CHAPTER 7: THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF ISRAEL'S WATER RESOURCES
1. Daniel Hillel,Rivers of Eden: The Struggle for Water and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East (New York: Oxford, 1994), p. 26. [BACK]
2. Itzhak Galnoor, “Water Policy Making in Israel,”Water Quality Management Under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel as a Case Study, ed. Hillel Shuval, (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 293. [BACK]
3. David Ben-Gurion,Southbound (Tel Aviv: Ahdut Press, 1956), p. 305. [BACK]
4. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 295. [BACK]
5. Ibid., pp. 290–298. [BACK]
6. Simcha Blass,Water in Strife and Action (Givataim: Masada, 1973), pp. 113–115. [BACK]
7. Ibid., p. 157. [BACK]
8. Ibid., p. 158. [BACK]
9. Ibid., p. 159. [BACK]
10. Joshua Schwarz, “Management of Israel's Water Resources,”Water and Peace in the Middle East, ed. J. Issac and H. Shuval (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994), p. 69. [BACK]
11. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. A cubic meter is equal to 1000 liters, or roughly 250 gallons. [BACK]
12. Schwarz,op. cit., p. 69. [BACK]
13. Tom Segev,Nineteen Forty Nine: The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986) p. 95. [BACK]
14. Schwarz,op. cit., p. 70. [BACK]
15. Yohanan Boneh, “The Historical Development of Underground Water Supply,”Water in Israel: Selection of Articles, Part I (Tel Aviv: Water Commissioner, 1973), p. 44. [BACK]
16. Blass,op. cit., pp. 170–171. [BACK]
17. “Tel Aviv and the surrounding cities were notable for their overpumping. From its first days it never installed water meters, and every citizen paid what he paid, without any connection to how much he consumed.” Blass,op. cit., p. 171. [BACK]
18. Richard Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality,” in Water Quality Management, op. cit., p. 279. [BACK]
19. Water Law (Notice of Agreement),Yalkut Pirsumim 842, p. 1206, as re-ported in Laster,op. cit., pp. 26, 34. [BACK]
20. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
21. Ibid. [BACK]
22. M. Lilian and H. Shuval,Ten Years of Sanitation in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1959), pp. 5–6. [BACK]
23. Ibid., p. 10; see also “Environmental Sanitation,”Health Services (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1957), p. 12. [BACK]
24. Blass,op. cit., p. 166. [BACK]
25. Blass,op. cit., pp. 160–164. [BACK]
26. Richard Laster,The Legal Framework for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1976), p. 27. [BACK]
27. Blass,op. cit., p. 165. [BACK]
28. Blass,op. cit., pp. 165–166. [BACK]
29. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 289. [BACK]
30. Yehudah Karmon,The Land of Israel: Geography of the Land and the Region, 3rd ed. (Tel Aviv: Yavneh, 1976), p. 131. [BACK]
31. Blass,op. cit., pp. 141–143. [BACK]
32. Efraim Orni and Elisha Efrat,Geography of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), p. 444. [BACK]
33. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. [BACK]
34. Orni and Efrat,op. cit., p. 446. [BACK]
35. Blass,op. cit., p. 168. [BACK]
36. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 17. [BACK]
37. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
38. Based on the geographical origins of the tribe of Dan, the “Dan block” is generally used to denote the Greater Tel Aviv metropolitan area. [BACK]
39. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 15. [BACK]
40. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 277. [BACK]
41. Hillel Shuval, “Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel,”Proceedings of the 17th Industrial Wastes Conference, Purdue University, 1962, pp. 650–664. [BACK]
42. Yael Shoham and Ofra Sarig,The National Water Carrier (Sapir: Mekorot, 1995). [BACK]
43. Walter Clay Lowdermilk, “The Jordan Valley Authority—A Counterpart of TVA in Palestine,” in Palestine, Land of Promise (New York: Harper and Brothers 1944), pp. 168–179. [BACK]
44. Blass,op. cit., p. 135. [BACK]
45. J. B. Hayes,TVA on the Jordan, Proposals for Irrigation and Hydro-Electric Development in Palestine (Washington, D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1949). [BACK]
46. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 7. [BACK]
47. Blass,op. cit., p. 161. [BACK]
48. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
49. Blass,op. cit., p. 167. [BACK]
50. Howard M. Sachar,A History of Israel (New York: Knopf, 1976), p. 519. [BACK]
51. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 6. [BACK]
52. Blass,op. cit., pp. 184–185. [BACK]
53. Ibid., pp. 188–190. [BACK]
54. Ibid., p. 190. [BACK]
55. Ibid., pp. 195–207. [BACK]
56. Arnon Sofer, “The Relevance of the Johnston Plan to the Reality of 1993 and Beyond,” in Water and Peace in the Middle East, pp. 110–112. [BACK]
57. Sachar,op. cit., p. 458. [BACK]
58. Yehudah Goldsmid, “Water Quality Management of the Israel National Water System,” in Developments in Water Quality Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), p. 9. [BACK]
59. Ibid. [BACK]
60. Orni and Efrat,op. cit., p. 156. [BACK]
61. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., p. 9. [BACK]
62. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 296. [BACK]
63. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 1, 16–24. [BACK]
64. Sachar,op. cit., pp. 618–619. [BACK]
65. Meir Ben Meir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998. [BACK]
66. Joyce Whitman,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Interior, 1988), p. 136. [BACK]
67. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 8, 11. [BACK]
68. Hillel Shuval, “Drinking Water and Sewage Disposal,”Public Health 8, no. 2 (1965): p. 475. [BACK]
69. Blass,op. cit., pp. 237–248. [BACK]
70. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 8. [BACK]
71. Richard E. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,”Israel Law Review 12, no. 3 (1977): p. 296. [BACK]
72. Blass,op. cit., p. 23. [BACK]
73. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9. [BACK]
74. B. E. Butterworth, et al. “The Role of Regenerative Cell Proliferation in Chloroform Induced Cancer,”Toxicological Letters (1995), pp. 23–26. [BACK]
75. Hillel Shuval, personal communication, November 20, 1998. [BACK]
76. Yoram Avnimelech, “Irrigation with Sewage Effluents: The Israeli Experience,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993), p. 1280. [BACK]
77. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
78. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 8. [BACK]
79. Nessen's contribution to New York City's water system was substan-tial enough that the laboratory at one of the city's eighteen reservoirs was named in his honor. Cristina Manos, City of New York Department of Environmental Protection, personal communication, October 9, 1998. [BACK]
80. Today aluminum sulfate is added at the Eshkol reservoir; it adsorbs to the sediments and turns them into larger flocs that settle in the settlement basin. Chlorine dioxide and chloramine are added to the water prior to its in-troduction into the municipal water systems. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
81. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9. [BACK]
82. Shoham and Sarig,op. cit., pp. 26–27. [BACK]
83. EcoPeace,Dead Sea Challenges: Final Report, (Jerusalem: EcoPeace, 1996). [BACK]
84. Whitman,op. cit., p. 136. [BACK]
85. C. Serruya and T. Berman, “The Evolution of Nitrogen Compounds in Lake Kinneret,” in Developments in Water Quality Research (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), pp. 73–78. [BACK]
86. Goldsmid,op. cit., p. 9. [BACK]
87. Blass,op. cit., p. 185. [BACK]
88. “For years I had stood in opposition to the water legislation that the Mandate was about to legislate. It took time until I could get over my own principled hostility to a Water Law.” Ibid. [BACK]
89. S efer ha-Hokim, 1959, p. 169. [BACK]
90. Water Law, Notice of Agreement,Yalkut Pirsumim, 842, p. 1206. [BACK]
91. See generally: Laster,The Legal Framework. [BACK]
92. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. [BACK]
93. Ibid. [BACK]
94. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality,” p. 280. [BACK]
95. Dan ha-Levy, “Mekorot versus the Water Commissioner,”Davar, November 22, 1994. [BACK]
96. Daniel Hillel, “Water,” in The Negev: Land, Water and Life in a Desert Environment (New York: Praeger, 1982), p. 32; see also Rachel Carson,The Sea around Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950). [BACK]
97. Ben-Gurion,op. cit., pp. 305–306. [BACK]
98. Oded Lipshitz, “Agriculture, Water, and Much Adrenaline,”El ha-Mishmar, Musaf, August 25, 1992. [BACK]
99. Galnoor,op. cit., p. 299. [BACK]
100. Shoshana Gabbay,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1994), p. 21. [BACK]
101. Zafrir Rinat, “Altering Mother Nature's Recipe: To Get Water, Just Add Salt,”ha-Aretz, March 23, 1999. [BACK]
102. Hillel Shuval, “Quality Management Aspects of Wastewater Reuse in Israel,”Water Quality Management, p. 213. [BACK]
103. Uri Marinov, “How Israel Handles the Environment and Development,” Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993), p. 1253. [BACK]
104. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
105. Hillel Shuval, “The Problem of Sewage and Waste Discharges in Israel,” lecture to sanitary engineers, February 2, 1967, Tzrifin, Israel (manu-script available with author). [BACK]
106. Ibid. [BACK]
107. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
108. Yaakov Zak, “Water Quality in Israel's Streams,”Biosphera F, no. 9 (June 1977): 4; see also Yaakov Raveh, “Sources of Pollution in the Streams of Israel,”Biosphera 5 (1971): 9–12. [BACK]
109. S. Alfi, “The Alexander Stream: Conclusions of a Field Study for the Ministry of Health,”Biosphera 72, no. 7 (1972): 3. [BACK]
110. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279. [BACK]
111. Shuval, “Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel,” pp. 651–652. [BACK]
112. Alberto M. Wachs, “The Outlook for Wastewater Utilization in Israel,”Developments in Water Quality Research, ed. Hillel Shuval (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1971), pp. 109–111. [BACK]
113. Uri Marinov and Eitan Harel,The Environment in Israel (Jerusalem: National Council for Research and Development, 1972), p. 31. [BACK]
114. Avnimelech,op. cit. [BACK]
115. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 277. [BACK]
116. Whitman,op. cit., pp. 140–141. [BACK]
117. Emanuel Idelovich, “Can We Get Water at Drinking Water Quality from the Dan Plant?”Biosphera E, no. 1 (November 1975): 14–15, and re-sponse by Hillel Shuval, p. 15. [BACK]
118. Batiah Yadin,Wastewater Reuse (Tel Aviv: Mekorot, 1993). [BACK]
119. Whitman,op. cit., p. 142. [BACK]
120. Hillel Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Agriculture and Hygenic Problems,”Journal of the Engineers and Architects Association of Israel 9 (August 1951), pp. 38–40. [BACK]
121. Hillel Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Israel,” in Proceedings of an International Seminar on Soil and Water Utilization (South Dakota State College, Brookings, 1962), p. 40. [BACK]
122. Badri Fattal and Hillel Shuval, “Historical Prospective Epidemiological Study of Wastewater Utilization in Kibbutzim in Israel, 1974–77,” in Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality, Ed. Hillel Shuval (Philadelphia, Pa.: Balaban ISS, 1981), pp. 333–343. [BACK]
123. J. Cohen et al., “The Endemicity of Gastrointestinal Infections,” in Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1971), p. 3. [BACK]
124. B. Gerichter and D. Cahan, “Laboratory Investigations During the Cholera Outbreak in Jerusalem and Gaza, 1970,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health), pp. 26–35. T. A. Schwartz, “The Jerusalem Cholera Outbreak: The Course of the Epidemiological Investigation,” ibid., p. 13. [BACK]
125. Reuben Klasmer, “Primary Investigation and Chemoprophylaxis of Cholera,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health, 1971), p. 19. [BACK]
126. Z. Imre et al., “The Cholera Outbreak with Vibrio cholerae in the Gaza Area in 1970,”Public Health (Jerusalem: Ministry of Health 1971), pp. 39–40. [BACK]
127. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” p. 274. [BACK]
128. Ministry of Health Public Health Principles, 1981,Kovetz Takanot, no. 1357, p. 718. [BACK]
129. T. Naff and R. C. Matson,Water in the Middle East: Conflict or Cooperation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984). [BACK]
130. David Salick, “A Lebanese Time Bomb,”Green, Blue and White (August–September 1998): 14–15. [BACK]
131. Arie Issar, “Fossil Water under the Sinai-Negev Peninsula,”Scientific American 253 (1985, 107–108): see also E. M. Adar et al., “Quantitative Assessment of the Flow Pattern in the Southern Arava Valley (Israel) by Environmental Tracers and a Mixing Cell Model,”Journal of Hydrology 136 (1992): 333–352. [BACK]
132. Cardiological problems are primarily associated with the sodium ele-ment in salts. See Drinking Water and Health, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science Press, 1980), pp. 243–247. [BACK]
133. “We pour about two million tons of salt into our water each year. There's a billion cubic meters of water with a hundred milligrams per liter of chlorine. And everyone adds 100 grams of sewage a day. Getting the salt out. That is our real environmental problem.” Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. Other experts dispute this level of salinity infiltration, arguing that the amount is closer to one hundred thousand tons. Dan Zaslavsky, personal communication, September 22, 1998. [BACK]
134. Baruch Weber,Reduction of Salinity in Urban Effluents in Israel (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1996), p. 32. [BACK]
135. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279. [BACK]
136. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997. [BACK]
137. Ibid. [BACK]
138. Ibid. [BACK]
139. Israel State Comptroller,Report on Water Management in Israel (Jerusalem: State Comptroller's Office, 1990), pp. 22–23. [BACK]
140. Ministry of the Environment, “Water Quality,” in Environmental Quality in Israel, nos. 17–18,1990–91 (Jerusalem: Ministry of the Environment, 1991), pp. 269–270. [BACK]
141. Alon Rosenthal (Tal), “Nitrates in Drinking Water,”Harnessing Science for Environmental Regulation, ed. John Graham (New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 159–179. [BACK]
142. S. Wago, “Two Cases of Methemoglobinemia in Infants,”Ha-Refuah 5, no. 2 (1955): 35–36. [BACK]
143. M. Morales-Suarez-Varela et al., “Nitrates and Stomach Cancer,” Cancer Detection and Prevention 20 (1996): 5. [BACK]
144. Shuval, “The Problem of Sewage and Waste Discharges in Israel.” [BACK]
145. Interview with Hillel Shuval, Jerusalem, December 30, 1997. [BACK]
146. Abraham Mercado, “The Coastal Aquifer in Israel: Some Quality Aspects of Groundwater Management,” in Water Quality Management under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel as a Case Study, ed. Hillel Shuval (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 99. [BACK]
147. Hillel Shuval, “The Problem of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Israel,” VIBAS conference proceedings, Tel Aviv, 1972. [BACK]
148. C. Soliternick, Y. Kanovich, and Y. Shevach, “Sources of Ground Water Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds,” reprinted in Biosphera72, no. 9 (1972): 1–6. [BACK]
149. Shuval, “Waste Water Utilization in Israel.” [BACK]
150. Y. Kanovich and D. Blank, “Groundwater Pollution by Nitrates in Israel,”Biosphera I(1973): 7–8. [BACK]
151. Hillel Shuval, “Utilization of Sewage Water in Agriculture and Hygiene Problems,” manuscript available with author. [BACK]
152. Meir Ben Meir, personal interview, Tel Aviv, November 19, 1998. [BACK]
153. Lazi Shelef, personal communication, November 26, 1998. Nitron Purification Systems, which built Israel's first major facility of this type in Rishon L'Tzion, reports nitrate reductions from 90 to 40 milligrams per liter, with an additional benefit of cutting the chloride levels in half—from 120 to 60 milligrams per liter,“Technological Advantages of Ultra Filtration,” Nitron Purification Systems promotional material, 1999. [BACK]
154. Interview with Menahem Kantor, Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, November 20, 1997. [BACK]
155. Alon Tal, “Enforceable Standards to Abate Agricultural Pollution: The Potential of Regulatory Policies in the Israeli Context,”Tel Aviv Studies in Law 14 (1998), pp. 223–286. [BACK]
156. Joyce Starr, “The Quest for Water, from Biblical Times to the Present,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): p. 1265. [BACK]
157. Blass,op. cit., p. 330. A talmudic story (Mesechta Gittin 56 b) relates that after the Roman Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem, a mosquito flew into his nose and entered his brain, destroying it from within over seven years. [BACK]
158. Shaul Arlosoroff, “Managing Scarce Water: Recent Israeli Experience,”Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security (London: Frank Çass, 1996), p. 242. [BACK]
159. Hillel,op. cit., p. 221. [BACK]
160. Amnon Greenberg, Southern Arava Agricultural Research Center, personal communication, 1998. [BACK]
161. Blass,op. cit., p. 351. [BACK]
162. Netafim web site, http://www.netafim.co.il. [BACK]
163. Netafim, promotional film (undated). [BACK]
164. Ori Nir, “In California the Grapes—and the Grass—Are Greener,” Jerusalem Report, July 24, 1997, pp. 30–31. [BACK]
165. Hillel,op. cit., p. 221. [BACK]
166. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1280. [BACK]
167. Arlosoroff,op. cit., p. 246. [BACK]
168. Sandra Postel,Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (Washington D.C.: World Watch, 1992). [BACK]
169. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1972, p. 8. [BACK]
170. Rachel Adam and Uri Marinov, “Problems in Enforcing the Water Law, 1959,”Water and Irrigation 305 (1992): p. 235. [BACK]
171. Laster, “Legal Aspects of Water Quality, ” pp. 272–273. [BACK]
172. Adam Teva V'din (Israel Union for Environmental Defense), Annual Report,1995 (Tel Aviv: Adam Teva V'din, 1996), p. 5. [BACK]
173. Zadok Yehezkel and Anat Tal-Shir, “The Navy Leaves the Water,” Yediot Ahronot, July 27, 1001, pp. 1,3. [BACK]
174. Water Regulations (Prohibition of Hard Detergents), 1974,Kovetz Takanot, no. 3208, p. 1621. [BACK]
175. M. Ravid, “Hard Detergents Are Marketed in Israel in Contravention to the Law,”Biosphera 6, no. 12, (1977): 1–3. [BACK]
176. Avnimelech,op. cit., p. 1279. [BACK]
177. Mercado,op. cit., p. 134. [BACK]
178. Leah Muszkot, “First Results of Research That Examined Groundwater Point to Pollution by Hazardous Organic Materials,”Biosphera (October 1988): 15; see also Leah Muszkot et al., “Large Scale Contamination of Deep Groundwaters by Organic Pollutants,”Advances in Mass Spectrometry 11B (1990): 1628. [BACK]
179. Leah Muszkot, “Groundwater Quality, Problems, and Solutions,”Our Shared Environment—The Conference 1994, ed. R. Twite and R. Menczel (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestine Conference for Research and Information, 1995), pp. 70–86. [BACK]
180. Muszkot, “First Results,” p. 15. [BACK]
181. Israel Standards Institute,Gilayaon Hadracha, No. 193, as reported in “The Ministry of Health, 1959–1964”Public Health 8, no. 2, (1965): 474–475. [BACK]
182. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 11. [BACK]
183. Shuval, “Drinking Water and Sewage Disposal,” p. 475. [BACK]
184. Lilian and Shuval,op. cit., p. 12. [BACK]
185. The Water Regulations (The Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water), 1974, Regulation 7(e),Kovetz Tekanot, no. 3117, p. 556. [BACK]
186. Sefer ha-Hokim, 1962, p. 96. [BACK]
187. Uri Marinov and Deborah Sandler, “The Status of Environmental Management in Israel,”Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (1993): 1258. [BACK]
188. Alon Tal, “Six Reasons Behind Israel's Environmental Crisis,”Politica 47 (1993): 48. [BACK]
189. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 303. [BACK]
190. C. Serruya, “The Nutrient Load of Lake Kinneret,” in Merinov and Harel,op. cit., p. 41. [BACK]
191. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” pp. 307–308. [BACK]
192. Ibid., p. 303. [BACK]
193. R. J. Davis, “Investigation of the Pollution Problems of Lake Kinneret,” 1971, as cited in Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” note 17. [BACK]
194. Richard Laster, personal communication, January 30, 2002. [BACK]
195. Laster, “Lake Kinneret and the Law,” p. 311. [BACK]
196. Whitman,op. cit., p. 135. [BACK]
197. Gabbay,op. cit., pp. 27–28. [BACK]
198. Rachel Adam, personal communication, July 13, 1998. [BACK]
199. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit. [BACK]
200. Israel Water Commission,The Chemical Quality of Ground Water in the Coastal Aquifer of Israel, Report No. 76/1 (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Agriculture, 1976) and accompanying letter to Shaul Alazaroff, Deputy Water Commissioner, from authors Yaakov Kanfi and Daniel Ronen. [BACK]
201. Hillel Shuval, “The Impending Water Crisis in Israel,”Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality, ed. Hillel Shuval (Philadelphia: Balaban ISS, 1981), pp. 101–114. [BACK]
202. Israel State Comptroller,op. cit., p. 9. [BACK]
203. Oded Lipshitz, “Agriculture, Water and Much Adrenaline,”El ha-Mishmar, Musaf, August 25, 1992. [BACK]
204. Based on data from the 1980s, two Canadian experts wrote, “The State of Israel is commonly regarded as presenting a model of sound water man-agement. The reality is, however, different from the image.” Stephen C. Lonergan and David B. Brooks,The Economic, Ecological and Geopolitical Dimensions of Water in Israel (Victoria, British Columbia: Center for Sustainable Regional Development, 1992). [BACK]
205. Hillel,op. cit., p. 39. [BACK]
206. Pocket World in Figures: 2000 Edition (London: Economist, 1999), p. 1. [BACK]
207. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997. [BACK]
208. Ibid. [BACK]
209. Ibid. [BACK]
210. Dan Zaslavsky, personal communication, September 22, 1998. [BACK]
211. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997. [BACK]
212. Interview with Yitzhak Shamir, Tel Aviv, November 24, 1997. [BACK]
213. David Rudge, “Sewage Flows into Kinneret,”Jerusalem Post, May 3, 1992. [BACK]
214. H. Nahtomi, “Improvement in the Water Levels in the Aquifer and Southern Region,”Mabat l'Kalkalah v'l'Chevrah, November 11, 1994. [BACK]
215. Interview with Dan Zaslavsky, Haifa, September 29, 1997. [BACK]
216. David Amiran,Rainfall and Water Policy in Israel: Series of Dry and Rainy Years and Their Implications for Policy (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 1994). [BACK]
217. See Ha-Aretz newspaper special edition on the water crisis, July 15, 2001, available electronically at: http://www2.haaretz.co.il/special/water-e/. [BACK]
218. Zafrir Rinat, “Ex-Water Chiefs Report: Treasury Was Opposed to Desalination Plans,”Ha-Aretz, July 10, 2001. [BACK]
219. Shimon Tal, personal communication, Tel Aviv, January 1, 2002. [BACK]