the Environment’ at the President's Home,”Yom l'Yom, September 8, 1993.

83. Yossi Sarid, “With the Opening of the Year of the Environment,” Biosphera 22, no. 12 (1993): 6.

84. Liat Collins, “The Year of Public Awareness.”

85. Gil Doron, “94—The Year of the Environment: The Programs, the Events and the Campaigns,”Ha-Ir, July 23, 1993.

86. Azariah Alon, “Environmental Quality—Not a Matter for Only a Year,”Teva v'Aretz, June 1993, p. 7.

87. Rachel Adam, personal communication, July 2, 1998.

88. Lem,op. cit. 490 / Pollution in a Promised Land

89. Orna Yosef, “Personal Decrees Issued to Directors of Quarries in the North That Require Presentation of Program to Correct Flaws That Constitute an Environmental Hazard,”Kol ha-Emeq v'ha-Galil, October 7, 1994.

90. Uri Sharon,Davar Rishon, “The Oil Refineries in Haifa Will Change to Using Low Sulfur Fuel,”Davar Rishon, December 8, 1995.

91. Amnon Greenberg, personal communication, March 1995.

92. United Nations Environment Programme,Methyl Bromide: Its Atmospheric Science, Technology and Economics, Synthesis Report of the Methyl Bromide Interim Scientific Assessment, June 1992, p. 1.

93. Rachel Carson,The Sea around Us (New York: Oxford, 1950).

94. Rinat Klein, “Israeli Bromide Endangers the World,”Maariv, July 21, 1993, p. 1.

95. Rinat Klein, “Thus We Became Enemies of the World,”Maariv (Sof Shavua), July 23, 1993, p. 1.

96. Michael Graber, personal communication, April 11, 1999.

97. Michael Graber, “Israel and the Montreal Protocol,”Eichut ha-Sviva, 1993.

98. Michael Graber, personal communication, April 4, 1999.

99. Michael Shpiegelstein, “Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Layer,”Eichut ha-Sviva, March 1994, pp. 15–18.

100. Bill Thomas, personal communication, August 4, 1998.

101. U.S. EPA, “The Montreal Protocol: Decisions at Copenhagen, 1992,” fact sheet, 1993.

102. Alon Tal, “Damage to the Ozone Layer from Methyl Bromide,”Eichut ha-Sviva, March 1994, pp. 20–22.

103. Liat Collins, “Sarid: We're Committed to Phase Out Methyl Bromide Use,”Jerusalem Post, December 8, 1995.

104. Liat Collins, “Don't Stop Producing Methyl Bromide,”Jerusalem Post, July 23, 1993.

105. Collins, “Sarid: We're Committed to Phase Out Methyl Bromide Use.”

106. “Stopping Use of Methyl Bromide Will Destroy the Melon and Watermelon Branches,”Ha-Zofeh, December 8, 1995.

107. Paul Horowitz, U.S. EPA, personal communication, August 6, 1998.

108. Ben-Porat,op. cit., p. 137.

109. Eran Feitelson, “Protection of Open Spaces in Israel at a Turning Point,”Horizons in Geography 42–43 (1995): 8.

110. Zafrir Rinat, “Once, Here Was a Tree,”Ha-Aretz, Weekend Supplement, October, 27, 2000, p. B-12.

111. Shoshana Gabbay, “Israel 2020: A New Vision,”Israel Environmental Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1995): 5.

112. During the 1980s, Israeli farmers faced a series of financing crises, largely associated with loans linked to triple-digit inflation that soon spiraled out of hand. With government assistance, most farms weathered the storm, but this did not alter the overriding economic reality: It was increasingly dif-ficult to compete with the low-priced produce coming from Arab and other

113. Feitelson,op. cit.

114. Ministry of the Interior, Planning Administration, “Report of the Valal reports,” as printed in Feitelson,op. cit., p. 14.

115. A 1968 amendment to Israel's planning law empowered the Committee to designate land for agricultural purposes. Its “agricultural de-fault” claimed any soil that did not already have buildings on it. The Committee was, of course, stacked with agricultural and rural representatives. Feitelson,op. cit., pp. 9–13.

116. Decision 533 (1990) of the Land Administration Council; later, Decision 611 (1993) allowed farmers to include water rights in the overall debt-restructuring and compensation package.

117. Interview with Valerie Brachya, Jerusalem, February 17, 1999.

118. Motti Kaplan,Population Dispersion, Development, Construction and Preservation of Open Spaces (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1995).

119. Ibid.

120. EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996), p. 7.

121. Amir Rosenblit, “A Little Bit Salty Concession,”Davar, August 20, 1993.

122. Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, “The Law against the Law,” information brochure, 1993.

123. Rosenblit,op. cit.

124. Greer Fay Cashman, “MK Proposes Amendment to Dead Sea Franchise Law,”Jerusalem Post, March 5, 1994.

125. Rosenblit, op. cit.

126. Lem,op. cit.

127. Bagatz 2920/94,Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense) and Others v. the National Planning Board and Others, Piskei Din, 50 III pp. 443–470, 1996.

128. Ben-Porat,op. cit., pp. 140–141.

129. Ruth Sinai, “With a Tie and a Hat against the Bulldozers,”Ha-Aretz, December 5, 1999, p. B-3.

130. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

131. Terry Davies,Comparing Environmental Risks: Tools for Setting Government Priorities (Washington: Resources for the Future, 1996).

132. Cruelty to Animals Law (Protection of Animals), 1994,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 56, p. 304.

133. Zafrir Rinat, “Sarid Orders the Nature Reserve Authority to Prohibit Circus Performances in Israel That Involve Wild Animals,”Ha-Aretz, December 28, 1995.

134. Gabi Baron and Yitzhak Bar Yosef, “Hundreds Will Be Injured in a Hazardous Materials Incident,”Yediot Ahronot, November 15, 1994.

135. Hazardous Materials Law, 1993,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1408, p. 28.

136. Adam Teva V'din, “The Garbage Crisis in Israel,” fact sheet, Tel Aviv, 1998.

137. Collection and Removal of Garbage for Recycling Law, 1993,Sefer ha-Hokim, p. 116.

138. Elli Elad, “Sarid Requests Cessation of Activities at Hundreds of Garbage Dumps across the Country,”Ha-Aretz, March 23, 1993.

139. Ilan Nissim, personal communication, May 1996.

140. Alon Tal, “An Imperiled Promised Land: The Antecedents of Israel's Environmental Crises and Prospects for Progress,”Journal of Developing Societies 13, ed. J. Jabra (1997): 116.

141. Kenneth E. Boulding, “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,”Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, ed. Henry Jarrett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966).

142. “Symposium on the Recycling Law,”Environmental Quality, November 1993, p. 6.

143. Yitzhak Bar Yosef, “Yossi Sarid: We Stopped the Recycling Momentum,”Yediot Ahronot, September 26, 1994.

144. Yigael Avidan and Shai Shalev, “960 Tons of Plastic Garbage from Germany Will Arrive in Israel,”Hadashot, March 31, 1993.

145. Yoram Avnimelech, personal communication, January 10, 1999.

146. Dov Rubin, “The Garbage Can Asks, the Ministry of the Environment Answers,”Sheva, December 22, 1994.

147. Yossi Leshem and Nehama Ronen, “Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump: Israel—A Test Case,” paper presented to International Bird Strike Committee Conference, Slovakia, September 14–18, 1998.

148. Larry Derfner, “Buried in Garbage,”Jerusalem Post, January 2, 1998, p. 15.

149. Elli Khalifa, “The City of Tel Aviv Refuses to Transfer Its Trash to the Dudaim Site,”Sheva, October 12, 1995.

150. “Petition Filed to the High Court against the Company That Won the Dudaim Tender,”City Fax, Tel Aviv, October 6, 1994.

151. U.S. EPA, “Solid Waste and Emergency Response,” January 1998, EPA530-K-98–008 (http://www.epa.gov/osw).

152. Orli Gil and Aliza Konter, “Caniel Produces Environmentally Friendly Cans,”Zomet ha-Sharon, December 31, 1993.

153. Danny Morganstern, personal communication, January 9, 2002.

154. Derfner,op. cit.

155. Elli Elad, “The Route of Hospital Wastes,”Ha-Aretz, April 20, 1993.

156. Adam Teva V'din v. the Ministry of the Environment and Others, Bagatz, 1997.

157. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

158. Ultimately it was the residents who had to bring the unsuccessful suit to stop the buses. They did not succeed, and the “largest central bus station in the world” eventually opened, with the noise on neighboring porches exceed-ing an ear-splitting eighty-decibel level.

159. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

160. Nehama Ronen, lecture at Hebrew University, May 17, 2000.

161. Liat Collins, “The Shadow Ministry,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, December 4, 1998, pp. 15–17.

162. Sima Kadmon, “Raful Intends to Bequeath the Party to Nehama,” Yediot Ahronot, Sabbath edition, November 27, 1998, p. 4.

163. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

164. Interview with Uri Marinov, Winston House, Suffolk, England, September 19, 1997; interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

165. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, December 18, 1997.

166. Ibid.

167. Elihu Richter, “Sustainable Agriculture and Pesticides: Problems, Perspectives and Programs,”Our Shared Environment, eds. R. Twite and J. Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994).

168. Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “State Agricultural Pollution Regulation: A Quantitative Assessment,”Water, Environment and Technology 2, no. 8 (1990): 50.

169. Alon Tal, “Enforceable Standards to Abate Agricultural Pollution: The Potential of Regulatory Policies in the Israeli Context,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 14 (1998).

170. Haim Watzman, “Israel Ministry Kicks Out the Greens,”New Scientist, September 14, 1996, p. 6.

171. Binat Schwarz Millner, “Hula Plans,”Eretz Magazine, March-April 1996, pp. 64–65.

172. Dan Alon, “Crane Reign,”Eretz Magazine, January-February 1997, pp. 47–48.

173. Millner,op. cit., p. 65.

174. Iris Millner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August 22, 1998.

175. “ In most countries, the Greens are in constant conflict with their min-istries of environment. Environmental organizations should represent envi-ronmental interests and nothing else.” Ronen in Watzman,op. cit.; also pub-lished in Journal of Developing Societies 13 (1997): 116.

176. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

177. Yael Golan, personal communication, December 1997.

178. Nehama Ronen, lecture at Hebrew University, May 17, 2000.

179. Ibid.

180. Janine Zacharia, “The Wasteland,”Jerusalem Report, August 21, 1997.

181. “I was wrong about this position. It's important and fascinating. It might not be considered important by most of the country, but I think it is prestigious. After all, it touches every aspect of our lives.” Liat Collins, “Green and Fighting Fit,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, April 7, 2000, p. 13.

182. Tamar Nahari and Liron Maroz, “The Minister of the Environment Votes against a Green Law,”Walla News, November 7, 2001.

183. Gedaliah Shelef, “The Problem of Sewage, Treatment and Reuse as a Source of Water,”National Environmental Priorities in the Area of Israel's Environmental Quality (Tel Aviv: Israel Economic Forum, 1999), chap. 6, p. 1.

184. Yehudah Bar, “Sewage Treatment as a Condition for River Reclamation,” Israel Rivers Conference, 1995 (proceedings), ed. Rachel Einav and Avital Gazit (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1995), pp. 13–14.

185. Alon Tal, “Reforms in the Prevention of Air Pollution in Vehicles: Towards the Era of Catalytic Converters,”Biosphera 22, no. 7 (1992): 4–10.

186. Robin Dawes,Social Dilemma (1980), as quoted by Stuart Schoenfeld, “Negotiating the Environmental Social Dilemma: The Case of Greenpeace Canada,” paper presented at the Jerusalem Conference on Canadian Studies, Hebrew University, July 1998.

187. Zafrir Rinat, “After the Fire, Yet Another Committee for Ramat Hovav,”Ha-Aretz, August 4, 1998.

188. Amiram Cohen and Zafrir Rinat, “Israel—One of the Main Polluters of the Mediterranean,”Ha-Aretz, November 24, 1997.

189. Gad Lior, “The 2002 Budget: 254.8 Billion Shekels,”Yediot Ahronot, Economics Supplement, October 30, 2001, pp. 2–3.

1. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

2. Basel Ghattas, “Planning Problems and Implementation of Solutions for Effluent Treatment in the Rural Sector from the Local Point of View,” Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel: Symposium Proceedings, ed. Khatam K'naneh (Rama: Galilee Society, 1988), p. 46.

3. Ghattas,op. cit.

4. Galilee Society,Health for All? (Shefa Amr: Galilee Society, 1993), educational video.

5. Ghattas,op. cit.

6. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

7. Ibid.

8. Figures from The Sociology of the Palestinians, eds. Khalil Nakhleh and Elia Zureik (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p. 66.

9. Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal,Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 127.

10. The Israeli Arab population is located primarily in the Galilee and in the so-called triangle near the center of the country. Israel's Bedouin, who technically are Arab but who remain a distinct ethnic group with a particular identity (for instance, generally serving in Israel's army), are primarily con-centrated in the south of Israel.

11. Howard Sachar, “The Seeds of Arab-Jewish Confrontation,” in A History of Israel (New York: Knopf, 1976), pp. 163–167.

12. For example, Exodus 12:49, 20:10, 22:20, 23:9; Leviticus 19:10, 19:33–19:34, 23:22, 24:22; Deuteronomy 10:18–19, 27:19.

13. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 161.

14. Peter Hirschberg, “Road Rage,”Jerusalem Report, May 8, 2000, p. 24.

15. Magad el-Haj, “The Arab Village in Israel: General Lines,”Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel, p. 8.

16. Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 174.

17. Ian Lustick,Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980).

18. Meron Benvenisti,Intimate Enemies: Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 106.

19. Ibid, p. 165.

20. Elia T. Zureik,The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (Boston: Rutledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 178, as cited in Kimmerling and Migdal,op. cit., p. 352.

21. Dan Rabinowitz,Overlooking Nazareth: The Ethnology of Exclusion in Galilee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 13–14.

22. David Kretzmer,The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1990).

23. Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, Solutions, ed. Bunyant Briant (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995); see also Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color, ed. Robert D. Bullard (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994).

24. “The Alazama Tribe Members Petitioned the High Court of Justice against the Intent to Remove Them from Ramat Hovav,”Davar, December 21, 1994.

25. Golda Meir,My Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), pp. 231–232.

26. Fuad Farah, “Problems of Sewage Reuse in the Arab Sector in Israel,” Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel, p. 33.

27. Interview with Dr. Diab Shahir, Tamara, March 9, 1999. The odors and water contamination associated with the pig operations in the Ibalin region, for example, have been the focus of litigation for over a decade. Richard Laster, Hebrew University Law School, “Treatment of Piped Water from a Legal Perspective,” 1988, unpublished manuscript.

28. el-Haj,op. cit., p. 8.

29. Interview with Dror Amir, Tel Aviv, January 7, 1999.

30. Mahmud Ka'abiah, personal communication, July 12, 1993.

31. Yaakov Garb, “The Challenge of Sustainable Transport for Israel and Palestine,”Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 5, no. 1 (1998): p. 60.

32. Ministry of Health data provided in Meron Epstein, “Rise in Cancer Morbidity and Mortality,” in Israel: Vital Signs2000 (Tel Aviv: World Watch/Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership, 2000), p. 159.

33. Gary Ginsburg, personal communication, August 28, 1998.

34. Lustick,op. cit., p. 167.

35. Dalia Schwartz and Sharon Nussbaum,Water in Israel: Consumption and Production, 1996 (Tel Aviv: Israel Water Commission, 1998).

36. Interview with Dr. Fayad Sheabar, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

37. Adam Teva V'din,Annual Report, 1992 (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1993), p. 8.

38. Michael Sofer and Ram Gal, “Environmental Implications of Penetration of Non-agricultural Businesses to Moshavim,”Horizons in Geography 42–43 (1995): 39–50.

39. “The Kadmon Report,” officially known as “Additional Production Activities in the Family Farm, Planning, Physical and Organizational Aspects,” submitted to the Minister of Agriculture, Tel Aviv, 1994.

40. Interview with Dr. Fayad Sheabar, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

41. State Comptroller's Office,Report Number 46 (Jerusalem: State Comptroller's Office, 1996).

42. Yaakov Eran, “Health Aspects of Waste Treatment and Reuse in Village Regions,”Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel, p. 40.

43. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

44. Farah,op. cit., p. 33.

45. Interview with Mohamad Rabah, Director of Um el-Fahm Municipal Environment Unit, January 22, 2002.

46. Ibid.

47. Farah,op. cit., p. 34.

48. Naim Daoud,Survey Assessing the State of Arab Sewage in the Triangle (Shefa-Amr: Galilee Society, 1997).

49. Farah,op. cit., p. 34

50. David Gabrielli, “Engineering, Economic and Organizational Aspects of Planning Problems and Implementation of Solutions in Treatment of Wastes in Village Regions,” lecture synopsis in Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel, p. 41.

51. Ghattas,op. cit., p. 45.

52. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

53. Lustick, op. cit., p. 105.

54. Galilee Society,Health for All? (Shefa Amr: Galilee Society, educa-tional video, 1993).

55. Khatam K'naneh, “Human Health Savings Resulting from Central Sewage Systems in the Arab Village,”Solutions for Disposal, Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in Rural Areas of Israel, pp. 15–16.

56. Report of the Committee to Assess the Water Pollution in the Krayot, Biosphera (July 1985): 5–16.

57. Shaul Ephraim Cohen,The Politics of Planting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

58. David Harris, “JNF Fears Arab Purchases under Proposal,”Jerusalem Post, May 22, 1997, at www.jpost.com.

59. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997; see also Ziv Maor, “Israel Lands Authority and Jewish National Fund Are Finally to Separate,”Ha-Aretz, November 4, 1998.

60. Cohen,op. cit.; Walter Lehn,The Jewish National Fund (London: Kegan Paul International, 1988), pp. 16–18.

61. Shirli Golan Meiri, “A Stroke of Fire,”Yediot Ahronot, October 14, 1998, pp. 1–7.

62. Yael Danieli and Felix Frish, “The Foresters Chased the Arsonists and Discovered a Plan for Burning Forests,”Maariv, October 29, 1998, p. 20.

63. Efraim Orni,Afforestation in Israel (Jerusalem: Sivan Press, 1969), p. 58.

64. Land Development Authority,Annual Report, 1996 (Jerusalem: Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, July 1997), p. 25.

65. Avshalom Rokach and Haim Zaban, “Forty Years of Land Development and Afforestation in Israel,” JNF reprint from Ariel, a Review of Arts and Letters in Israel, no. 75 (1989): 23.

66. Land Development Authority,op. cit., p. 24.

67. Yael Danielli, “Record Response to the JNF and Ma'ariv Campaign to ‘Return the Green to the Carmel,’”Maariv, October 20, 1998.

68. Interview with Mahmoud Gazawi, Tel Aviv, January 13, 1998.

69. Meir Barzilai, personal communication, December 3, 2001.

70. Mahmoud Gazawi,SPNI News (Spring 1996), p. 1.

71. Orit Nevo, “Conference of the Arab Sector,”Teva v'Aretz, June 1993, p. 42.

72. Interview with Yossi Leshem, London, September 21, 1997.

73. Interview with Mahmoud Gazawi, Tel Aviv, January 13, 1998. Sunfrost is a leading Israeli frozen food maker.

74. Ibid.

75. Uzi Paz,Nature Reserves in Israel 2 (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 101.

76. Beit Ja'an Local Council,Beit Ja'an, promotional material, 1998.

77. Interview with Salah Raid, Beit Ja'an, October 21, 1998.

78. Yoav Sagi, “Enough of the Sad War,”Teva v'Aretz 30 (August 1988): 11.

79. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

80. Batsheva Tsur, “Twenty-five Hurt in Supreme Court Protest,” Jerusalem Post, July 21, 1997.

81. “Druze Land Day,”Maariv, July 21, 1997.

82. Beit Ja'an Local Council and the Society for the Protection of Nature, Compromise Agreement between the Nature Reserve and Parks Authority, March 11, 1998.

83. Interview with Asad Dabur, Beit Ja'an, October 21, 1998.

84. Interview with Aviva Rabinovich, Kibbutz Kabri, January 11, 1998.

85. Daniel Hillel, “The Bedouin,” in The Negev: Land, Water, and Life in a Desert Environment (New York: Praeger, 1982), p. 202.

86. “Because rainfall is sketchy, there was never enough pasture for the flocks in a single place. Bedouins had to seek pastures, so they migrated, which meant they had to travel light. The less they had, the better.” Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

87. David Grossman, “The Felah and the Bedouin at the Edge of the Desert: Relations and Strategies for Survival,” in The Bedouin Settlement in Israel, ed. David Grossman (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1995), p. 31.

88. Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

89. T. Ashkenazi,The Bedouin: Their Origins, Lives and Practices (Jerusalem: Reuven Mas, 1974).

90. Eliyahu Babai, “The Situation of the Bedouins in Israel,”Karka 42 (October 1996): 79.

91. Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

92. Babai,op. cit, pp. 75–80.

93. Yosef Ben-David, “Adaptation through Crisis: Social Aspects of Bedouin Urbanization in the Negev,” in The Bedouin Settlement in Israel, pp. 48–49.

94. Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

95. A. Shmueli, “Bedouin Rural Settlement in Eretz-Israel,” in Geography in Israel, ed. D. H. K. Amiran and Y. Ben-Arieh (Jerusalem, 1976), pp. 308–326.

96. Zvi Alush, “Kisifiyeah: ‘We're Second Class Citizens,’”Yediot Ahronot—24 Hour Supplement, January 20, 1998, p. 6.

97. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

98. Ibid.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. For example, one 1979 Jerusalem reporter spoke of “…bullying and in-timidation by patrolmen carrying court evacuation edicts recurring with alarming frequency. Units have been known to swoop down on encampments, confiscating or scattering herds, destroying property, and threatening women and children with loaded pistols.” Harry Wall,Jerusalem Post, February 23, 1979.

102. Interview with Farkhan Shlebe, Sfinat Midbar, January 6, 1998.

103. Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

104. Interview with Dan Perry, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

105. “Shepherds and Wise Men,”New Scientist, December 23/30, 1995, pp. 25–27.

106. Interview with Aviva Rabinovich, Kibbutz Kabri, January 11, 1998.

107. Ibid.

108. Babai,op. cit., p. 80.

109. Interview with Alon Galili, Sdeh Boqer, January 3, 1998.

110. Woods and Forest Ordinance, 1920, sec. 14 (h),Laws of Palestine, 1925. The Ordinance, as well as its 1926 amendment, prohibited “pasturing or al-lowing cattle (e.g., sheep and goats) to trespass.” The provision remains in force today.

111. For years the sira kotzanit, a thick and thorny plant, was controlled in the Galilee by grazing goats. Once the animals were removed, the plant over-whelmed weaker species, and wildlife had a hard time penetrating the thickets. Donny Orenstein, personal communication, December 8, 1997.

112. Avi Pervolotsky, “The Connection between Grazing and Nature Preservation in Israel,”Ecology and Environment 3 (1997): 247.

113. Interview with Clinton Bailey, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

114. Yosef Ben-David, “Adaptation through Crisis, Social Aspects of Bedouin Urbanization in the Negev,” in The Bedouin Settlement in Israel, p. 55.

115. Babai,op. cit., pp. 76–80.

116. Dov Khenin, et al., in Israel: Vital Signs 2000, pp. 157, 171.

117. Avinoam Meir and Yosef Ben-David, “Demographic Trends among the Urbanizing Bedouins of the Negev,” in The Bedouin Settlement in Israel, pp. 83, 86.

118. Aliza Arbeli, “Why Shouldn't They Vote for Shas?”Ha-Aretz, Friday, September 11, 1998.

119. Giselle Hazzan, presentation, Ein Afek, December 5, 2001.

120. Elli Elad, “The First Environmental Unit Is Dedicated in Sachnin,” Ha-Aretz, April 20, 1993.

121. Boaz Kabel, personal communication, June 11, 2000.

122. Interview with Dror Amir, Tel Aviv, January 7, 1999.

123. Interview with Dr. Fayad Sheabar, Kibbutz Ketura, December 1, 1997.

124. Interview with Dr. Diab Shahir, Tamara, March 9, 1999.

125. Benvenisti,op. cit., p. 85; see also Sarah Graham-Brown, “The Economic Consequences of the Occupation,” in Occupation: Israel over Palestine, ed. Naseer Aruri (London: Zed Books, 1984), pp. 167–222; and Henry Cattan,The Palestine Question (London: Croom Helm, 1988).

126. Howard M. Sachar,A History of Israel (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976), p. 672.

127. Vivian A. Bull, “The Agricultural Sector” and “General Economic Development of the West Bank Territory,” in The West Bank: Is It Viable? (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975), pp. 37–89.

128. Sachar,op. cit., pp. 687–688.

129. Hillel Shuval, “Towards Resolving Conflicts over Water between Israel and Its Neighbors: The Israeli-Palestinian Shared Use of the Mountain Aquifer as a Case Study,” in Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security (London: Frank Cass, 1996), p. 226.

130. Yisrael Tomer, “Tumultuous Waters at the Economics Committee,” Yediot Ahronot, October 20, 1993.

131. Alfred Abed-Rabbo and David Scarpa, “Assessing Pollution in the Mountain Aquifer and the Drinking Water It Supplies” (Bethlehem: Bethlehem University, 1995).

132. Jad Isaac, “Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Palestine,” in Our Shared Environment, eds. R. Twite and J. Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), p. 17.

133. Alfred Abed-Rabbo, personal communication, December 1997.

134. Karen Assaf, “Palestinian Water Resources: Water Quality,” in Our Shared Environment, eds. R. Twite and J. Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), p. 296.

135. Dror Avisar,The Impact of Pollutants from Anthropogenic Sources within a Hydrologically Sensitive Area—Wadi Rabba Watershed—Upon Ground Water Quality (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1996), p. 18.

136. Tariq Talahmeh, personal communication, May 14, 2000.

137. Karen Assaf, “Environmental Law and Its Enforcement in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza,” in Our Shared Environment, eds. R. Twite and J. Isaac (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1994), p. 115.

138. Liat Collins, “Environmental Law to Be Enforced in Judea and Samaria,”Jerusalem Post, October 18, 1998.

139. Abed el-Rahman Tamimi, “Waste Water Options and Solutions,” Campaigning for Our Environment, Eilat conference proceedings (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1997), p. 74.

140. Tomer,op. cit.

141. Amira Hess, “Water Pressure in the West Bank Rises, Sharon Says Palestinian Excuses Are All Wet,”Ha-Aretz, August 19, 1998.

142. A newspaper editorial opined, “As far as the water wastage and leak-age argument is concerned, Israel was responsible, over a period of 26 years, for the water systems in the territories, including the development budgets that were supposed to upgrade the water networks there.” “Water Shortage in the Territories,” editorial, Ha-Aretz, August 20, 1998.

143. Amira Hess, “Israel to Ease West Bank Water Shortage, Water Tanks to Be Placed in Driest Areas,”Ha-Aretz, August 24, 1998.

144. Shuval, op. cit.

145. Oded Lipshitz, “Agriculture, Water and Much Adrenaline,”El ha-Mishmar, Musaf, August 25, 1992.

146. Mohammed Ajjour, “Introduction to the Gaza Environmental Profile,” in Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. R. Twite and R. Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 121–126; see also Reitse Koopmans, “Environmental Problems in the Gaza Strip,” ibid., pp. 126–137.

147. Benvenisti,op. cit., p. 218.

148. These consist of the following: the Yarkon-Taninim Western Basin, the largest subaquifer, which spans the West Bank and the center of Israel; the Nablus-Gilboa Northeastern Basin, a subaquifer north of the Samaria moun-tains; and the Eastern Subaquifer, located almost entirely in the West Bank. See Shuval,op. cit., pp. 216–219.

149. See Eyal Benvenisti and Haim Gvirtzman, “Harnessing International Law to Determine Israeli-Palestinian Water Rights: The Mountain Aquifer,” Natural Resources Journal 33 (1993): 552–556.

150. Shuval,op. cit., p. 220.

151. Deborah Housen-Couriel and Moshe Hirsch, “Aspects of the Law of International Water Resources,” in Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability, ed. A. Adin, A. Gasith, and B. Fattal (Jerusalem: Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences, 1992).

152. Dalia Mazori, “Unholy Waters,”Maariv, October 22, 1993.

153. To name a few: Tony Allan,The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy (London: I. B. Tauris, 2002); Sharif S. Elmusa,Water Conflict: Economics, Politics, Law and the Palestinian-Israeli Water Resources (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1997); Water and Peace in the Middle East, ed. J. Isaac and H. Shuval (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994); Karen Assaf, Nader al-Khatib, Elisha Kallay, and Hillel Shuval, A Proposal for the Development of a Regional Water Master Plan (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1993);Management of Shared Groundwater Resources: The Israeli-Palestinian Case with International Perspective, ed. Eran Feitelson and Marwan Haddad (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2001); Arnon Soffer, “The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict over Water Resources,”Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture 5, no. 1 (1998): 43–54; and Deborah Housen-Couriel,Legal and Administrative Aspects of the Establishment of a Regional Water Authority for the Jordan River Basin (Tel Aviv: Armand Hammer Fund for Economic Cooperation in the Middle East, 1995).

154. Feitelson and Haddad,op. cit.

155. Soffer,op. cit., p. 47.

156. Amiram Cohen, “Peres Will Present Projects in America for Expanding Water Sources for Israel and Jordan,”Ha-Aretz, October 4, 1994.

157. David Chayon and Yaakov Ben Amir, “Shimon Peres: The Turkish Proposal for Supplying Water Is Being Checked Seriously; Yaakov Zur: It's Not Practical,”Globes, October 20, 1993.

158. Jitzchak P. Alster, “Water in the Peace Process: Israel-Syria-Palestinians,”Justice, no. 10 (September 1996): 6–8.

159. Haim Gvirtzman, “The Jewish-Arab Water Conflict: Hydrological and Jurisdictional Perspective,”Water 10 (1995): 32–40.

160. Aharon Zohar and Yehoshua Schwartz,The Water Problem in the Framework of the Arrangements between Israel and the Arab Countries (Tel Aviv: Tahal, 1993).

161. The Gaza Strip and Jericho Agreement, May 4, 1994 (article 31 of Annex II); see also Moshe Hirsch, “Environmental Aspects of the Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area,”Israel Law Review 28, no. 2–3 (1994): 374–401.

162. Alster,op. cit., pp. 6–8.

163. Ibid.

164. Mohammed Said al-Hmaidi, personal communication, February 1997.

165. Aaron Lerner, “Dr. Mohammed Ajjour, Palestinian Authority Environmental Planning and Israeli Response,”Independent Media Review and Analysis, December 1, 1996.

166. Zafrir Rinat, “Israelis Prefer Dumping Their Trash over the Green Line,”Ha-Aretz, June 6, 1998.

167. Imad Sa'ad, presentation at Symposium on the Environment as a Casualty of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Tel Aviv, EcoPeace—Friends of the Earth Middle East, August 10, 1998.

168. Benvenisti,op. cit., p. 218.

169. Zafrir Rinat and Or Kashti, “Jerusalem Schools with High Radon Concentrations Will Remain Closed until the Classroom Measurements Results Are In,”Ha-Aretz, December 28, 1995.

170. “Keeping People in Their Place,”Economist, September 1998, p. 48.

171. See generally Mawil Izzi Dien,The Environmental Dimension of Islam (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 2000).

172. Sura XXVII: 18–19.

173. Joyce Starr, “The Quest for Water, from Biblical Times to the Present,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1265.

174. David Shipler,Arab and Jew, Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land (New York: Penguin, 1987), p. 57.

175. Interview with Eilon Schwartz, Tel Aviv, January 12, 1998.

176. Interview with Mahmoud Gazawi, Tel Aviv, January 13, 1998.

177. “The general inclination by far is the consumer society and an overwhelming desire to move from a Third World society to a modern one. The general permissiveness you find among us is a phenomenon similar to other places.” Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

178. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

179. Interview with Farkhan Shlebe, Sfinat Midbar, January 6, 1998.

180. Mahmud Ka'abiah, personal communication, July 12, 1993.

181. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

182. Giselle Hazzan, personal communication, January 21, 2002.

183. Philip Warburg, “Investing in Israel's Environmental Future,” report submitted to the Israel Cooperative Program, Jerusalem, 1996, p. 15.

184. Liat Collins, “Up in Smoke,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, August 16, 1996, pp. 16–18.

185. Netty Gross, “Smoke Signals,”Jerusalem Report, September 19, 1996, p. 18.

186. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

187. Life and Environment, informational brochure, K'far Saba, 2001.

188. Arab historians frequently quote Don Peretz, who reported in 1958 that of 370 Jewish settlements established between 1948 and 1953, 350 were built on Arab absentee property. Don Peretz,Israel and the Palestine Arabs (Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1958).

189. Lustick,op. cit., p. 246.

190. Hirschberg,op. cit.

191. El-Haj,op. cit., p. 9.

192. Izhak Schnell and Amin Fares,Towards High-Density Housing in Arab Localities in Israel (Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 1996), p. 9.

193. Ibid., p. 68.

194. Interview with Dr. Basel Ghattas, Shfaram, December 9, 1997.

195. Yehuda Golan, “A Rise in the Number of Calories Consumed Is Recorded,”Maariv, Ha-Yom Supplement, September 30, 1997, p. 2.

1. Barbara Sofer, “A Movement Sweeps Israel,”Hadassah Magazine, May 1991, pp. 18–20; see also Micha Odenheimer, “Retrieving the Garden of Eden,”The Melton Journal, no. 24 (Spring 1991): 1–6.

2. David Suzuki, “A New Millennium,” in The Sacred Balance (London: Allen and Unwin, 1997), pp. 207–240; see also Robert Gottlieb,Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993).

3. Stuart Schoenfeld, “Negotiating the Environmental Social Dilemma: The Case of Greenpeace Canada,” paper presented at the Jerusalem Conference on Canadian Studies, Hebrew University, July 1998.

4. Alon Tal and Eilon Schwartz, “The Environmental Crises as a Function of Relationships within Human Society,”Skira Chodshit (June 1993): 38–39.

5. Eric Silver, “The New Pioneers,”Jerusalem Report, April 21, 1994, pp. 12–15.

6. Shirli Bar-David and Alon Tal,Harnessing Activism to Protect Israel's Environment: A Survey of Public Interest Activity and Potential (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1996).

7. Gila Silverman, “Environmental Groups in Israel,” internal memo pre-pared for the New Israel Fund, March 1994.

8. Orr Karassin, “Organizations Working for Quality of Life and the Environment in Israel,”National Priorities for the Environment in Israel, Second Policy Paper (Haifa: Neeman Institute, 2001), p. 127.

9. Bar-David and Tal,op. cit.

10. Anat Tal-Shir and Zadok Yehezkeli, “The Greenpeace Commandos Conquered the Kishon,”Yediot Ahronot, June 15, 2000.

11. Bar-David and Tal,op. cit., pp. 14–15.

12. Karassin,op. cit.

13. Tal-Shir and Yehezkeli,op. cit., p. 15.

14. Richard Laster, “Reading D: Planning and Building or Building and Then Planning,”Israel Law Review 8 (1973): 492.

15. Yosef Charish, personal communication, July 1986.

16. Israel Electric Company v. Avisar and Others, Civil Appeal, 190/69, Piskei Din 23, II, 1969, pp. 318–321.

17. For a full description of the court battle see Earnest Katin and Mordechai Virshubski, “Environmental Law and Administration in Israel,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 1 (1975): 213–215.

18. Interview with Yedidyah Be'eri, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

19. Israel Electric Company v. Fersht et al., Criminal Appeal, 151/84,Piskei Din 39, III, 1984, pp. 1–12.

20. D. Sivan, “Malraz—the Public Council for Prevention of Noise and Air Pollution,”Biosphera 70, no. 3 (December 1970): 4.

21. To emphasize the nonpartisan nature of the organization, Malraz also recruited politicians from the left to its board, such as Knesset member and bi-ology professor Boaz Moav.

22. Malraz,Milestones in the Struggle against Nuisances (Tel Aviv: Malraz, 1979).

23. “Malraz in the Year 1973,”Biosphera 9 (1974): 3.

24. Malraz,op. cit.

25. Interview with Yedidyah Be'eri, Tel Aviv, September 4, 1997.

26. Josef Tamir, “Why I Established the Council for a Beautiful Israel and Life and Environment,” in Haver Knesset (Jerusalem: Ahiabar, 1985), pp. 395–400.

27. Council for a Beautiful Israel,See under Cleanliness (Tel Aviv: Council for a Beautiful Israel, 1988).

28. Interview with Aura Herzog, Tel Aviv, March 25, 1996; see also The Council for a Beautiful Israel News, twenty-fifth anniversary edition, 1995.

29. Shirley Benyamin, personal communication, Karkur, September 3, 1997.

30. See debate over atomic work at the Dimona Reactor in Divrei ha-Knesset, December 7, 1965.

31. Herschell Benyamin, personal communication, Karkur, September 3, 1997.

32. Abraham Fund, “EcoNet Israel: The Ecological Network,”The Abraham Fund Directory (New York: Abraham Fund, 1992), p. 240.

33. Israel Nuclear News 2, no. 1 (1987): 3.

34. EcoNet News 5, no. 4 (1990). Around the same time, unbeknownst to the group and to most Israelis, one of the first and largest Green Internet servers in San Francisco selected the same name.

35. Shirley Benyamin, personal communication, Karkur, September 3, 1997.

36. Shirley Benyamin, open letter to EcoNet Friends, May 1994.

37. John Goldsmith, “Counseling, Evaluation, and Research at Beer Sheva University to Immigrants Exposed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor,”EcoNet News 8, no. 2 (September 1993): 1–3.

38. “Health Risks from Low Level Radiation,”Israel Nuclear News 4, no. 1 (1989): 1.

39. EcoNet News 8, no. 3 (December 1993): 1; Benyamin, open letter to EcoNet Friends, May 1994.

40. “Does Israel Really Need or Even Want a Nuclear Power Station?” EcoNet News 7, no. 3 (1992): 3.

41. Steve Rodan, “Clear and Present Option,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, June 7, 1996, pp. 18–20.

42. Liat Collins, “Sarid: Country's Nuclear Reactors Pose No Threat,” Jerusalem Post, March 31, 1993; Elli Elad, “Water, Air, Soil and Flora Samples from the Dimona Reactor to Be Passed Regularly to Minister Sarid,”Ha-Aretz, March 31, 1993.

43. Benyamin, open letter to EcoNet Friends, May 1994.

44. Silver,op. cit., pp. 14–16.

45. Yossi Moskowitz as quoted in “Storm at the Carmel Coast,”Maariv, Esekim (Business), March 30, 1997, p. 4.

46. Interview with Lynn Golumbic, Haifa, November 24, 1997.

47. Penina Migdal Glazer and Myron Peretz Glazer,The Environmental Crusaders: Confronting Disaster and Mobilizing Community (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), pp. 78–85.

48. “Treatment of Air Quality in the Haifa Union of Cities,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 16 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1990), pp. 123–125.

49. Interview with Lynn Golumbic, Haifa, November 24, 1997.

50. Glazer and Glazer,op. cit.

51. Interview with Lynn Golumbic, Haifa, November 24, 1997.

52. Ayana Goren, Shmuel Brenner, and Sara Helman,Health Survey among School Children in Haifa Bay,1989 (Tel Aviv: Ministry of the Environment, 1989).

53. Moshe Shachal, “The Ministry of Energy and Air Quality in the Haifa Region,” speech by the Minister of Energy in Biosphera (October 1987).

54. Michael Eilan, “Fighting for Breath,”Jerusalem Post International Edition, July 29, 1989, p. 9.

55. Ibid. p. 10.

56. Golumbic recalls: “I spoke at the National Planning Council meeting before they voted on the power plant. I had come with SPNI's local Director, Shoshi Perry (and she went crazy when the SPNI chairman, Yoav Sagi, who sat on the Council, abstained). But it didn't really matter because there was a strong majority to site the station in Hadera.” Interview with Lynn Golumbic, Haifa, November 24, 1997.

57. Eilan,op. cit., p. 10.

58. Efraim Orni and Elisha Efrat,The Geography of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), p. 65.

59. Ayana Goren, Shmuel Brenner, Sara Helman,Health Survey among School Children in Beit Shemesh,1994 (Tel Aviv: Ministry of the Environment, 1995), pp. 12–13.

60. Interview with Elli Vanunu, Beit Shemesh, February 22, 1999.

61. “Personal Decree for the Nesher Har-Tuv Cement Factory, Beit Shemesh,” summary in Environmental Quality in Israel nos. 17–18 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1992), p. 64.

62. Ibid.

63. “Ecological Disaster and Health Risk,” promotional material, Beit Shemesh Action Committee, October 31, 1991.

64. Zvi Greenberg, personal communication, January 3, 1999. Environ-mentalists were dumbfounded when Environmental Minister Yossi Sarid granted the factory a prize in 1994, citing its capital investment in pollution control technology.

65. Interview with Elli Vanunu, Beit Shemesh, February 22, 1999.

66. Ibid.

67. Chico Mendes,Fight for the Forest: Chico Mendes in His Own Words (New York: Inland Books, 1990).

68. Interview with Benny Shalmon, Kibbutz Ketura, January 14, 1998.

69. Sue Fishkoff, “For the Birds,”Jerusalem Post International Edition, July 6, 1996, p. 16.

70. Reuven Yosef, “Is the Salt Marsh of Eilat (a Critically Important Habitat for Palearctic Migrants) Dead or Alive?”Living Bird (Winter 1998): 22–28.

71. Ibid., pp. 22–28.

72. H. Shirihai and D. Christie,The Birds of Israel (London:Academic Press, 1996).

73. Y. Waisal, “Vegetation of Israel,” in Encyclopedia of Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, vol. 8 (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Press, 1984).

74. Yosef,op. cit.

75. Fishkoff,op. cit.

76. Interview with Reuven Yosef, Eilat, January 9, 1998.

77. Ibid.; see also Daniel Hillel,Negev: Land, Water and Life in a Desert Environment (New York: Praeger, 1982), pp. 45–46.

78. Reuven Yosef, “Physical Distances among Individuals in Flocks of Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber) Are Affected by Human Disturbance,”Israel Journal of Zoology 43 (1997): 79–85.

79. Reuven Yosef, “Reactions of Gray Herons (Ardea cinerea) to Seismic Tremors,”Journal für Ornithologie 138 (1997): 543–546.

80. Reuven Yosef, “On Habitat-specific Nutritional Condition in Graceful Warblers (Prinia gracilis); Evidence from Ptilochronology,”Journal für Ornithologie 138 (1997): 309–313.

81. Reuven Yosef, “Clues to Migratory Routes of the Eastern Flyway of the Western Palearctics: Ringing Recoveries at Eilat, Israel,”Die Vogelwarte 39 (1998): 203–208.

82. Fishkoff,op. cit.

83. Reuven Yosef, personal communication, August 29, 1998.

84. Interview with Reuven Yosef, Eilat, January 9, 1998.

85. Ibid.

86. Literally translated, Adam Teva V'din means “Man, Nature, and Law.” This somewhat awkward name came about when the Ministry of the Interior discouraged use of the more conventional “Israel Union for Environmental Defense” on the grounds that it was too bombastic for a new organization. The latter name has begun to appear on the organization's English-language documents.

87. Responding to the public-interest action, the Ministry of the Environment eventually filed suit itself, and after a long legal struggle, the city capitulated and submitted a sewage plan. Adam Teva V'din,Annual Report (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1991).

88. Interview with Ruth Yaffe, Tel Aviv, January 12, 1998.

89. Prevention of Environmental Nuisances Law (Citizens' Suits), 1992, Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1394, p. 184.

90. Water Law (Amendment No. 10) 1995,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1533, p. 362.

91. Prevention of Environmental Nuisances Law (Citizens’ Suits), 1992, Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1394, p. 55.

92. Environmental Law (Methods of Punishment) 1997,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 1622, April 10, 1997 p. 132.

93. Adam Teva V'din,Annual Report (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1992).

94. Interview with Ruth Yaffe, Tel Aviv, January 12, 1998.

95. Ibid.

96. Adam Teva V'din, “UED Introduces a Comprehensive Sewage Strategy,” in Annual Report (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1992), p. 9.

97. Ruth Yaffe, “The Public's Right to Participate in Environmental Decision-Making in Israel: A Progress Report on Issues of Law and Policy,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 14 (1998): 13–15.

98. Daniel Fisch, “Israel's Environmental Problems,”Palestine-Israel Journal 5, no. 1 (1998): 24.

99. Yaakov Garb, “The Road to Peace? The Trans-Israel Highway and the Fight for Sustainable Alternatives,”Sustainable Transport (1996).

100. Adam Teva V'din and Others v. The National Planning Council and Others, Bagatz, 2924/94,Piskei Din 50 (III), 446 (1996).

101. Valerie Brachya and Uri Marinov, “Coastal Zone Management in Israel and Prospects for Regional Cooperation,” in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg et al. (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), p. 198.

102. National Master Plan No. 13 (Jerusalem: Israel Ministry of the Interior), 1981.

103. Valerie Brachya, “Protecting Coastal Resources,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1269.

104. Robert Abel, “Cooperative Marine Technology for the Middle East,” Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1273.

105. Alon Tal, “Whose Coast Is It Anyway?”Jerusalem Report, June 1996.

106. Gil Doron, “The Marina of the Rich,”Ha-Ir, July 29, 1995.

107. Daniel Aviv, “The Marina in Ashdod: The Municipality Will Discuss the Implications,”Kahn ha-Darom, October 13, 1995.

108. Adam Teva V'din,Annual Report (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1995), p. 7.

109. Alan Roberts, “Tel Aviv Seeking Approval for Yarkon Project,”City Lights 5, no. 181 (August 1, 1997): 1; see also Yizhak Bar-Yosef, “There Is a Need to Leave Something to the Children,”Yediot Ahronot.

110. “Victory of the ‘Greens’ over the Developers,”Maariv, Esekim, March 30, 1997, p. 4.

111. “Marina Plan Not to Be Submitted before Court Hearing,”City Lights, February 14, 1997.

112. Lior El-Hai and Yizhak Bar-Yosef, “The Battle for the Coast,”Yediot Ahronot—24 Hour Supplement, June 1, 1998, p. 8.

113. “Storm on Haifa Coast,”Maariv, Esekim, March 30, 1997, p. 4.

114. Sagit Lampret, “There Is Law and There Is a Tower,”Kol Bo Haifa, January 23, 1998, p. 62.

115. “Storm on Haifa Coast,” p. 4.

116. Ibid., p. 4.

117. Janine Zacharia, “Haifa Builders Hit Back at Green Group Blocking Their Beachfront Project,”Jerusalem Report, July 10, 1997.

118. “Storm on Haifa Coast,” p. 4.

119. Lampret,op. cit., p. 64.

120. Avner De-Shalit, “Where Do Environmentalists Hide?” in Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. Robin Twite and Robin Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 274–276.

121. Interview with Azariah Alon, Beit ha-Shita, September 15, 1997.

122. Shmuel Gilbert, personal communication, March 17, 1999.

123. Shmuel Chen, “Green Ballots at the Ballot Box,”Green, Blue and White (December 1998): 4–5, 12–13.

124. Menahem Rahat, “1,500 Die Each Year from Environmental Pollution, Does Anyone Care? Nehama Ronen, Leader of ‘Kol ha-Sviva’ in the Inaugural Ceremony,”Maariv, January 18, 1998, p. 12.

125. Zafrir Rinat, “Dedi and Greens Vow Quality of Life,”Ha-Aretz, March 29, 1999.

126. Veronique Boquelle,Transportation in Israel (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1997).

127. Ibid.

128. Alon Tal, “A Reform in Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Towards the Era of the Catalytic Converter,”Biosphera 22 (1993): 4.

129. Zafrir Rinat, “A Third of the Cars in Israel Pollute the Air above What Is Allowed by Law,”Ha-Aretz, January 30, 1998.

130. Improving Enforcement for Air Pollution by Transportation—A Position Paper, ed. Alon Tal (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2002).

131. Yizhak Bar-Yosef, “Increase in the Tel Aviv Air Pollution—A City Out of Breath,”Yediot Ahronot, December 1, 1997, p. 6.

132. M. Luria, G. Sharf, and M. Peleg, “Forecast of Photochemical Pollution for the Year 2010,”Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences (Jerusalem: Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences: 1993).

133. Boquelle,op. cit.

134. Ibid.

135. Ibid.

136. Peter Hirschberg, “Road Rage,”Jerusalem Report,May 8, 2000, p. 24.

137. Dalia Tal, “An Association against the Trans-Israel Highway,”Al ha-Sharon, October 9, 1992.

138. Irit Sappir-Gildor, “Environmental Attitudes among Visitors to JNF Forests,” master's thesis, Tel Aviv University, Department of Geography, 2001.

139. Palestine Israel Environmental Secretariat, “Nature Knows No Boundaries,” promotional material, 1998.

140. Zafrir Rinat, “The Dining Room as an Ecological System,”Ha-Aretz, February 20, 1997; see also http://www.arava.org.

141. Desert Dreams 7 (Kibbutz Ketura: The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Spring 2001).

142. International Center for the Study of Bird Migration at Latrun, “Migrating Birds Know No Boundaries,” promotional material, 1997; http://www.birds.org.il.

143. “We have to discuss the environmental crisis from the perspective of culture; and part of culture, part of the way I look at things, for me as a Jew, is through Jewish tradition.” Eilon Schwartz, “Are We as Trees of the Field? Jewish Perspectives on Environmental Ethics,” in Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. Robin Twite and Robin Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 4–5.

144. Lisa Beyer, “Trashing the Holy Land,”Time, September 7, 1998, p. 54.

145. Asaf Levitan, personal communication, November 3, 1998.

146. Larry Derfner, “Clearing the Air,”Jerusalem Post Magazine, October 30, 1998, p. 17.

147. Limiting of Smoking in Public Areas Law, 1983,Sefer ha-Hokim, 148 p. 658. All the same, passive smoking in Israel is thought to cause eight hun-dred deaths per year. This is in addition to the five thousand Israelis who die every year of smoking-related cancer and heart disease.

148. The Greening of Urban Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Western Cities, ed. R. S. Tolley (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997).

149. Eilon Schwartz, Jeremy Benstein, and Nili Peri,From Nature Protection to Environmental Practices (Jerusalem: Melitz, August 1997), pp. 12, 16.

150. Yehuda Golan, “A Rise in the Number of Calories Consumed Is Recorded,”Maariv, Ha-Yom Supplement, September 30, 1997, pp. 2–3.

151. Numbers 35:2–5; Leviticus 25:34.

152. Esther Zanberg, “2020 Vision,”Ha-Aretz Magazine, January 1, 1998, pp. 14–16.

153. Naomi Tsur, “Are Developers Killing the Green Belt around Jerusalem?”Jerusalem Report, October 23, 2000, p. 96.

154. Tal and Schwartz, op. cit., pp. 34–39.

155. Ibid., p. 39.

1. Shoshana Gabbay, “The Environment in the Jordanian Peace Talks,” Israel Environment Bulletin 18, no. 1,Special Peace Issue (1995): 3.

2. Interview with Yisrael Peleg, Tel Aviv, September 30, 1997.

3. Three events during the summer of 1992 are indicative of the fre-quency of oil spills. See Jackie Post and Adi Katz, “For the Second Time in a Month, an Oil Tanker Pollutes the Gulf of Aqaba,”Hadashot, August 5, 1992;

4. Interview with Elli Varberg, Eilat, November 10, 1998.

5. Ibid.

6. Gabbay,op. cit., in particular the description of the October 1994 Bahrain Environmental Code of Conduct, p. 12; see also The Gaza Strip and Jericho Agreement, May 4, 1994 (article 31 of Annex II); Moshe Hirsch, “Environmental Aspects of the Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area,”Israel Law Review 28, no. 2–3 (1994): 374–401.

7. Gabbay,op. cit., p. 10.

8. Alon Tal, “Preventing Pollution from Ports and Maritime Activity in the Gulf of Aqaba: Current Practices in Israel,”Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge, ed. Philip Warburg (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 1993), p. 265.

9. EcoPeace,Symposium on the Environmental Heritage of the Gulf of Aqaba and Its Sustainable Development, Summary Report, 1995, p. 6.

10. Alon Tal, Shoshana Lopatin, and Gidon Bromberg,Sustainability of Energy-related Development Projects in the Middle East Peace Region (Washington, D.C.: US AID's Energy Project Development Fund, March 1995).

11. Marlin Atkinson, Yehudith Birk, and Harold Rosenthal,Evaluation of Pollution in the Gulf of Eilat: Report for the Ministries of Infrastructure, Environment, and Agriculture, December 10, 2001.

12. EcoPeace,An Updated Inventory of New Development Projects, Compiled from the Reports Presented by the Palestinian National Authority, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel, and the Republic of Egypt to the Casablanca, Amman, and Cairo Middle East–North Africa Economic Summits (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, March 1997), pp. 14–18.

13. Nanette Furman, “Changes in the Coral Reproductive Rate and Sea Anemone Survival at Eilat,”Ecology and Environment, 2, no. 6 (1990): 87–92.

14. Nanette Chadwick-Furman, personal communication, December 1998.

15. Municipality of Eilat, promotional information, 1997.

16. Revital Levy-Stein, “Sewage Swamps Eilat,”Ha-Aretz, August 17, 1998; or Revital Levy-Stein, “The Big Stink: Sewage Spill Closes More Eilat Beaches,”Ha-Aretz, August 18, 1998.

17. Prime Minister Netanyahu's 1998 pledge to build thousands of new hotel rooms around the Dead Sea, despite Israeli and Jordanian environmen-talists' calls for modest development, reflects the same dynamic. Irit Rosenblum, “Prime Minister Promises New Hotel Rooms at the Dead Sea,” Ha-Aretz, August 26, 1998; see also EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges, Final Report (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996).

18. Batiah Kurus, Spokesperson, Israel Employment Service, personal com-munication, January 28, 2002.

19. Ari Shavit, “Three Sins and a Miracle,”Ha-Aretz, August 29, 1997, p. 1.

20. Gregg Easterbrook,A Moment on the Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism (New York: Viking, 1995).

21. Ministry of the Environment,Environmental Quality in Israel, no. 21 (1997):p. 96.

22. Highest estimates reach into the thousands (Gabi Zohar, “A Researcher in the Technion Estimates: About 1,000 Deaths per Year in Israel Resulting from Air Pollution,”Ha-Aretz, January 20, 1995). One recent study projects 293 deaths each year in Tel Aviv alone as a result of tailpipe emissions (Gary Ginsberg, Aharon Serri, Elaine Fletcher, Joshua Shemer, Dani Koutik, and Eric Karsenty, “Mortality from Vehicular Particulate Emissions in Tel Aviv-Jafo,” World Transport and Policy and Practice 4, no. 2 (1998): 27–31). Other re-searchers believe there may be only hundreds of fatalities (Lisa Pearlman, “Threat from the Air,”Jerusalem Post, February 24, 1989, p. 4).

23. A. I. Goren and S. Helman, “Changing Prevalence of Asthma among Schoolchildren in Israel,”European Respiratory Journal 10 (1997): 2279–2284.

24. Alon Tal, “The Air Is Free,”Eretz v'Teva (September-October 1999).

25. Arie Laor, Leon Cohen, and Yehuda L. Danon, “Effects of Time, Sex, Ethnic Origin and Area of Residence on Prevalence of Asthma in Israeli Adolescents,”British Medical Journal 307 (October 2, 1993): 841.

26. Netty C. Gross, “Malignant Neglect,”Jerusalem Report, April 12, 1999, pp. 24–25.

27. Asaf Haim, “The Breast Cancer Rate in the Haifa Region Is Tens of Percent Higher Than the National Average,”Maariv, October 17, 2001, p. 19.

28. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1998), pp. 24–28.

29. Ministry of the Environment,The Jordan River: Restoration, Conservation and Development (November, 1995).

30. Shmuel Chen, “Ramat Hovav: You Could Explode from It,”Green, Blue and White (August-September 1998): 4–5.

31. Yoram Yom-Tov and Heinrich Mendelssohn, “Altered Landscapes,” Eretz, December 1995, pp. 51–54.

32. R. Nathan, U. Safriel, and H. Shirihai, “Extinction and Vulnerability to Extinction at Distribution Peripheries: An Analysis of the Israeli Breeding Fauna,”Israel Journal of Zoology 42 (1996): 361–383.

33. Iris Millner, “The Rabbit's Foot,”Ha-Aretz, August, 1998.

34. Arieh Neiger, lecture at Conference on Utilization of the Courts by Green Organizations, Netanya College, May 29, 2000.

35. Yehudah Gat, “Activities of the Electric Company for Environmental Protection at the Haifa Power Station: Present and Future Plans,”Eichut ha-Sviva, July 1994, pp. 6–12.

36. Yossi Beier, “A System for Treatment and Reuse of Wastes in the Haifa Oil Refineries,”Eichut ha-Sviva, July 1994, pp. 14–17.

37. Alon Tal, “The Economic Benefits of Noncompliance with Environmental Laws: The Role of Economic Analysis in Assessing Penalties for Polluters in Israel,”Ecology and Environment, 6, no. 1 (March 2000): 3.

38. Alon Tal and Dorit Talitman,The Enforcement System of the Ministry of the Environment, internal report, Jerusalem, December 2000, pp. 10–15.

39. Amory Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, “Reinventing the Wheels,” Atlantic Monthly, April 1996.

40. Ginsberg et al.,op. cit.

41. U.S. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, EPA 454/R-97–013. The decrease in ambient concentrations probably reflects the fact that most ambient moni-tors are in urban areas, so the 10 percent drop reflects a decrease in mobile source NO_x emissions by about 6 percent from 1987 to 1996. Further de-creases in mobile source NO_x emissions are scheduled within the next several years. Joe Kruger, U.S. EPA, personal communication, September 1, 1998.

42. Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn,op. cit., p. 51.

43. Jonathan Katz, personal communication, August 9, 1998. These are measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars, not straight dollars, which would amount to $18,500.

44. Ibid.

45. Alon Tal, “The Role of the Environmental Movement in Promoting ISO 14000—Changing the Payoff Scheme,” in Proceedings of the Workshop held by the Israel Engineers and Architects Association, 1997.

46. Dorit Talitman, personal communication, November 14, 2001.

47. Nadav Aaronson, personal communication, April 14, 1999.

48. Alon Tal, “Of Protected Values and Environmental Violations,”Ha-Praklit 40, no. 3 (1992): 413–421.

49. Marcia Gelpe, “The Goals of Enforcement and the Range of Enforcement Methods in Israel and the United States,”Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 14 (1998): 135–177; see also Orit Marom-Albeck and Alon Tal, “Upgrading Citizen Suits as a Tool for Environmental Enforcement in Israel: A Comparative Evaluation.”Israel Law Review, 2002, in press.

50. Environmental Quality Law (Methods of Punishment) (Amendments), 1997,Sefer Ha-Hokim, no. 1622, p. 132.

51. Zohar Shkalim, Director of Enforcement Coordination, Ministry of the Environment, personal communication, January 27, 2002.

52. Janine Zacharia, “The Wasteland,” J erusalem Report, August 21, 1997, pp. 16–18.

53. In 1764 he wrote, “The certainty of a punishment, even if it be moder-ate, will always make a stronger impression than the fear of another which is more terrible but combined with the hope of impunity.” Cesare Beccaria,On Crimes and Punishment (London: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 58. This theme was taken up by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his treatise The Principles of Morals and Legislation (London: Oxford, 1996) (see footnote in chapter 14, rule 1), p. 143.

54. Dr. Gilad Gilov, Chief Chemist, Ramat Hovav, oral presentation, November 11, 2001.

55. Mining Regulations (The Fund for Restoring Quarries), 1978,Kovetz Takanot, no. 3865, p. 1626.

56. Yair Shoshani, “Mining Mark or Question Mark?”Green, Blue and White (August-September 1998): 20–21.

57. Oded Shlomot, “Quarries That Fell between the Chairs,”Green, Blue and White (August-September 1998): 16–17.

58. Aviva Lori, “The Whole Country Is Wounds,”Ha-Aretz, Musaf, March 17, 1995, p. 86.

59. Efraim Orni and Elisha Efrat,Geography of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), p. 269.

60. Ephraim Shlain and Eran Feitelson,The Formation, Institutionalization and Decline of Farmland Protection Policies in Israel (Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 1996), pp. 10–11.

61. Remote Sensing Support for Analysis of Coasts, RESSAC Consortium, Palermo, Italy—April 1999; available at http://www.ctmnet.it/ressac.

62. Michal Korakh, Asaf-Shapira, “Open Spaces in Israel” in Israel: Vital Signs 2001 (Tel Aviv: Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership: 2001), pp. 184–186.

63. Eran Feitelson, “Protection of Open Spaces in Israel at a Turning Point,” Horizons in Geography 42–43 (1995), p. 20.

64. Lori,op. cit.

65. Pliah Albeck, in Land Management Policy Alternatives in Israel (Jerusalem: Land Policy Discussions Group, May 1996).

66. Tara Wolfson, “Former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres Talks Peace and the Environment with AIES Students and Alumni,”Desert Dreams (Kibbutz Ketura: Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Spring 1998), p. 1.

67. “Shochet: The Management of Israel Chemicals Needs to Sit in the Negev, But It Can't Be Done by Force,”Telegraph, September 23, 1994.

68. “Contract Signed for Leasing Land to Joint Israeli-Jordanian Industrial Park at the Sheich Hussein Bridge,”Globes, June 2, 1998, p. 8.

69. Michael McCloskey, “The Emporer Has No Clothes: The Conundrum of Sustainable Development,”Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 9, no. 2 (1999): 153.

70. Presumably the type of “sustainable” growth called for by the Director General of the Ministry of Finance, Ben Zion Zelberfarb, departs from even the excessively flexible traditional definitions of sustainability. See “New Budget Shifts Priority to Growth,”Ha-Aretz, August 1998.

71. Adam Mazor,Israel in the Year 2020 (Haifa: Technion Press, 1994).

72. Zafrir Rinat, “Go Forth, but Do Not Multiply,”Ha-Aretz, November 8, 1998, p. B-4.

73. Yoav Sagi, “Escape from Megalopolis,”Eretz, November 1996, p. 57.

74. Eran Feitelson,The Pattern of Environmental Conflicts in the Metropolitan Development Process and Its Planning Implications (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 1996).

75. Uzi Paz, the first Director of Israel's Nature Reserves Authority, and a leading nature historian, was representative of the environmental community in 1981 when he wrote, “One outstanding change in the landscape of the land—and entirely for the good—is the tremendous growth in the population. Since the foundation of the State, the number of residents has grown fivefold and roughly six hundred new settlements arose, from the heights of the Galilee to the southern Arava. The number of motorcars has also increased on high-ways and on the dirt roads, taking hitchhikers who are thirsty for the landscape with them.” Uzi Paz,Eretz ha-Tsvi v'ha-Yael (Land of the Gazelle and the Ibex),I (Givataim: Masada, 1981), p. 25.

76. Rinat,op. cit.

77. Philip Warburg, “Taboo That Needs Breaking,”Jerusalem Post, January 1, 1997. Dan Perry also broke the silence: “It is incumbent on plan-ners to propose a lowering of the natural rate of growth in Israel from the level of a developing country to the accepted level in developed countries. … In these days when the entire world recognizes the fact that population growth is the central problem of the human species, Israel cannot act as if it is not part of it.” Dan Perry, “Rejecting the Essential,”Teva v'Aretz, January 1995.

78. Netty C. Gross, “IVF Fever,”Jerusalem Report, July 3, 2000, pp. 13–14.

79. Yehuda Golan, “A Rise in the Number of Calories Consumed Is Recorded,”Maariv, Ha-Yom Supplement, September 30, 1997, p. 2.

80. Netty C. Gross, “Mum's the Word,”Jerusalem Report,August 21, 1997, pp. 14–15.

81. “And so it is, that a Zionist family, whose two children will in the future be serving in the army and contributing to the economy of the state and its human capital, receives 338 shekels per month. An ultra-Orthodox family, whose ten children will evade military service and who will be a burden on the economy of the state will receive from the State of Israel 4,930 shekels for their children each month.” Avraham Poraz, “Report to the Voter,” February 1999.

82. Efraim Ya'ar, “More Children, Less Blessing,”Ha-Aretz, February 24, 1999, p. B-2; see also “Research: Intelligence Quotients among Children from Large Families in Israel Are Below Average,”Ha-Aretz, February 24, 1999, p. 1.

83. Mishnah,Yevamot 6:6.

84. Philip Warburg, letter to the Editor,Jerusalem Post, March 23, 1998.

85. “There will be a tendency for such people to have rather more children than the rest, and these children will inherit the wish to an enhanced extent and these will contribute a still greater proportion of the population.” Charles Galton Darwin, “Can Man Control His Numbers?” in Evolution after Darwin 2, ed. Sol Tax (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), p. 464.

86. Dan Perry, personal communication, Tel Aviv, November 8, 1998.

87. Rabbi Yerachmyel Barkia,The People of Israel's Links with the Negev (Jerusalem: Jewish National Fund, 1999): 33–34.

88. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, November 10, 1998.

89. Yaakov Garb and Meira Hanson, “Consumption and Population: Trends and What Lies between Them,” in Israel Vital Signs 2001 (Tel Aviv: Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership, 2001).

90. Erik Schechter, “Scientist Offers Clean Power… for Just 1.3 Billion,” Jerusalem Report, April 12, 1999, p. 12. See also http://magnet.consortia.org.il/ConSolar/Sabin/Zas/ZasTOC.html.

91. Dan Zaslavsky,Sustainable Energy in Israel: Assessment and Program, report to Israel Ministry of the Environment, December 1997, pp. 22–24.

92. Other problems that appear readily given to technical solutions are dis-posal of the saline brine, the effect of the tower on migrating birds, and elevated humidity in the vicinity of the tower. Michael Zwirn, “Questions in Planning, Environmental Impacts and Social Need in a Major Alternative Energy Proposal: The Israeli Energy Towers,” paper presented to Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, May 20, 1996.

93. Uri Shitrit Architects, et al., “Development Plan for Eilat-Eilot,” Israel Lands Authority, June 1998.

94. Saul Arlozorov, “Water in Israel: Present Problems and Future Goals,” Towards Sustainable Development (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, April 1999), pp. 54–55.

95. Meir Ben-Meir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998.

96. “A Sea Water Desalinization Device Fueled by Solar Energy,” www.solarproject.com/desalframe.htm.

97. Ministry of Energy,Energy 95 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Energy, 1995).

98. Curtis Moore and Alan Miller,Green Gold: Japan, Germany, the United States, and the Race for Environmental Technology (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994).

99. Tal, Lopatin, and Bromberg,op. cit.

100. Mazor,op. cit.

101. Indeed, this subject, which has been so central to many environmental agendas, has only recently begun to attract attention in Israel, with a confer-ence on brownfields held at the Technion on the subject in the winter of 2000.

102. “Your Guidebook to Nagasaki,” www.shs.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ohki/tourist/dejima.html.

103. Ze'ev Goldberg, “A Green Island in the Sea,”Blue, Green and White 20 (July 1998), pp. 6–7.

104. “No Fishing Zone Reduced around Artificial Reef,”Fisheries Western Australia (July 1988).

105. Ze'ev Goldberg, “Driving Tel Aviv into Hong Kong Harbor: Traffic Congestion Is Forcing Tel Aviv to Consider a Seaward Migration,”Ha-Aretz, August 21, 1998.

106. David Harris, “Israeli Holiday Islands Move a Step Closer,”Jerusalem Post, Internet edition, January 9, 1997.

107. David Harris, “Report Recommends Coastal Islands,”Jerusalem Post Internet edition, October 7, 1998.

108. Interview with Nehama Ronen, Tel Aviv, November 10, 1998.

109. Philip Warburg, “Sink the Artificial Islands,”Jerusalem Report, April 12, 1999, p. 54.

110. Stuart Schoffman, “The Best Country on Earth,”Jerusalem Report, June 26, 1997.

111. The Climate Convention: A Workshop about Israel Greenhouse Gas Policy (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, April 2000).

112. Interview with Yossi Sarid, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997.

113. Ibid.

114. Law Limiting Smoking in Public Places, 1983,Sefer ha-Hokim, no. 148, p. 658.

115. Noga Morag-Levine, “The Politics of Imported Rights, Transplantation and Transformation in an Israeli Environmental Cause Lawyering Organization,” in Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold (London: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 334.

116. Deuteronomy 11:10–14.

117. Deuteronomy 29:22–23.