1. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roo sevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994),

2. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 115.

3. See Abba Eban, Personal Witness: Israel through My Eyes (New York: Putnam, 1992), p. 80; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 130–131; Morgan, FDR, pp. 583–588; and Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, pp. 101–102, 453–454.

4. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 130–131.

5. Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Frank lin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), pp. 59, 250–255, and Morgan, FDR, p. 23.

6. Tivnan, The Lobby, pp. 19, 22, and Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Pales tine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1979), p. 55.

7. Dan Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision: Origins and Implications of American Involvement with the Palestine Problem (New York: Praeger, 1983), pp. 72–74.

8. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, pp. 100–102, 173–174, 397.

9. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, p. 36. Roosevelt had earlier referred to Britain's having "promised Palestine to the Jews." See Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 134.

10. Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 173.

11. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, p. 36.

12. See Table l, "Number of Immigrants Annually by Race. Total Number of Persons Registered as Immigrants," in A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991), p. 185. Figures given in Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 170, bring the total of Jewish immigrants for the same period to 331, 518.

13. Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 170.

14. See Appendix I, "Population, Immigration, and Land Statistics, 1919–1946," in Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, pp. 841–843.

15. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 138–139.

16. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, pp. 90–91.

17. Quoted in ibid., p. 113.

18. Quoted in Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 54.

19. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, p. 31.

20. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 2.

21. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, p. 31.

22. Ibid., p. 47.

23. Kenen, Israel's Defense Line, p. 9.

24. Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, pp. 48–49.

25. Tivnan, The Lobby, pp. 22–23.

26. Ibid., p. 24, and Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 172–174.

27. Kenen, Israel's Defense Line, p. 18; Wilson, Decision on Palestine, pp. 27, 45; and Manuel, The Realities of American-Palestine Relations, p. 312.

28. Quoted in Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision, p. 27.

29. Ibid., pp. 25, 27.

30. Ibid., p. 18.

31. Bruce J. Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press: Shaping Conven tional Wisdom at the Beginning of the Cold War (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992), p. 179.

32. Robert Lacey, The Kingdom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), pp. 267–272.

33. Neff, Fallen Pillars, pp. 25–26.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid., p. 25.

36. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 33.

37. For a biography of the Mufti, showing his gradual radicalization through the years, his efforts to thwart the Zionists, and his flirtation with the Nazis, see Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).

38. Neff, Fallen Pillars, p. 109.

39. Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem, p. 99.

40. Ibid., p. 122.

41. See Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab Politicsin Palestine, 1917–1939: The Frus tration of a Nationalist Movement (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979), for a study of Arab political organization and the development of local Palestinian nationalism in the British Mandate period. Lesch demonstrates the impact Britain's iron hand and the Zionists' political strength had on the Arabs' ability to establish effective political organizations.

42. See Muhammad Y. Muslih, The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), for an examination of early Palestinian nationalism. Muslih maintains that Palestinian nationalism evolved not only because of and in opposition to Zionism but alongside it and that it would have emerged as separate from broader pan-Arab nationalism even had Zionism not existed.

43. Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine, p. 234.

44. See Avi Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zion ist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), for a history of secret British-Zionist-Transjordanian cooperation in the decades before Israel's creation in 1948 and Transjordan's absorption of the areas of Palestine that were to have formed an Arab state according to the United Nations partition resolution.

45. Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1992), p. 325.