Index
A Q (fictional chracter), 272, 281
A Ying, 267
Academia Sinica, 148
academies, 199, 207–8, 213, [219n26]
advertisements: children in, 50; cigarette, 49, 54; for Commercial Press publications, 34, 35–36, 38, 39; domesticity portrayed in, 48–49, 52; drugstore, 82; forfilms, 368, 390–91, [398n30]; and mass culture, 83–84; medical, 49, 54, 66, 67, 68–69, 70, 78, 84–86; nationalism and, 67, 70; newspaper, 69, 70, 80, 81, 86; recruiting assassins, 304–5, [329n36]; in Shen bao,69, 86; and social reality, 62; for textbooks, 34, 36–37, 38, 39; Western and Chinese imagery in, 72–73; women in, 48, 73–75. See also Huang Chujiu, advertising by
Africa, [130n75], 309
Ailuo Brain Tonic, 7, 65, 71; advertising for, 64, 69, 71–72; packaging of, 63, 64
airports, 139
alayavijnana (true self), 236, 253, [256n16]
All-China Federation of Chambers of Commerce, 120, [134n173]
Althusser, Louis, 344
American Brewer and Company, 49
American Medical Association, 67
American Tobacco Company, 53
Analects,240
anarchism, 315
ancestor worship, 250
ancestral estates, 191, 198–99, 210–11. See also lineage estates
ancestral halls, 201, 204, [223n70]
Anderson, Benedict, 2, 32–33, 55–57
Anderson, Marston, 278
Anfu clique, [332n61]
Anjing, 116
annei rangwai (first pacify the interior, then expel the external aggressor) policy, 303
Anti-Japanese National Salvation Association of Returned Students from Japan, 301
anti-Japanese propaganda, [334nn84], [89]
anti-Manchu sentiment, 242, 250, 251, [257n42]
antirightist campaign, 184
Apter, David, 291, [297n61]
archival materials, 1–2
Aristotle, 41, 42
assassinations, 17, 317–18, [336n113]; of Chen Lu, 318; of Fu Xiaoan, 314; late Qing, 315–16; of Li Jinbiao, [331n55]; of Lu Bohong, [337n118]; of Wang Xianming, [340n171]; of Xi Shitai, 319–21; of Zhang Jingyao, 303–4; of Zhou Fengqi and Zhang Xiaolin, 315, [337n118]
assassins, 17, 20, 305, 315, 317
Aurora University, [187n3]
authoritarianism, 9, 14, 16, [28n13]
automobile industry, 148
Automobile Manufacturing Company, 148
Bagehot, W., 41
Bai, Judge (fictional character), 262
Bai, Mrs. (Morality Society lecturer), 355
Bai Chongxi, 89
Bai Wei, Breaking out of the Tower of Ghosts,273, 274–77, 282
Bai Yang, 376, 381, 390
Baike xiaocongshu (Mini collection of encyclopedic knowledge), 40
Bailes, Kendall, 152
Bailing huabao (Long Life Pictorial), 80
Baoding, 105, 109; military academy, [129n59], 175; women's movement in, 105, [129–30n60]
Baolun Hospital, 321
Baotou, 103
baptisms, 178
Barat, D., 86
Barlow, Tani, 90
Barthes, Roland, 2, 289
Basic Collectanea of National Learning (Guoxue jiben congshu), 40
Battle of Shanghai, 306, 307, 316
Baudrillard, Jean, 297
Becker, C. H., 146, [157n66]
Becker Commission, 146–47, [157n66], [158n68]
Beichen (Catholic magazine), 176
Beidi temple, 211, [225n95]
Beijiang Museum of Natural History, 162, 167–68
Beijing: as Chinese capital, 100, 101, 123, [128n22]; city walls of, 115, 117; criticism of, 111; drug-stores in, 89; influence on other cities, 107; and May Fourth Movement, 7; railroad connections to, 99, [128n10]; streetcars in, 124
Beijing Streetcar Company, 124
Beijing University, 36, 151, 175
Beijing waterworks, 114
Beijing-Zhangjiakou railroad, 149
Beiyang militarists, 304, 308, [338n147]
Beiyang University, 180, 181
Benedict XV, [189n11]
Benedictines, [187n3]
Bengal, women in, 346
Bentham, Jeremy, 41
Bergson, Henri, 40, 41
Bhabha, Homi, 33, [363n46]
biographies, 42
Bj⊘rnson, B., 42
Blue Shirts, 301, 303–4, 318, 319, [328–29n32]
Bluntschli, Johann, 243
Board of Civil Administration, [337n126]
Board of Rites, 240
body, 50–51, 77–78. See also female body
bond servants, 199, 205, [220n32]
Book of Rituals,352
Bornet, Fr., [188n10], [189–90n44]
Bornhak, Gustav, 243
Borsch, Fr., 178
Bowley, A. L., 41
Boxer Rebellion, 182–83, 263, 264
boycotts, 70, 71, 72, 120
Brasilia, 139
British-American Tobacco Company, 76
Buddhism, [330n53], 343; and Morality Society, 348, 353; in social thought of Zhang Taiyan, 15, 233, 235–36, 238, 253, [256n19]; women in, [364n76]
Bureau of Roads, 145, 146
Butterfield and Swire, 206
Butterfly fiction, 35, 36, 54
cabi dancai (rub-and-paint), 73, [94n50]
Café and Paradise Ballroom, 318
Cai, Grandmother (Morality Society member), 356
Cai Chusheng, 368, 371, 372; A Dream in Pink,371; Fisherman's Ballad,371. See also A Spring River Flows East
Cai Mengjian, 99, 100, 101, 126
Cai Yifei, [334n79]
Cai Yuanpei, 40
calendar: Chinese, 240; Japanese, 307; Western, 6, 32, 56
calendar posters: advertising medicines, 7, 74; as commercial art, 53–54, 82; Lu Xun on, 62, 76–77; 1930 example of, 55; origins of, 32; painters of, 7, [61n50], 62, 73, 77–78; in rural China, 82; and Western calendar, use of, 6, 56; Western influence on, 77–78; and women, as portrayed on, 7, 54–56, [61n50], 62, 73, 76
camel trains, 103, 113
"cannibalism" (Lu Xun), 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 280–81, 282, 289, 290, 292
Cao Kun, 107
Cao Mei, 315
Cao Yu, Thunderstorm,277
capital cities, 100–101, 123, 124, [128n22], 141
Capital Police Bureau, 351
Carlton Theater, 370
Carnegie, Andrew, 42
categorization of knowledge, 5, 40–44
Catholic colleges, 162, 168–69, [187–88n3]. See also Gong Shang College
Catholic community, 162–63, 165, 174, 186
Catholic Patriotic Association, 184, 185
Catholicism: under Chinese episcopate, 181–82, [190n47]; conversion to, 169; Counter Reformation model, 162–63, 164, 169–70, 174, 185, 186; after cultural revolution, 161, 184–85; as depicted in posters, 300; European, 162, 163; and hierarchical authority, 163, 164, 169–70, 173–74, 185, 186; and modernity, 162, 170; in rural and urban settings, 162, 165, 170; social theory in, 176–77, 186; values of, 161. See also French Jesuits; Jesuits
cellularization of villages, 216, [225n97]
Central China Area Army (Japanese), 307
Central China Commission for Control of Medicine (Huazhong yiyaopin tongzhi lianhehui), 88
Central Cinematography Studio (Zhongyang sheying chang), 369, 371
Central Copper Works, 150
Central Daily News,[329n36]
Central Electrical Manufacturing Works, 150
Central Machine Works, 148, 150
Central Steel Works, 148, 150
Certeau, Michel de, 2, 106
Cervantes, Miguel de, 42
Chakang (Xinhui), [220n32]
chambers of commerce: governance of, 120, 121, [134n173], [135n179]; in Japan, 119; late Qing framework for, 114; mentioned, 308; and merchant militia, 304; as mode of social organization, 237, 245, 247, 248; and municipal governance, 118–20; and municipal reform, 125–26; as source of revenue, 119, [134n166]
Chan, Wing-tsit, 348, [362n29]
Chang, Hao, 249, [255n7], [257n47]
Chang Chien Wen, 50
Changde, 106
Changsha, [129n55]
Chao, Thomas, [328n32]
Chaolian, 220, [224n86]
charitable associations, 209, [224n88]
charity, [220n34]
Charvet, Fr. Rene, 172, 173, 182
Chatterjee, Partha, 2, 346
Chen, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 355–56, 357–58
Chen, P. C., 50
Chen Baichen, 369; A Rhapsody of Happiness,370
Chen bao,369
Chen Bijun, [335n97]
Chen Cheng, [128n23]
Chen Duxiu, 32, 44, [131n90], 261
Chen Gongbo, 312
Chen Guofu, 89, 147, [336n117]
Chen Jiongming, [134n154]
Chen Jitang, 212, 214, [225n99]
Chen Kaiguang (Chen Yuanliang), 317, [338n135]
Chen Lifu, 322, [336n117], 343
Chen lineage, 197, [223n70]; of Tianma, 210, [223n70]; of Waihai xiang,[222n54], [224n86]
Chen Liting, 368, 369–70, 371, 372, 391, 394; Lay Down Your Whip,369, 377; A Rhapsody of Happiness,370; Women Side-by-Side,370. See also Far Away Love
Chen Lu, 318
Chen Qibai (Chen Daoliang), 300
Chen She, 316
Chen Tianhua, 111, 239
Chen Xiang, [222n54]
Chen Yixi, 215
Chen Yuanliang (Chen Kaiguang), 317, [338n135]
Cheng Hao, [220n38]
Cheng Ren (fictional character), 291–93
Cheng Yi, [220n38]
Chengdu, 104, 110, 116, 122, [131–32n95]
Chiang Kai-shek: antibourgeois sentiment of, [398n33]; and Blue Shirts, 301; and Dai Li, 314, 323; and Fu Xiaoan, 308; mentioned, [61n55], 174, 390; and regulation of new medicine, 85; and special operations, 89, 304, 318, 322; and Wang Jingwei, [340n172]; and war against Japan, 303, 314. See also Blue Shirts; Dai Li
children, 39, 50
Children's Theater Troupe, 372
China Air Materials Construction Company, 148
China Art Theater Society (Zhongguo yishu ju she), 369
China Bookstore, 33, 37
China Film No. 1, 367
China Film No. 2, 367, 369, 370
China Film No. 3, 367
China Film Studio (Zhongguo dianying zhipianchang), 369, 370, 372, [396n1]
China Medical Journal,85
China Revival Society (Huaxing hui), [337n124]
China Weekly Review,[340n174]
China-France Company of the Western Region, 87
Chinese Bank of Commerce, 308
Chinese calendar, 240
Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 304
Chinese Engineering Association, 11
Chinese Engineering Society, 149
Chinese identity, 3, 165, 180–81, 232, 234, 240, 324–25, 393
Chinese Iron and Blood Army, 318
Chinese learning, 41, 43
Chinese Medical Association, 84
Chinese medicine, 66, 68
Chinese Society of Engineers, 149, 150, 151
Chinese Youth National Salvation Association, 304, 306, 316, 317–18
chivalricfiction, 266, 267
Chongqing: as Chinese capital, 100–101; dance and party scene, 377, 382; engineers in, 153; drugstores in, 87; filmmaking in, 368, [396n1]; Nationalist agents in322, 323; urbanization in, 106
Christianity, 343. See also Catholicism
chrysanthemum festival, 211, [225n92]
Chu Minyi, 87, 88, 89, 312, [335n97]
church and sect, 173–74
Cicero, 42
cigarette advertisements, 49, 54
Ciro's, 318
cities: advocates for, 112; as centers of social criticism, 108–9; coastal and interior, 106–7; criticism of, 110–11; and freedom, 112–13; group formation in, 120–21; influences among, 107–8; progress and preservation in, 124; rural influence on, 112, [130n75]; and urban identity, 123–24; and vice, 111, [132n104]. See also capital cities; urban networks; urbanization
citrus peel trade, 201, 207, 209, 212, [224n81]
city flowers, 108, 118
city walls, 109, 117, 125, [133n129]; Nanjing, 140; and road construction, 114–15, 145, 213–14
civil aviation, 148
civil society, 195; and public sphere, 246–47
"cleanse the villages" policy, 307, [332n63]
Colgate Company, 49
collaboration: ambiguity of, 20, 311–13, 323; in film, 379; infilm industry, 366, 367; by Jesuits of Gong Shang College, 12, 177–78; mainland television series on, [341n182]; and Morality Society in Manzhouguo, 349, 358; and patriotism, 349; and peace, 311–12, [334n91]; and people who remained in Shanghai, 379, 387; as "realism," 308–9; and urban interests, 122–23. See also Chen Lu; Dadao government of Shanghai; Fu Xiaoan; hanjian; Liang Hongzhi; provisional government; reform government; Wang Jingwei; Xi Shitai
commercial art, 53, 82. See also calendar posters
Commercial Press, 33, 39, 57, [59nn11], [19], 63, 103; enlightenment project of, 5, 47; periodicals of, 32, 35–36, [59n27]; repositories of, 39–43; textbook production of, 34, 36–37, 38–39
commercials, 80
Commission for Removal to Sichuan (Qian chuan weiyuanhui), 87
Communist literature, 278–80, 286; discourse of crime and punishment, 272, 274, 284, 289, 290–91, 293; and Mao's Yan'an talks, 283–84
Communist Party, 18, 43, 261, 325, 390
Communist spies, 322
Company Law (1929), 142
compradors, 194
Comte, Auguste, 42
Confucian Temple, 307–8
Confucianism: and assassins, 315; and Catholic values, 12, 186; and Japanese rule, [330n53], 349, [362n33]; in late imperial China, 14, 343, [363n61]; and Morality Society, 22, 348, 351; in New Life Movement, 343; and redemptive societies, 349
Confucius, 174, 240
congshu (collectanea), 40. See also repositories Constantini, Cardinal, 172
Constitution Protection Movement, [131n86]
constitutionalist movement, 15, 244–45, 249, 250, [258nn47], [49]
consumerism, 4, 5
controlled economy, 148
Cornell University, 149
corrupt officials, 263, 281. See also judicial corruption
"counterfeit localism," 8
courtesan literature, 45, 51
courtroom drama, 272–77, [295n35]
courtroomfiction, 266, 287, 290, 293
Cuihuan (fictional character), 264
cultural imaginary, 44
Cultural Revolution, 319, 325
cultural soldiers (wenhua zhanshi), 377
cultural studies, 2
Cushing, Principles of Human Geography,42
Da shijie (Great World), 79
da tian er (local bosses), 215, [226n113]
Da yitong (grand unification), 2
Dadao (Great Way) government of Shanghai, 306–7, [331nn54], [58], [338n147]; police bureau, [331n58]
dagong (supreme publicness), 236, 237
Dai Hongzi, 244
Dai Li: and assassinations in Shanghai, 315, 317, [337n119]; and Blue Shirts, 303, 304; and communists, 301; death of, 323, [341n188]; and Du Yuesheng, 305; and Juntong, 314, 316, 322; and postwar treatment of traitors, 323; recruits of, 314; and Song-Hu Chief Special Action Corps, 305–6; and Wang Jingwei, [340n172]. See also Juntong
Dai Ze, 244
daily life, 5, 7, 52, 127, 137
dan (floating population), 200, 204, 210
Dante, 42
Dao Yuan (Society of the Way), 342, 344
Daodehui. See Morality Society
Daoguang (Gong Shang College newspaper), 162, [188n10]
Daoism, 343, 348, [364n76]
Darnton, Robert, 33, 372–73, 396
Darwin, Charles, 41
decapitation, 269–70, 272, 291
Defoe, Daniel, 41
democratization, 117, 121, [135n179]
Deng Yingchao, [129n55]
department stores, 52, 104
Derrida, Jacques, [361n15]
Descartes, René, 41
Deshou, [337n123]
developmental state (Johnson), 139, [154n17]
Dewey, John, 40, 41
Dianshizhai huabao (Pictorial from the stone-tablet studio), 47
Dianying,391
Diary of a Homecoming (Zhang Junxiang), 395
Dickens, Charles, 41
Diderot, Denis, [60n31]
Dilintang, 207, 212
Ding Ling, 284, 286; The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River,18, 288–93; "When I Was in Xia Village," 284–86, 287, 288, 292
Ding Mocun, 322
Ding San, 309
disloyalty, 324
Disney, Walt, 78
dogkillers squad (dagou tuan), 301
domestic and public spaces, 48–49, 52, 354
Dong Xiujia, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116–17, 118, [131n83]
Dongfang wenku (Eastern repository), 39–40
Dongfang zazhi (Eastern miscellany), 32, 33, 34, 35, 36–37, 49, [59n11]
Donghai shiliu sha,[222n55]
Dongnan ju (Dongnan gongyue), 208–9
dragon and tiger, 70, 72, [93n39]
Dragon and Tiger Company (Longhu gongsi), 69
drama troupes, 369, 372, 376–78, 380, 386
dress-consciousness, 5, 48, 51
drinking water, 102
drug addiction, [335n107], 344, 353
drugstores, 63–66, 75, 79, 80–83, 86, 87–88, 89–90
Du Yaquan, 34; Chushi zhexue,39–40
Du Yuesheng, 85–86, 303, 305–6, [336n117]
Duan Fang, 244
Duan Qirui, 304, [332n61]
Duara, Prasenjit, 201, 208, 250–51
duhua (poisoning), [335n107]
Dumas, père andfils, 42
Durkheim, Émile, 41, 42
East Asia League, 324
East River system (Pearl River delta), 202
Eastman, Lloyd, 302, 319
East-West dichotomy, 32, 342–43, 344, 345, 348, 349
ecclesiastical hierarchies, 164, 174
Edison, Thomas, 42, 174
Eight Thousand Miles of Clouds and Moon (Shi Dongshan), 24, 370, 376–80, 381, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 395, [397n18], [398n41]; praise of, 391. See also Shi Dongshan
electrification, 141–42, 152
Elvin, Mark, 50–51, 77
Employment Bureau for Intellectual and Technical Workers, 146
Encyclopedists, 41, [60n31]
engineering associations, 149, 150, [159n85]
engineers, 151–53; education of, 146, 147, 149, 151, 172–73
English language, 35, 36, 171
enlightened despotism, 243, 244, [257–58n47]
enlightenment, 4–5, 6, 33–34, 37
Enling, 316
enunciation, [363n46]. See also women, as enunciating subjects
equality, 236, 248, 252, 253
Esherick, Joseph, 201
Esperanto, 344
ethnic identity, 14, 19, 300
Eucken, Rudolf, 40, 41
evolution, 31, 35, 161, 233, 234, 235
evolutionary history, 343, 345, [360–61n15]
exposéfiction, 266, 268
"expressive appearances," 238, [256n22]
Fab detergent, 49, 52
Fahai (monk), 275
family: as allegory for the nation, 24, 384–86; in
film, 375, 377, 385, 392, 393
family research groups, 352
family values, 392, 393
Fan Huo, [220n34]
Fan Jimin, [331n55]
Fan lineage (Xiuning county), 199, [220n34]
Fan Lizhu, 161
Fan Palm Guild (Kuishan huiguan), 206, 207, 208, 212, [224n85], [225n103]
fan palm merchants, 201, 206, 209, 212, [223nn72], [74], [75], [224n79]
Fang Peilin, 368
Fang Renzhi, [335n102]
Fang Wenpei, 104
Fang Yanchu, [335n102]
Far Away Love (Chen Liting), 24, 369–70, 373–76, 377, 378, 380, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390–91, 395
fashion, 47–48, 77, 107
Faure, David, 191, 194, 196–97, 214
Faustian-Promethean strain (Schwartz), 32
Fei Mu, 372
Fellowship of Goodness (Tongshanshe), 342, 348, [362n29]
female body, 5, 50–52, 74–75, 350, 355–56
female virtue, 350, 352, 353
Feng, Director (Morality Society), 352, 354, 355
Feng Yuxiang, [225n92], 303
Festival of the Bathing of the Buddha, 98
festivals, 12, 98, [127n6], 211, [225n92]
feudalism, 280
Feuerwerker, Yitsi Mei, 285, 288
fiction: hell in, 265–66, 267, 268–69, 271, 283, [294n20], [297n74]; land reform in, 18, 288–89, 291; late Qing, 262–69, 293; sensationalism in, 268. See also literature filiality, 352, 353, 356–58, [364n71]
Film Bureau (Ministry of Culture), 370, 371
film industry: collaboration in, 366, 367; educational goals of, 367; and Guomindang, 368, 391, 394–95; in Hong Kong, 371; in the interior, 366, 367, 381, [396n1]; nationalization of, 366–67; in1930s, 365–66; patriotic mobilization propaganda, 366, 367; postwar, 366–68, 369–70, 394–96; private sector, 367; in Shanghai, 23, 366, 368
filmmakers: during Cultural Revolution, 371, 372; leftist, 367–68, 309
films: advertisements for, 52; aesthetic format of, 395–96; audience for, 386–88, 391–92, 393, 396; brutality of Japanese depicted in, 384–85; consumer demand for, 366, 391–92; cultural politics of, 390–94, 395; family in, 24–25, 375, 377, 392, 393, 395; gender in, 25, 388–89; negative characters in, 24, 392–93; periodicals on, 45, 51; Soviet, 369; victory as defeat in, 394–96
Five Continents Drug Store, 66
five ethical relationships, 351, [363n48]
Five Nonexistences, 246
flags, 307, 345 floods, 144, 264 flowers, 54–56
Foochow Road (Shanghai), 32
foot binding, 48, 102, 346, 347
Foreign Medicine Guild (Yangyao gongsuo), 85
foreign relations, 240
forensic discourse, 262, 293
formal appearances, [256n22]
Foshan, [221n51]; lineages of, 197, 204; local elite in, 191, 194, 198; products of, 203
Foucault, Michel, 2, 268
Foucault's paradox, 297
France, 11–12, 166–67, 171, 322–23. See also French Jesuits
Frankfurt school, 395
Franklin, Benjamin, 41
French Chamber of Commerce, 166
French Commercial Tramway Company, [333n69]
French Jesuits, 11–12, 162, 166–67, [187n3]. See also Gong Shang College
French language, 166, 171, [187n3]
Freud, Sigmund, 35, 41
Fu Duoma, [329n41]
Fu Ren University, 163, 176, 177–78, [187n3]
Fu Xiaoan (Fu Zongyao), 308–9, 314, [333n69]
Fu Yanchang, 45
Fujian Finance Bureau, [330n52]
Fujian merchants, 191
Functional approach, 2
Funü ribao (Women's daily), 104–5, [129n55]
Funü zazhi (Women's magazine), 35, 36, [59n17], 350
Fu-Rong salt-yard elite, 201
Gan Guoxun, 304
Gandhism, 40
Gang Yi, 17
Gangbi (fictional character), 262, 263, 264
Gangzhou port project, 214–15
Gangzhou public bureau, 207, 212
Gangzhou shuyuan (Gangzhou Academy), 207, 208
Gansu College of Law and Politics, 109, [131n85]
Gao Libin (fictional character), 377–80, 379, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392
Gao Wenyue, 304
Gao Zheng, 377, 381
garden cities, 109, 110, 127
Geertz, Clifford, 251
gender politics, 292, 388–89
General Chamber of Commerce, 308
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 42
Gogol, N., 42
Goldsmith, Oliver, 41
gong (publicness), 233, 245, 248, 253, 254–55, [256n19], [259n71]
Gong Debo, 301
Gong Shang College (Institut des Hautes Etudes Industrielles et Commerciales de Tientsin), 11–12; accreditation of, 166, 171–72, 182; anti-Japanese activities at, 179; as Catholic college, 163–64, 165, 168–69, 172–73, 176–77; under Chinese Jesuits, 182; under Communist Party, 183–84; compared to Zhendan and Fu Ren universities, 164, [187n3]; compromise mentality at, 180–81; curriculum of, 168, 171–72; dismantling of, 184; establishment of, 167; expansion of, 172–73, 178–79; faculty of, 168, 180; French identity of, 170–71; under Japanese occupation, 178–79; name of, 166, 172, 182; publications, [188n10]; after Sino-Japanese War, 181; during Sino-Japanese War, 177–80, 181, 185; and social service, 176; student activism at, 169, 175–76, 183–84; student body of, 168, 169, 174–75; study of Japanese language at, 179; and Tianjin elite, 182; women's division of, 178–79; yearbooks, 174–75, 179, 183, [188n10]
gongli (public principle), 233, 234, 235, 237, 248, 254, [255n10]
Goodman, Bryna, 121, 123
Gouzi (fictional character), 281
grain trade, 203, 206, 209, 210
Great China University, 308
Great China-France Drug Store, 64, 65, 66, 75, 86, 87, 89, 90
Great Eastern Ballroom, 318
Great Eastern Dispensary, 53, 64
Great Japan New Political Affairs Bureau, 302–3
Great Rituals Controversy, 197
Great World (Da shijie), 79
Great World Amusement Building, 53
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 324
Greater Shanghai Plan, 107
Green Gang, 85–86
Gregory, Lady, The Rising of the Moon,369
Gregory, Peter, [256n16]
group formation, cities and, 120–21
grouping (qun), 233, 237, 246–47, 248–49
Gu Sungmao, 303
Gu Zhuxuan, 303
Guan Zhong, 240
Guandi Temple, 304, [329n36]
Guangdong: lineage formation in, 197; merchants, 191, 194, 201, 202; warlords, 211, 212
Guangshun tang,[223n74]
Guangzhi publishing company, 37
Guangzhou: and China's capital, 101; critique of, 111; drug business in, 79, 89; and foreign trade, 204, [222n62]; railroad connections to, 99, [128n10]; urban reconstruction in, 114, 115, 141
guilds, 206, [219n26]; democratic practices in, 121, [135n179]. See also Fan Palm Guild
Guilin, 100
Guo Moruo, 372; Qu Yuan,369
Guo Su'e (fictional character), 286–88
Guo Weimin, 323
Guocui xuebao (National essence studies report), 242
Guofang sheji weiyuanhui (National Defense Planning Commission), 150, 151
Guoji fan qinglüe yundong dahui Zhongguo fenhui (Chinese Branch of the International Anti-Aggression Movement Society), [334n84]
guomin (national citizen), 37, 38, 44
Guomindang. See Nationalist party-state Guoxue baoxun hui (Society for the Preservation of National Learning), 242
Guoxue jianghua (Talks on national learning), 242
Guoxue jiben congshu (Basic collectanea of national learning), 40
Gutzlaff (missionary), 300
Habermas, Jurgen, 2, 33, [58n8], 246
Hahn, Emily, [340n172]
Haiyan Film Studio, 370
Hang Laoliu (fictional character), 289–90
Hang Zhiying, 7, 73, 74, 75–76, 78
hanjian: and betrayal of ethnocultural identity, 19, 299, 324–25, [333n72]; Blue Shirts and, 301–2; Chongqing policy on, 311; designated by Communist Party, 300–301; executions of, 301, 302, [341n184]; extortion of taxes by, 314, [336n108]; four great traitors of Guangdong, 323; in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, 302–3; for Jurchen Jin dynasty, 299; Korean and Taiwanese, [328n24]; merchants as, 305, 313–14, 379; during Ming and Qing, 299–300, 308, 324, [326nn8], [9]; natives of Subei as, 302–3; origins and meanings of term, 20, 298–99, 300, [326n1], [327n13]; and peace, 312–13; after Pearl Harbor, 321–23; published lists of, 314, [336n113]; relatives of, 309–11, [333n75], [334n85], [335n102]; repentant, 311; and transgression by outsiders, 299, 303, [328n24], [336n110]; trials of, 323–24. See also assassinations; collaboration; terrorism
Hankou, 99, 107, 114, 120, 126, [133n129]; drug-stores in, 89; merchants in, 121, 191, 194
Hanyu da cidian,298, [363n35]
Hatamen cigarettes, 54
Hauptmann, Gerhart, 42
Hay, John, 74
Hayhoe, Ruth, 147
He Bingru Gong tang,206
He Feiguang, The Light of East Asia,[396n1]
He Jintang, 213
He lineage: Huicheng, 205, [223n67], [225n101];
Shawan, 211, [225n95]
He Naizhong, [225n92]
He Ruoshan, 25n101
He Wenyan (fictional character), 382–83, 389, 392
He Wenyi Gong tang,[223n67]
He Xiongxiang, 205, [223n67]
He Yanggao, [225n94]
He Yingqin, 323
Health Authorities of the Foreign Settlement, 86
heavenly principle (tianli), 234, [255n10]
Heavenly Spring Dream (Tang Xiaodan), 391, 395
Hebei Normal School, 184
Hebei Normal University, 184
Hebei University, 184
Hecheng native bank, 206
Hefeng shuyuan (Hefeng Academy), [225n92]
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 235
Heini (fictional character), 291–92
Hell, 265–66, 267, 268–69, 271, 283, [294n20], [297n74]
heroes, 18, 20–21, 24
Hetang, [224n86]
hidden transcripts (Scott), 359
hierarchy, 13–14, 16, 163, 164, 169–70, 173–74, 185
higher education, 166, 167, 170, 171–72, 176, [187–88n3], [189n23]; reform of, 146–47, 149; during Sino-Japanese War, 177. See also Gong Shang College
Hinduism, 346
history. See evolutionary history Hitchcock, Alfred, 396
H.M.S. Nemesis,300
Hobbes, Thomas, 41
Hobson, John, 41
Hoffman, Stanley, [333n74]
Holmes, Sherlock, 268, [295n28]
Homer, 42
Hong Chengchou, 299
Hong Kong, 82, 90, 101, 112, 212
Hongwanzihui. See Red Swastika Society
Hou, Chiming, 72
Hou Fangyu, 308
Hsia, C. T., 281, 282
Hsia, T. A., 270
Hsiao Kung-chuan, [220n39]
Hu Feng, 284, 287
Hu Shi, 36, 40, 112, 120, 123, 124
Hu Zhenggu, [331n58]
Huai River, 145
Huan, Duke of Qi, 315
Huang, Philip, 201
Huang Chujiu: advertising by, 63, 64, 70–72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 84; and buildings in Shanghai, 79; and calendar poster, 7, 53, 73–75; death of, 87; early years, 63; and Green Gang members, 85–86; Japanese models for, 67, 69–70, 71; and popularization of images of the elite, 78, 90–91; and regulation of new medicines, 85–86; reputation as slippery, 65. See also Ailuo Brain Tonic; Human Elixir
Huang Fu, 303
Huang Jie, 242
Huang Jinrong, 85–86, 305, [336n117]
Huang Kewu, 49
Huang lineage (Shawan), 211
Huang Meizhen, [341n182]
Huang Xiaoyang, 197
Huang Xing, 315, [337n124]
Huangdaohui (Yellow Way Society), [330n53]
Huanghou Theater, 369, 370
Huaxing hui (China Revival Society), [337n124]
Hugo, Victor, 42
Huguang Theater, 370, 371
Huicheng (Xinhui), [221n51]; ancestral halls in, 205–6, [223n68]; city wall, 213–14; lineages, 205, 210, [223nn67], [68], [224n86]; merchants in, 206, 209, 210, 212–15
huiguan (provincial hostels), 121
Huizhou, 198–99, [220n37]; merchants, 191, 194, 198–99, 200, [219n26]; opera, 200
Human Elixir (Chinese-made), 7, 67, 69; advertising for, 70, 71–72, 89; sales of, 71; after Sino-Japanese War, 89, 90
Humane Elixir (Japanese-made), 67–69, 71, 73, 89
Hundred Days Reform, 231
Hung, Changtai, 394
Huntington, Principles of Human Geography,42
Huo Liangchen, [331n58]
Huo lineage of Foshan, 197
Huo Tao, 197
Ibsen, Henrik, 42, 48
Illustrated Fiction (Xiuxiang xiaoshuo), [294n22]
imaginary, 44, 57
"imagined communities" (Anderson), 32–33, 57
imperial library, 200
India, 112; nationalist ideology and women in, 346, 347
individual: Chinese concept of, 231–32; and Chinese modernity, 4; and the collectivity, 16, 231–32, 245–46; May Fourth conception of, 15–16, 234; and morality, 236; in post–Cultural Revolution critical perspective, 17; in Zhang Taiyan's thought, 14–16, 233, 234–36
individual freedom, 234
industrialization: 10–11, 106, [132n117], 212; in Nationalist strategy, 10, 148, 150–51
Institut des Hautes Etudes Industrielles et Commerciales de Tientsin. See Gong Shang College
Institute of Research in Natural Science (Tianjin), 167
interior decoration, 48
interpellation (Althusser), 344–45
Irish drama, 369
Irving, Washington, 41 "island Shanghai," 314
Italian Association of Sericulture, 144
Jameson, Fredric, 2, 14, 231–32
Japanese Consular Police, [339n156]
Japanese Military Police, 321
Japanese occupation: of north China, 303–4, 348–49; ordinary people under, 365, 378, 386–87, 392, [397n21]; of Shanghai, 302–3; urban reaction to, 122–23
Japanese Spy (Yuan Congmei), [396n1]
Jeme Tian Yau (Zhan Tianyou), 149
Jenks, Edward, 41, 250
Jesuit archives, [188n10]
Jesuits, 11–12, 178, 182; collaboration and resistance by, 177–78, 179–80; expelled from China, 183, [190n44]. See also French Jesuits
Ji Xiaolan, [60n31]
Jia Wei (fictional character), 262, 263, 264
Jiang Guangci, The Roaring Earth,278–80, 282, 290
Jiang Haisheng, 305, 317, [329n36]
Jiang Jingguo, 393, [398n33]
Jiang Lingyu (fictional character), 376–80, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392, 393
Jiang Weiqiao, 37
Jiangmen, 200, 206, 207, 208, [221n51]
Jiangsu Higher Court, 324
Jiangsu-Zhejiang Operations Committee, 305
jianmin (treacherous people), [326n9]
Jianming guowen jiaokeshu (Concise textbook for Chinese literature), 38
Jianshe dagang cao'an (Draft plan for the fundamentals of national reconstruction), 141
Jiaotong University, 147, 151, [157n56]
Jiaoyu zazhi (Education magazine), 35
Jinan, 101, [128n23]
Jing Ke, 315
Jingan Temple (Shanghai), 98
Jingu College, 182. See also Gong Shang College
Jingxian shuyuan (Jingxian Academy), 207, 208
jinhua (evolutionary view of history), 343
jinxin (to devote yourself), 351, [363n45]
jiu da shantang (Nine Great Charitable Associations), [224n88]
Jiuguo ribao (National salvation daily), 301
Jiuzisha, [223n67]
Johnson, Chalmers, [154n17]
judicial corruption, 263, 264–65, 266–67, 268–69, 290, [297n74]
Junshi weiyuanhui Su-Zhe xingdong weiyuanhui (Jiang-su-Zhejiang Operations Committee), 305
Juntong (Military Statistics): assassinations by, 318, [337nn118], [119]; infiltrated by puppets, 322, 323–24; placed under Dai Li, 314; Shanghai station, 314; telephone monitoring section of, [339n156]. See also assassinations; Dai Li
Jurchen Jin dynasty, 20, 299
justice: in late-Qing-and May Fourth–era literature, 260–61, 262–69, 293; and modernity, 260; and revolution, 274; views of Liu E and Li Boyuan compared, 266–67; and violence, 17, 261, 262, 263–64, 293
Kang Youwei, 233, 241, 347, 348
Kangxi emperor, 205
Kant, Immanuel, 41, 236
Kemuyama Sentaro, 315
Kimball, D. S., 41
Kirby, William C., [327n12]
Kita Seiichi, [330n53]
knights-errant, 261, [294n10], 316
Koff ka, K., 41
Koiso Kuniaki, 324, [341n187]
Kong Shangren, 310
Koreans, [328n24]
Kropotkin, P., 40, 41
Kuhn, Philip, 200
Kunlun Film Studio, 368, 370, 371, 372
Lai lineage (Shawan), 211
Lake Tai Special Action Command, 305
land, equal distribution of, 248, 252
land division, 250
land reform, 213; infiction, 18, 288–89, 291; local bosses and, 216
Lang, Olga, 105, 107
Langevin, Paul, [157n66]
Lanzhou: as central city, 98, 99–101, 102; chamber of commerce in, 119; compared to other cities, 98–99, 100, 103, [127n6]; criticism of Shanghai in, 111–12; as a garden city, 110; growth of, in1930s and1940s, 103; industry in, 102, 106; May Fourth protests in, 106, 109; municipal government, 110, [134n166]; after 1949, 101; roads and transportation in, 99, 113, 114, [133n120]; rural influence in, 103; students in, [130n68]; urban development in, 101–2, 103, 113, 126; and urban networks, 8; during war against Japan, 99–100, 101
Lao Can (fictional character), 262–65, [295n28], [297n74]
Lao She, 107; Four Generations under the Same Roof,[341n182]
Laski, Harold, 41
Law of Insurance (1929), 142
League of Left-Wing Dramatists, 369
League of Nations, 43, 143–44, 146, 148
League of Nations Engineering Mission to China, 144–45, 146, 147–48
learned societies, 245, 247, 248–49
Lebbe, Vincent, [187n2], [189n11]
Lee, Leo Oufan, 83
Leifeng Tower, 275
Leng Wangu, 115, 116, 117, 125
Lenin, V., 138, 141–42
Leo XIII, 176, 177
Levenson, Joseph, 345
Li, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 357
Li Bai, [397n22]
Li Boyuan, [294n22]; Living Hell,265–69, 270–71, 290–91, [294n22]
Li Fuqun, 323
Li ji,240
Li Jie (fictional character), 278–80, 282, [296n48]
Li Jinbiao, [331n55]
Li Lihua, 56
Li lineage: of Foshan, 197; of Shawan, 211
Li Peng, 138
Li Shengduo, 244
Li Shengwu, 312
Li Shizeng, 40, [60n31]
Li Xinghe, [340n166]
Li Zehou, 17
Li Zhishan, [129n55]
Li Zongren, 313
Liang Bi, 316
Liang Bingyun, [225n92]
Liang Chunrong, 207
Liang Hongye, [225n101]
Liang Hongzhi, 307, 308, 314, 322, [331–32n61], [338n147]
Liang Qichao: Bianfa tongyi,249; on group formation, 120, 245–46; and the individual and the nation, 239, 241, 243, [257n42], [257–58n47]; and learned societies, promoter of, 248–49;
― 423 ―as nationalist, 72; native village of, [220n32]; and new people, 31, 44; and Qing reforms, 244; and Western calendar, 32; and Zhang Taiyan, compared with, 232, 241, 242–43, 245–46, 254; and Zhang Taiyan, as rival of, 15, 233, 239Liang Tongfang, [329n35]
Liang Zhangju, [331n61]
Liangyou huabao (The young companion), 44–47, 49–50, 51, 52–53, [61n55]
Liangyou tushu yinshua gongsi (Good friend books and printing company), 45, 57
Liangyou wenku (Liangyou repository), 45, 57
Liangyou wenxue congshu (Liangyou's collectanea of literature), 45
Lianhua Film Studio, 368, 370, 371, 372
Lianxing gongzhan,[223n74]
Lianxing tang,[223n74]
Liao, King of Wu, 315
libraries, 105, 107
Licent, Fr. Pierre, 162, 167–68
Lidu Theater, 371
Lienü zhuan (Records of chaste women), 350
The Light of East Asia (He Feiguang), [396n1]
lijin (transit tax), 200, 207
Lin hengji,207, [224n79]
Lin Shu, 36, 41, 42
Lin Yutang, 69, 81, 86
Lin Zhijiang, 315
Lincoln, Abraham, 174
lineage estates, 197, 203–4, 209–10. See also ancestral estates
lineage genealogies, [220n34], [223n69]
lishen (to establish your self or body), 351, 355–56, 357, 358, [363n45]
literacy, [130n65]
literary complicity, 261, 262, [294n11]
literati, and commerce, 197, [218n16]
literature: anti-Communist, [296n55]; covered in repositories, 39–40, 41–42, 45; leftist, 18, 261, 278, 282; and violence, 261. See also fiction "literature for the common people," 261
"literature for the insulted and the injured," 261
literature of blood and tears (xue he lei de wenxue), 260, 277–78, 284, 287
Liu, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 353
Liu Chunshou (fictional character), 286
Liu Dinghan, Bishop, 162
Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can,17, 262–65, 266, 267, 268, 270–71, 290–91, [294n20], [297n74]
Liu Geqing, 318
Liu Guanxun, [128n23]
Liu Kwang-ching, 194
Liu lineage (Huicheng), 205
Liu Ruiheng, 84
Liu Wanqing, [331n58]
Liu Xiang, Shuo yuan,315
Liu yiji,207, [224n79]
Liu Zaifu, 17, 261, 289
Liu Zhiwei, 204
Liugeng tang,211, [225n95]
Lixingshe (Vigorous Action Society), 301, 304, 319
liye (to fulfill an enterprise or profession), 351, 352, 356, [363n45]
lizhi (to resolve your will), 351, 358, [363n45]
local bosses: da tian er,215–16, [226n113]; and lineage institutions, 209–11; and merchants, 12, 200, 202, [225n103]; of 1990s, 216; in the sands of Zhongshan county, [225n93]
local self-government, 117–18, [224n88]; 250–51
Long Jiguang, 213
Long Life Pictorial (Bailing huabao), 80
Longhu gongsi (Dragon and Tiger Company), 69
Longhua, 306
Loyal and Patriotic Army (Zhongyi jiuguo jun), 305, 323
Loyal and Virtuous Family (Zhong yi zhi jia), 367–68
Lu, Hanchao, 107
Lu Bohong, [337n118]
Lu Jingshi, 305
Lu Ling, 284, 287, 290; "Hungry Guo Su'e," 286–88
Lu Xiaoman, 45
Lu Xun: on advertising and society, 66, 67, 91; allegory of iron house, 270; on calendar posters, 62, 76–77; and cannibalism, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 280–81, 282, 290, 292; and decapitation, 269–70, 272, 281, 291; "Diary of a Madman," 270, 277; film by Zheng Junli on, 372; as follower of Zhang Taiyan, 16, 232, 234; as justice seeker, 270–72; and late Qing intellectual chivalry, [295n34]; mentioned, 22, 44; "New Year Sacrifice," 271; "On the Collapse of the Leifeng Tower," 275; "Soap," 347, 350; "The True Story of A Q," 272, 281, 290; on women, 347; and Wu Zuxiang, 280–81
Lu Ying, 319
Lu Zuonan, 212–13
Lubao, 200, [221n51]
Lufei Bohong, 71
Lufthansa, 148
Luo Yixing, 200
Luoyang, 100
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, [295n24]
Ma Guoliang, 45
Machine for Long Life (bailingji), 80
madness: in literature, 270, 276–77; traitors and, 300
Maeterlinck, M., 42
maiguozei (thieves who have sold out their country), 301–2
Mainland Radio, 80
Maintenance Association, 302, 309, [333n77], [335n102]
Malatesta, Fr., [188n10]
Manchuria. See Manzhouguo Manchurian Railway Incident, 301
Manchus, 14, [258n49]
Mandarin Duck and Butterfly school. See Butterfly fiction
manifest appearances, [256n22]
Mann, Susan, 104, 109, 196, 200, 207, [363n61]
Manzhouguo: discourse on family and nation-state in, 352, [363n52]; Japanese occupation of, 143, 150, 380; Morality Society in, 348–50, 351, 352, [362n36]; nationalist patriarchy in, 22–23; religious societies in, 348–49; state rhetoric of, 356
Mao Dun, 35, 111, 347; Midnight,35; "One Day in China," 98, [127n6]
Mao Sen, 322, 323
Mao Zedong, 110, 115, 120; and literature, 284, 286; Yan'an talks, 261, 283–84
Marchand, Roland, 62
Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 304, 317
Mari, Benito, 144
Maritime Customs, 143
Maritime Law (1929), 142
market towns, 205, 216
Marx, Karl, 41
Masaki Kobayashi, The Human Condition,384
mass culture, 83 "mass revolution," 277
material culture. See daily life Maupassant, Guy de, 42
Maximum Ilud,166, [189n11]
May Fourth Movement: and antitraditionalism, 252, 342; boycott of Japanese goods during, 71; historiography of, 6–7; and individualism, 15–16; in Lanzhou, 106, 109; and literature, 17–18, 234; and political participation, 117; slogans, 31–32; and women, representation of, 346, 359
May Thirtieth Movement, 121–22
medical pluralism, 66–67, 72
medicine. See Chinese medicine; new medicine; Western medicine
Mei Guangpei, 305
Meiqi Theater, 371
meiren (beauties), 7
merchant militia, 212, 304
merchant-industrialists, 202
merchants: and ancestral estates in the sands, 203–4; decline of, 194, 200–202, 205, 215; depicted infilm, 393; economic and cultural strategies of, 202, 215; Guangdong, 191, 194; as hanjian,305, 313–14, [333n72], [335n106]; Huizhou, 191, 194, 198–99, 200, [219n26]; identity of, 191, 194, 195, 215; and lineage, 196–97; and literati lifestyles, 195, 200, [218n16], [221n41]; and local bosses, 200, 202; in Maoist and post-Mao eras, 216–17; as mediators between the urban and the rural, 12, 201, 205, 208; during Ming and Qing, 12, 191, 198; moral authority of, 209; overseas Chinese, 194, 214, 215; during Republican period, 12, 194, 195, 202; in Shanghai under Japanese occupation, 88, 379; and social order, 121; and state, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200–202, 215–16; Zhang Taiyan's critique of, 248–49. See also chambers of commerce
Miao, 299, [326n9]
Miao Bin, 323–34, [330n53], [341nn187], [188]
Michael, Franz, [332n65]
Military Affairs Commission (Nationalist), 305;
China Film Studio of, 370
Military Statistics Bureau. See Juntong Mill, J. S., 41
Milton, John, 41
Minbao,233, 242, 244, 316
Miner, Noel, [157n56]
Ming bao,369
Minglun tang (Confucian temple), 214
Ministry of Education, 37, 38, 147, 171–72
Ministry of Finance, 71, 148–49
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 149
Ministry of Health, 70, 84, 86
Ministry of Industry, 149
Ministry of Personnel, 149
Ministry of Railroads, 148
Minli gongsi,[225n93]
Minsheng gongsi,[225n93]
missionaries. See French Jesuits; Jesuits
Mixed Court, 54
mixed surnames (za xing), 199, 211
Mo Chaoxiong, 210
Mo lineage (Huicheng), 205, 210, [223n68]
modeng (modern), 47
"modern problems," 43
modern redemptive societies. See redemptive societies
Modern Woman (Jindai funü), 45
modernity: destruction and construction in, 115; as enlightenment enterprise, 33–34; and justice, 260; and technology, 137; and time, 31, 56; topics in, [27n4]; urban origins of, 127; and the West, 31, 163; and violence, 260
Molière, 42
Momilk, 49, 50, 52
Morality Society, 22–23; Confucian rhetoric of, 348, 351; and Eastern morality, 348; KMT hostility toward, 343; and Manzhouguo, 348–50, 351, 352, [362n35]; mediating role between state and family, 351–52, 353, 355; as modern redemptive society, 342; personal narratives, 353–58, [364n71]; religious syncretism in, 348; seminars of, 351; virtuous schools, 350, 352, 354, [363n56]; women, constraints on, 354, 358–60; women lecturers of, 347, 353, 355; and women, views on, 347, 352; and women's activities outside home, 354–55
Morishita Hiroshi, 68
movie magazines, 51
movie theaters, 103
Mozi, [259n71]
Mukden Incident, 373
Mukerji, Chandra, 395
mule carts, 102
municipal administration, 9, 13–14, 116, 117–18; chambers of commerce and, 118–20, 122
municipal studies, 108
Murphey, Rhoads, 106
Nakajima Seiichi, 88
Nanjing: Beijing influence on, 107; as capital city, 100, 101, 106, 123, [128n22], 137, 139–40; government district, 139–40; guilds and chambers of commerce in, 121–22; industrialization in, 106, [130n71]; Japanese attack on, 122, 153; modernity in, 137; municipal government, 140; public utilities in, 114, 142; rail connections to, 139; roads, 140; student movement in, 122; trees in, 140; women's movement in, [129n55]
Nanjing Electrical Works, 142
Nanjing Hotel, 320, 321, [339n157], [340n166]
Nankai University, 151, 176, 180, 181
Nanking Road (Shanghai), 104, 107
Nantong, 113, 119, 126
Nathan, Andrew, 83
National Association of Private Electrical Power Enterprises, 142
national capital, 100–101, 139–40, 152. See also Nanjing
National Capital Reconstruction Commission, 140
National Central University, 147
national character, 232
national citizen (guomin), 37, 38, 44
National Commission for the Control of Commerce, 88
National Defense Planning Commission, 150, 151
National Economic Council (Quanguo jingjiweiyuanhui), 143, 151, 153; and League of Nations, 143–44, 146, 148
national essence, 242, 252
national flag, 345
national goods, 70
national learning, 242
National Medical Journal of China,85
National Quarantine Service, 143
national reconstruction, 10, 141, 150, 152
National Reconstruction Commission, 141–42, 143, 148, 150, 151, 153
National Research Institute (Academia Sinica), 148
National Resources Commission, 11, 150, 151, 152, 153
National Salvation Association. See Chinese Youth National Salvation Association
National Salvation Movement, 71, 316
national scenery, 57
national sovereignty, 239, 240, 241
National Specialized Talent Investigation Committee, 151
national symbols, 70, 345
nationalism: and advertisements, 67, 70; anti-Manchu, 242, 251, [257n42]; as categorized in repositories, 43; Christianity and, [187n2]; debate between Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan on, 242–44; in early Chinese thought, 240; in India, 346; Qing concept of, 240–41; women and, 21–23, 346–47, 350–51; and Zhang Taiyan, views on, 14, 237, 238, 239, 242, 251–52, 253
nationalist movement of 1925, 169
Nationalist party-state: antibourgeois sentiment of, 391–93, [398n33]; bureaucracy of, 10, 149, 151; capital of, 139–40; city government under, 118; cultural policy of, 147; economic policy of, 138, 148, 152, [154n17]; and literature, [296n55]; and national reconstruction, 10, 141, 152; partification efforts of, 151; and postwar film, 390, 391; and redemptive societies, 343–44; regulation of commerce and industry by, 142; and regulation of new medicines, 84–86; Xinhui party branch, 212
nationalist patriarchy, 21–22
nation-state, 16, [26n3], 33, 57–58, 237–38, 241, 245. See also nationalism
native bankers, 209
native-place ties, 123, 206, 216, [219n26]
Negotiable Instruments Law (1929), 142
neo-Confucians, 199
New Asia Hotel, [332n64]
new culture (xin wenhua), 31
new epoch (xin shidai), 31
New Fourth Army Incident, 322
New Knowledge (xinzhi), 36
New Life Movement, [61n55], 320, 343
new literature (xin wenxue), 31, 35, 261
new medicine (xinyao), 63, 66, 78–79, 83–85, 88–90
new people (xinmin), 31, 44
New People's Society (Xinminhui), 323, [330n53]
New Policies, 31, 105, 113, 120, [154n17]
new schools (xinxue), 31
"New Woman," [61n50]
newspaper advertisements, 69, 70, 80, 81, 86; for films, 368, 390–91, [398n30]; recruiting assassins, 304–5, [329n36]
newspapers, 81, 104–5, 313, 314, 353
Nie Ergang, 207, 209
Nie Zheng, 315
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 41, 42, 233
nightclubs, 374
nightsoil collection, 110, 117
nihilism, 315
Nine Great Charitable Associations (jiu da shantang), [224n88]
Ningbo, 108, 116
Ningxia, 102
no-mankind, 253
Nongxue zazhi (Agricultural study magazine), 35
North China Area Army, [330n53]
North River system (Pearl River delta), 202
Northern Assassination Corps, 315–16
no-settlement, 246, 249–50
nudes, 50, 51–52, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78
Number Two State Historical Archives (Nanjing), 348
Office of Strategic Services (U.S.), 322
Office of Technical Experts for Planning the National Capital, 139, 140
opium, 49; rehabilitation centers, 344; supply bureaus, 313–14, [335n107]
Opium War, 300
Oral Records of Morality Seminars of the Third Manzhouguo Morality Society, 351
Oriental Hotel, 318
Oriental Trading Company, 52
Ostrovsky, A., 42
Ouyang Juyuan, [294n22]
Ouyang Yuqian, Pan Jinlian,273–74, 288, 290
Paauw, Douglas, 152
Palamas, K. 42
Palchinsky, Peter, 137, 143, [153n1]
Pan American, 148
Pan Hannian, 323
Pan Jinlian (fictional character), 273
pan-Asianism, 348
Pang Haogong (fictional character), 382, 383, 388, 389, 392
Pannell, Clifton, 103
parliamentary system, 247–48, [258n57]
parricide, 276, 281–82
Parsons, Talcott, 2
partification, 151
Patent Medicine Law (1937), 86
patriotic mobilization propaganda, 366
patriotism, 4, 175, 241, 349; infilm, 377, 387
Paulun Hospital, 321
peace movement collaborators, 311–13, [334n91]
Pearl River delta: and commercial bosses in post-Mao era, 216–17; commercialization of, 197, 202–3; historical materials on, 195; lineage estates of, 197; map of, 192–93; merchants in, 201, 202
peasant rebellion, 278–79, 283
peasants, 291
peddlers, 63, 107
Peking Man, [187n2]
Peking Union Medical College, 85
Peng Fulin, 319–21, [339nn153], [157], [160], [340nn163], [166]
Peng Jiazhen, 316
Peng Jinyi, [340n163]
People's Allied Anti-Japanese Army (Minzhong kang-Ri tongmeng jun), 303
People's Mobilization Society, 319
periodicals, 32, 35–36
Perry, Elizabeth, 195
philanthropy, 344
photographs: fashion, 47–48; of female body, 50–52, 74; ofnational scenery, 57; nude, 51–52, 78; and pictorial magazines, 45, 74; of Shanghai, 52–53
pictorial magazines, 5, 47–48, 80. See also Liangyou huabao
Pilsner Art Export Beer, 52
Pius XI, 176, 177
Plato, 41
plays, 273–77
"poaching" (Certeau), 91, 106
police, 107, 116
political assassination, [337n123]
Pollet, Fr., 172–73, 174–75
Ponsonby, Arthur, 35
popular sovereignty, 252
popularization of knowledge, 44
Porkert, Manfred, 64
Poshek Fu, [341n182]
posters, 300, [334n84]. See also calendar posters
preservation, 124–25. See also city walls
Primer for a National Citizen of the Constitutional Era (Lixian guomin duben), 37
Primer for a National Citizen of the Republic (Gonghe guomin duben), 37
print culture, 4, 8
professional associations, 9, 119
professionalism, 149, 152, [160n101]
Propaganda Fidei, 167, [190n47]
prostitution, 111, 264, 285
Protestant universities, 163, 169
Protestants, 169
provincial capitals, 105–6
provisional government (linshi zhengfu), 307, [330n53]
psychologism, 232
Pu Fuxin, [339n156]
public bureaus (gongfu), 208
public health, 102
public principle. See gongli Public Security Bureau, 303, [329n41]
public service, 344, 353, 355
"public sphere" (Habermas), 33, [58n8]
public utilities, 113–14, 117, 139, 142
publishing industry, 32, 33. See also Commercial Press
Pudong Guerrilla Brigade, 305
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, On Film Acting,369
puppet governments. See Dadao government of Shanghai; provisional government; reform government
Pure Food and Drug Act (U.S.), 84
Putnam, Robert, 125, [136n202]
Pye, Lucian, 14, 231, 254
Qian chuan weiyuanhui (Commission for Removal to Sichuan), 87
Qian Julin, 98, 101, 104, [127n6]
Qian Wengui (fictional character), 289, 291–93
Qianlong emperor, 200
Qiaoming (fictional character), 274, 275
qimeng (enlightenment), 33–34, 37
Qin, king of, 315
Qin Shao, 113
Qin Yi, 370
Qin Zhizhuang, 124–25
Qing Ji, Prince of Wu, 315
Qingdao, 101, 102, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112
Qinghua University, 147, 151
Qingmo choubei lixian dang'an shiliao,250
Qingxin Academy, 63
qipao,76
Qu Renze, 211
Qu Xuanying, [132n116]
Quadrigesimo Anno,177
Quaker Oats, 49–50, 52
Quan yong guohuo hui (Society for the Use of National Goods), 70
Quanguo minying dianye lianhehui (National Association of Private Electrical Power Enterprises), 142
qun. See grouping
quxian jiuguo (saving the nation in a devious way), 321–22
radio, 7, 80
railroads, 8, 10, 99, 138, 139, 145, 146, 171, 215
Rajchman, Ludwig, 143
Rankin, Mary, 201
rape, 310
Read, Bernard, 85
reading public, 4, 33, 58, [58n8]
Reconstruction Ministry, 141
Red Brigade, 300
Red Cross Society, 343
Red Guards, 319
Red Swastika Society (Hongwanzihui), 342, 343, 344, 348, [362n29]
Red Turbans, 208, [224nn84], [85], [86]
redemptive societies, 342–44, 346, 349, 353. See also Morality Society
reform government (weixin zhengfu), 307–8, 314, 322, 323, [331n60], [332n64], [338n147]
refugees, 375–76
Rehe, 303
Religious Affairs Bureau, 184
religious societies, 348–49, [362n31]
religious universalism, 343
Remer, C. F., 72
Rendan. See Human Elixir; Humane Elixir
rendan huzi (Humane Elixir mustache), 69
repositories (wenku), 39–45. See also Dongfang wenku; Wanyou wenku
Rerum Novarum,176
Resist and Reconstruct Hall (Lanzhou), 100
resistance heroines, [334n79]
revolution: Catholicism and, 169; and sacrifice, 239, 292; and violence, 282
Revolution of 1911, 27, 37, 121
revolutionaries, portrayed infiction, 278–80, 283, 287, 290
Revolutionary Alliance, 316
revolutionary literature, 18, 261
revolutionary paradigm, 2–3, 10, [27n3]
Reynolds, Douglas, [154n17]
Ribbon Dental Cream, 49, 52
rickshaws, 102, 103, 109, 111, 124
road construction, 99, 117, 145–46, 148; and dismantling of city walls, 213; resistance to, 114, 115, 145–46
roads, [127nn1], [7], 152, [157n56]
Robinson, James, New History,42
Rong Zongjing, 323
Rongsheng (fictional character), 274, 275, 276
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 41, 42, 243
Rowe, William, 106, [131n87], 191, 194
Ruan lineage (Tanggang), 214
Ruan Lingyu, 56
rural-urban gap, 8–9, 109, 127, [131n87], 170
Russell, Bertrand, 40, 41
Saich, Tony, 291, [297n61]
salt trade, 201, 209, [220n34], [221n40]
sands: academies in, 207–8; development of, 203–5, 206, [222nn54], [55]; lineage estates of, 191, 197, 199, 203–4, 210–11; protection associations, 208–9; social mobility in, 204
sanitation, 110–11, [132n96]
Sanxia wuyi (Three knights-errant andfive sworn brothers), 267
Sanya, 212
schools, 38. See also higher education; textbooks
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 40, 41
Schwartz, Benjamin, 32
science, 34–35, 41, 42–43
Scott, James, 359
Scott, Walter, 41
"Second Revolution" of 1913, [135n182]
Second United Front, 314
Second Vatican Council, 186
secret societies, 349
self-cultivation, 344
Self-Government Association (Zizhihui), [333n77], [335n102]
Self-Government Committee, 307–8
self-nature (zixing), 232, 233, 236, 238, 246, 253
self-strengthening, 113
Self-Strengthening Learned Society (Ziqiang xuehui), 248
self-taught readers, 35
settlement (juluo), 246, 249–50
76 Jessfield Road, 315
sexual diseases, 49
sha. See sands Shakespeare, William, 41
Shang Qiheng, 244
Shangguan Yunzhu, 382
Shanghai: as business headquarters, 78–79; and the Chinese modern, 3, 4–5, 6–7, 32; criticism of, 98, 111; drugstores in, 80–81, 89; entertainment industry in, 23, 111, 366, 368; influence of interior cities on, 8, 107; Japanese occupation of, 111, 122–23, 302, 374, 378, 386–87; as model for urban China, 103–4; photographs of, 52–53; postwar, 378–80, 382; rural influences in, 106–7; terrorist operations against hanjian in, 314–21; urban planning in, 116–17, [155n28]
Shanghai Amateur Experimental Drama Troupe (Shanghai yeyu shiyan ju tuan), 368, 369, 372
Shanghai Butchers Guild, [134n147]
Shanghai Citizens Society, 317
Shanghai Commercial Federation (Shanghai shangye lianhehui), 86
Shanghai Gas Company, 52
Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, 86, 120
Shanghai hotels, 320, [339n156]
Shanghai Municipal Council, 122, 123
Shanghai municipal government, 108, 118
Shanghai Municipal Police, 20, 321, [329n41], [339nn156], [160]
Shanghai New Medicine Trade Association (Shanghai xinyaoye gonghui), 85, 86
Shanghai New Medicine Trade Association (Shanghai xinyaoye shangye gonghui), 88
Shanghai Nichinichi,[329n32]
Shanghai Northern District Citizens
Maintenance Association, 302–3
"Shanghai odor" (Shanghai qi), 111
Shanghai Party Political Unification Committee
(Shanghai dang zheng tongyi weiyuanhui), [336n117]
Shanghai Salvation Drama Troupe (Shanghai jiuwang yanju), 369, 372
Shanghai Shopkeepers Association, 306
Shanghai Special Municipality (Shanghai tebie shi), 308, [334n66]
Shanghai yeyu shiyan ju tuan (Shanghai Amateur Experimental Drama Troupe), 368, 369, 372
Shanghai Yingxi Film Company, 370
Shanghai-Guangxi Trunk Line, 145
Shanghai-Hangzhou Motor Road, 145
Shanghai-Nanjing road, 153
Shanghainization (Shanghai hua), 111, [130n72]
Shangwu yinshu guan. See Commercial Press
Shaonian zazhi (Young magazine), 35
Shashi, 106
Shawan, [221n51], [225n95]
Shen bao,32, 49, 69, 86, 390, [398n30]
Shen Yi, 150
Shen Zhifang, 71
Shi, Mingzheng, 125
Shi Dezhi, [92n15]
Shi Dongshan (Shi Kuangshao), 368, 370, 371, 372, 386, 394, 396, [398n41]. See also Eight Thousand Miles of Clouds and Moon
Shi Jianru, 315, [337n123]
Shibunkai, 349
Shijie Zongjiao Datonghui (Society for the Great Unity of World Religions), 342
shimin,123–25
Shintoism, 349
Shitai Hospital, 319
Short Story Monthly (Xiaoshuo yuebao), 33, 35–36
Shu Xiuwen, 381
Shudson, Michael, 395
Shue, Vivienne, [160n102]
Shuowen,298
Si da Hui bang (Huizhou opera troupes), 200
Siku quanshu,[60n31]
silk industry, 143–44
silver, 204, [222n63]
Silver Star (Yinxing), 45
Singapore, 82
Sinocentrism, 240
Sino-Japanese War: bourgeois life in the interior during, 374, 377–78, 382, 387–88; depicted in film, 24, 384–85; family and, 385–86, 392; Gong Shang College during, 177–80, 181, 185; as holocaust, 365; new-style drugstores during, 87–88. See also collaboration
Sisha, [225n94]
Sivin, Nathan, 66
Siyou tang,211
Skinner, G. William, 104, [128n24], 200
Smith, Adam, 41
smuggling, 215, 313, [335n106]
"social capital," 125–26
social Darwinism, 31
Society for the Preservation of National Learning (Guoxue baoxun hu), 242
Society for the Use of National Goods (Quan yong guohuo hui), 70
Society of Chinese Water Control Engineers, 144
Society of the Divine Word, [187n3]
Song Jiangrong, [340n164]
Song Jiaoren, 316
Songbird on Earth (Ying fei renjian), 368
Song-Hu biedong zongdui (Song-Hu Chief Special Action Corps), 305–6
Song-Hu police department, [331n55]
Soong, T. V., 146
South Market Local Self-Government Committee, 37n118
Southeast Asia: new medicine distribution in, 82, 88, 89; trade with, 194, 197, 205
Southern Art Institute (Nanguo yishu xueyuan), 372
Soviet Union, 100, 141–42, 151, [160n97]
space of authenticity, 345–46, 347, 350, 359–60
Special Services Committee (Tewu weiyuanhui; Communist Party), 300–301
Special Services Corps, 306, 316–18
Special Services Squad (Tewutuan; Military Affairs Commission), 305
Spinoza, B., 41
spirituality, Eastern, 342–43
A Spring River Flows East (Yi jiang chun shui xiang dong liu; Cai Chusheng and Zheng Junli), 24, 371, 372, 380–84, 385–86, 387–88, 389, 395, [397n23]; ads for, 391; cultural politics of, 390; title of, [397n22]
stages of revolution thesis, 2–3, 10
Stapleton, Kristin, 122
Star Film Company (Mingxing yingpian gongsi), 371
Star Rickshaw Company, 303
Storm on the Border (Ying Yunwei), [396n1]
Strand, David, 202
Strand Theater (Xinguang da xiyuan), 366
Strauss, Julia, 149
street peddlers, 63, 107
street theater, 369. See also drama troupes streetcars, 124
street-cleaning, 302
student movements, 12, 122, 169, 175–76
students, military training of, 175
Su, Prince, [337n126]
Su Xiwen, 306–7, 308, [330n52], [332n68]
Su Yi, Young China,[396n1]
Subei gangsters, 302–3
subsidiarity (Catholic social philosophy), 186
Sufen (fictional character), 380–83, 387, 392, 393
suicide, 234, 236, 370, 383, 384
Sun, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 357
Sun Jinghao, 305
Sun Ke (Sun Fo), 141
Sun Yatsen: and Beiyang militarists, 304; Constitution Protection Movement of, [131n86]; as father of Chinese developmental state, 139; Industrial Plan of, 10, 138, 141, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, [159n87]; mentioned, 22, 113, 115, 120, 137, 174; and Nanjing as choice for national capital, [128n22]; on nationalism, 239, 241; and public and private spheres, view of, 142; revolutionary movement of, 214, [337n123]; on road construction, 145; Three Principles of the People,248, [296n55]; and traditional Chinese virtues, 346
Sun Yatsen Mausoleum, 140
Sun Yatsen Study Society, 323
Sun Yaxing, 304–5, 318, [329n36], [338n128]; Special Services Corps of, 306, 316–18
Sun Yu, 372
Suzhou, 116
Swift, Jonathan, 41
syncretism, 343, 344
Tachibana Shiraaki, 351
taijian,[326n6]
Taiwan, 82, 90, 325, [326n6], [328n24]
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, 88
Takizawa Toshihiro, 354–55
Tan Dihua, 198
Tan lineage (Huicheng), [223n68]
Tan Shaoliang, 85
Tan Sitong, 316
Tang Xiaobing, 291
Tang Xiaodan, Heavenly Spring Dream,391
Tanggang, 214
Tanggu Truce, 303
Tao Jin, 377, 381
Tao Xingzhi, 111, [130n72]
Tasei faction, [341n187]
Tawney, R. H., [157n66]
taxes, 210, 248; extorted by hanjian,314, [336n108]; in Huicheng, 213; late Qing, 250–51; transit tax, 200, 207; and urban identity, 123–24
tea poisonings, [329–30n41]
Technical Civil Engineering Station, 146
technocracy, 10–11, 139, 153, [160n104]
technology, 9–11, 34–35, 137
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 161, 162, 167–68, 186, [187n2]
"Tekhintern" (Palchinsky), 137, 143
telephones, 114
temple fairs, 98, 99
Temple of the City God, 63
tenant contractors, 203, 206, 210, 211
terrorism, 302, 315; infiction, 279–80, [296n48]; in north China, 304; in Shanghai, 314–21, [336n116]. See also assassinations
textbooks, 34, 36–37, 38, 39
Textbooks of the Republic series, 37
textile industry, 102, 103, 108, 113
theater groups. See drama troupes Third Front Army, 323
Third World, 231, 232
Three Gorges, 10, 138, 151, 152
three obediences (sancong), 352, 357, 358
three-natures theory, 254
Tian Gengxing (Bishop Thomas), 182, [190n47]
Tian Han, 370
Tiananmen, 124
Tianjin, 79, 102, 107, 162, 178, 181, 182, 183; Catholic community in, 11, 165, [187n2]; women's movement in, 105, [129n55]. See also Gong Shang College Tianjin Foreign Language Institute, 184
Tianjin gong shang xue yuan. See Gong Shang College
tianli (heavenly principle), 234, [255n10]
Tianma xiang,210
Tianshui, 102
time: and calendar posters, 6, 56; consciousness, 31–32, 56; linear, 345, [360–61n15]; modern concept criticized by Zhang Taiyan, 234
Tiyu shijie (World of athletics), 45
Toa and Company, 68
Tolstoy, L., 42
Tongmenghui, 324
Tongren tang,[223n74]
Tongshanshe (Fellowship of Goodness), 342, 348, [362n29]
tongxianghui (hometown associations), 121
torture, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267–68, 275, 287, 290, [293n2], [295n26], [297n74]
trade, 201, 204–5, 206–7, [222nn62], [64]; grain, 203, 206, 209, 210; salt, 201, 209, [220n34], [221n40]
Trademark Bureau, 71
Trademark Law (1929), 142
tradition, 6, 252, 346, [361n16]
"traitor hunts," [329–30n41]
traitors, 300. See also collaboration; hanjian transfrontiersmen, 299
treaty port cities, 107, 110
Troeltsch, Ernst, 173
Tu (Morality Society member), 353
Turgenev, I., 42; Fathers and Sons,280
Twenty-one Demands, 70, 71
twice-serving ministers (erchen), 299
United Front, 20, 311, [334n87]
United Front Work Department (Communist Party), 184
urban bourgeoisie, 388, 393
urban hierarchy, 8, 100
urban identity, 123–24
urban networks, 8, 99, 103, 105, 107–8, 109, 119, 120
urban reform: advocates of, 112–13, 126, [131n83]; and antimetropolitan critique, 109–11; and construction, 114, 115, [133n129], 140; opposition to, 115–17; sanitation and, 110–11, [132n96]; and taxation, 116–17; and urban planning, 109–10, 138, 140
urbanization, 101–2, 104, 113, 161
urban-rural gap, 8–9, 109, [131n87], 170
Venerable Mother cult, 307
violence: defined, 260; of language, 291; and literature, 17, 18, 261, 269; and modernity, 260; pious, 263; and revolution, 282
"violence of representation," 261
virtuous girls' schools, 350, 352, 354–55, [363n56]
Waihai, [222n54], [224n86]
Wan Laiming, 50
Wang Ermin, 240
Wang Fengyi, 348, 352, 354, 355, [361n27], [363n57]
Wang Gungwu, 194, [217n9]
Wang Jingjiu, 305
Wang Jingwei, 22, 87, 311–12, 313, [334n91]; ambiguous position of, 324, [334n92]; animosity toward, [340n174]; and attempt to blow up Manchu regent Zaifeng, 316, [337n126]; and Dai Li, [340n172]; government of, 87, 88, 322, 323; and hanjian, view of, [334n93]; and women, views on, 347, 350
Wang Jitang, 304
Wang Kemin, 304, 307, 322, [332n62], [333n75]
Wang Ling, 107
Wang Lizhen (fictional character), 381–83, 384, 389, 392
Wang Ruoshui, 17
Wang Shihe, 317
Wang Shijie, 147
Wang Shijing, [341n184]
Wang Sichen, 242
Wang Xianming, [340n171]
Wang Xiaolai, 305
Wang Yaquan, 37
Wang Yunwu, 40, 43
Wang Zhigu, 305, 317, [329n36]
Wang Zihui, 307, [331n60], [336n108]
Wang Zuntong, [333n75]
Wanqing sha,[222n55]
Wanyou wenku (Comprehensive repository), 40–44
War of Resistance. See Sino-Japanese War war profiteering, 24, 377, 382, 385, 387, 388
warlords, 12, 212, 214
water conservancy, 144–45, 146
Water Conservancy Administration, 144
Water Margin,205
Watson, J. B., 41
"wavering elements" (dongyao fenzi), 311, 312, [334n87]
Webb, Sidney, 41
Weber, Max, 2, 9
Wei Zhongxiu, 303
Weidner, Marsha, 74
Weidner, Terry M., 144
Wells, H. G., Outline of History,42
Weng Wenhao, [128n23], 151
wenming (civilization), 32, [58n2]
Wenming publishing company, 37
Wenxian (United Front journal), 314, [333n75], [336n113]
West River system (Pearl River delta), 202
Westaway, Scientific Method,41
Western calendar, 6, 32, 56
Western learning, 41–42
Western medicine, 63, 64, 66–67, 72, 91
Whampoa Academy, [129n59], 301
White Snake, 275
Williams, Philip, 281
Wing On Department Store, [339n153]
women: in advertisements, 75–78; Bengali, 346; on calendar posters, as portrayed, 54–56, 74–75; in collectives, 25–26; constructions of, in 1920s, 346–47, 359; and domestic sphere, 48, 354; education of, 350, 352; as enunciating subjects, 351, 353–54; infilm, 25, 389; independent, 352, 355–56, 357–58, 373, 389, 393; in late imperial society, [363n61], [364n76]; and nationalism, 21–23, 346–47, 350–51; in pictorial magazines, 45–46, 47–48; and self-sacrifice, 347, 353; torture of, infiction, 267–68; Westernized, 346–47, 352–53, 373. See also female body; Morality Society
women's liberation, 106, 353
Women's Magazine,35, 36, [59n17], 350
women's movement, 105, [129n55], [129–30n60]
Wong, Anna May (Huang Liushuang), 45
writers, 18, 261, 282, 286, [294n10]
Wu family shrine, 315
Wu Jiangang, [92n15]
Wu Jianren, [294n22]
Wu Kaixian, [336n117]
Wu Kunrong, 64
Wu Liande, 45, 57, 84
Wu Peifu, 304
Wu Sangui, 299
Wu Song (fictional character), 273
Wu Tai Mountain, 140
Wu Tiecheng, 122, 123
Wu Weiye, 310
Wu Ya'nan (Big Sister Wu; fictional character), 373–76
Wu Yin, 370
Wu Yonggang, 367–68
Wu Yue, 316
Wu Zhihui, 40
Wu Zuguang, 369
Wu Zuxiang, 280–81; "Eighteen Hundred Piculs of Rice," 281, 282–83, 290; "Fan Family Village," 69, 281–82, 290; "Young Master Gets His Tonic," 281–82
Wuchang Uprising, 37
Wufuli, [223n70]
Wuhan, 101, 104, 111, 113, [128n23], [132n117]
Wuquan Mountain, 98, 104
Wushanshe, 342
Xi county (Huizhou), [220nn34], [38]
Xi Shitai, 319–21, [339nn149], [150], [162]
Xi Xingzhi, [339n150]
Xia Yan, 369
Xi'an, 100, 101, 102, 114, [128n23]
Xian county (Hebei), 162, 164–65, 170, 182–83
Xian lineage of Foshan, 197
Xiang Songpo, 305
Xiang Zi of Zhao, 315
Xianglin (fictional character), 271
Xiangshan county, [222n55]. See also Zhongshan county
Xiangyang, 106
Xiangzhou port project, 215
Xianzi (fictional character), 281–82
Xiao Sen (fictional character), 274, 275–76
Xiao Yuanxi (fictional character), 373–76, 378, 387, 388, 389, 392
Xiao Zanyu, 301
Xiaolan zhen,210, [221n51]
Xiaoshuo yuebao (Short story monthly), 33, 35–36
Xiehehui (Concordia Society), [330n53]
Xihai shiba sha,[222n55]
Ximen Qing (fictional character), 273
xin (new), 31–32
Xin Long (New Gansu), [130n68]
Xin shenbao (Shanghai godo), 308
xin shidai (new epoch), 32
Xin'an school (Xin'an xuepai), 199, [220n38]
Xi'nan shuyuan (Xi'nan Academy), 207, 209, [223n70]
Xinguang da xiyuan (Strand Theater), 366
Xinguang Primary School, [329n41]
Xinhai Revolution, 316
Xinhui: academies in, 207, 213; merchants in, 200, 201, 214; products of, 203; reclamation of the sands in, 203. See also Huicheng
Xinhui Chamber of Commerce, 212, 213, [224n81], [225n101]
Xinjiekou (Nanjing), 140
xinmin (new people), 31, 44
Xinmin congbao,244
Xinminhui (New People's Society), 323, [330n53]
Xinning-Jiangmen railway, 215
Xinshidai shidi congshu (History and geography of the new era), 40
xinzhi (new knowledge), 36
Xiuning, [220n34]
xiushen (cultivation), 37
Xiuxiang xiaoshuo (Illustrated fiction), [294n22]
Xu Enzeng, 322
Xu lineage (Huicheng), 205, [223n68]
Xu Tingjie, 323
Xu Weinan, 45
Xu Wenbing, [331n58]
Xu Xiaochu, 87, 88, 89, 90
Xu Xiling, 316
Xu Zhimo, 45
Xu Zhuodai, [94n61]
Xuanzong emperor, 74
Xuesheng zazhi (Student magazine), 35
Xunzi,240, [256n19]
Yale, T. C., 63, 65
Yama, 265, 269
Yan Fu, 15, 31, 232, 233, 239, 245–46, 254
Yan'an, 18, 101, 323; talks, 261, 283–84
Yang Aili, 47
Yang Du, [258n49]
Yang Dusheng, 315, [337n124]
Yang Guifei, 74–75
Yang Hu, 305
Yang Qiguan, [340n171]
Yang Sen, [131–32n96]
Yang Xingfo, 40
Yanjing University, 163–64, 175, 176, 177, 180
Yantai, 117
Yao and Shun, [257n31]
Yao Li, 315
Ye Xian'en, 198
Yeh, Catherine, 51
Yellow Emperor, [257n31]
Yellow River bridge, 102
Yellow Riverflooding, 264, [294n17]
Yellow Way Society (Huangdaohui), 330
Yibao,313
Yiguandao (Way of Pervading Unity), 342
Yijiao congshu (Tencent series), 57
Ying fei renjian (Songbird on earth), 368
Ying Yunwei, Storm on the Border,[396n1]
Yingwen zazhi (English magazine), 35, 36
Yingyu zhoukan (English language weekly), 35, 36
Yishu jie,45
Yongan Department Store, [339n153]
Young China (Su Yi), [396n1]
Young Companion. See Liangyou huabao Youth League (puppet), 323
Yu Bin, 182, [190nn44], [47]
Yu Heping, 120, 121, [135n179]
Yu lineage (Taishan county), 213
Yu Rang, 315
Yu Xiaqing, 86, 305
Yu Ying-shih, 196
Yu Zhen (fictional character), 373–76, 378, 385, 389, 392, 393
Yu Zuoren, [128n22]
Yuan Congmei, Japanese Spy,[396n1]
Yuan Dai, 211
Yuan Dechang, 319–21, [339nn152], [153], [155], [157], [340nn163], [166]
Yuan Shikai, 38, 71, 105, 118, 316; and chambers of commerce, 121, [135n182]
Yuan village (Xinhui), [220n32]
Yue Fei, [397n18]
Yuelin (fictional character), 274, 275–76
Yun Zhen, 141, 150
Yuqing tang,206, 207, 212, [224n79]
Yuxian (judge), 263–64
Yuying Academy, 75
Zaifeng (Prince Chun), 316
Zailijiao (Teaching of the Abiding Principle), 342, 344
Zang Qifang, [132n104]
Zhabei Citizens Maintenance Association, 302
Zhahar, 303
Zhan Tianyou (Jeme Tien Yau), 149
Zhang, Widow (fictional character), 289–90
Zhang Daofan, [296n55]
Zhang Ji, [128n22]
Zhang Jian, 113, 119, 126
Zhang Jingyao, 303
Zhang Jizhong, 304
Zhang Junxiang, Diary of a Homecoming,395
Zhang Ruogu, 45
Zhang Taiyan: on abolishing the settlement, 246, 249–50; Chinese writer as knight-errant, view of, 261, [294n10]; contradictions in thought of, 233–34, 237; criticism of gongli,235–36; and equality, concept of, 236, 248, 252, 253–54; essays of, 233; on evolution, 235; on the individual and the nation, 16, 238, 243–44, 245, 246, 251–52, 254, [259n71];
― 434 ―and Liang Qichao, compared with, 15, 232, 241, 242–43, 245–46, 254; on local self-government, 251; and merchants, critique of, 248–49; and the nation, denial of, 241–42, 248, 253; and nationalism, 237, 238, 239, 242, 251–52, 253; and parliamentary system, critique of, 247–48, [258n57]; and patriarchal system, critique of, 250, 252; provisional concept of the self, 253; on revolution, 239; rivalry with Yan Fu and Liang Qichao, 15; "Ruxia pian," 294; and self-nature and the individual, concepts of, 14–15, 232, 233–234, 236, 237, 238, 254; "Sihuo lun," 246; and social collectivities and political groups, denial of, 246–47, 249, 252; and traditionalism, 248, 252–53; Wuchao falü suoyin,248; "Wuwu lun," x246, 248, 249; "Yanshuo lu," 242; Yogacaric interpretation of Zhuangzi, 233, 235, 236, 237, [255n7], [256n19]Zhang Xiaolin, 85–86, 305, 315, 317
Zhang Yanfeng, 73, 82
Zhang Zhidong, 113, 126
Zhang Zhongliang (fictional character), 380–84, 385–86, 388, 389, 392
Zhang Zhongmin (fictional character), 381, 389, 392
Zhang Ziping, 42
Zhanglin, [222n64]
Zhangzhuang Cathedral, 162, 164
Zhao, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 353, 354, 358
Zhao Dan, 370, 372
Zhao Dihua, 89
Zhao Gangyi, 304
Zhao Guizhang, 323
Zhao Jiabi, 45, 57
Zhao Jingshen, 267, [294n22]
Zhao Liang, 317, [338n128]
Zhao Lijun, 314–15
Zhao lineage (Sanjiang xiang), [221n54]
Zhao Zhensheng (Fr. Francis Xavier), 172
Zhao Zhixiang, 319–21, [339nn153], [155], [157], [160], [340n171]
Zhejiang Silk Riots of 1933, 144
Zhendan University, [187n3]
Zheng Boqi, 45
Zheng Jiemin, 303
Zheng Jinglian, [221n40]
Zheng Junli, 368, 371–72, [397n23]; Between Husband and Wife,372; The Big Road,372; Filial Piety,372; life of Lu Xun, 372. See also A Spring River Flows East
Zheng Mantuo, 7, 53–54, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, [94n52]
Zheng Zhengqiu, 371
zhengfeng (rectification) movements, 286
Zhengzhou, 102, 103
Zhenzhen (fictional character), 284–86, 287, 288, 292
Zhihe grain shop, 206
zhiming (to know your fate), 351, [363n45]
zhixing (to know your nature), 351, [363n45]
zhizhi (to know your limits), 351, 358
Zhong yi zhi jia (Loyal and Virtuous Family), 367–68
Zhongfa da yaofang. See Great China-France Drug Store
Zhongguo dabao (China herald), [329n36]
Zhongguo hangkong qicai zhizao gongsi (China Air Materials Construction Company), 148
Zhongguo qiche zhizao gongsi (Automobile Manufacturing Company), 148
Zhongguo shuili gongcheng xuehui (Society of Chinese Water Control Engineers), 144
Zhongguo xinbao,244
Zhongguo xinwenxue daxi (Compendium of new Chinese literature), 57
Zhonghua Book Company, 71
Zhonghua gongcheng xuehui (Chinese Engineering Society), 149
Zhonghua gongchengshi xuehui (Chinese Society of Engineers), 149
Zhonghua jingxiang (China as She Is: A Comprehensive Album), 57
Zhonghua Medicine Mill (Zhonghua zhiyao chang), 90
Zhonghua shuju (China Bookstore), 33, 37
Zhongshan county, 210, [222n55], [225n94]
Zhongshan lu (Sun Yatsen Road; Nanjing), 140
Zhongtong, 322, [337n119]
Zhongwen da cidian (Encyclopedic dictionary of the Chinese language), [326n1]
Zhongyang ribao (Central daily news), 305, [329n36]
Zhongyi jiuguo jun (Loyal and Patriotic Army), 323
Zhongzheng Culture Prize, 390
Zhou Enlai, 300, 370
Zhou Fengqi, 315, [337n118]
Zhou Fohai, 312, 322, [334n91], [336n116]
Zhou Jianhua, 320, 321, [339n157]
Zhou Jiarong (fictional character), 376, 377–78, 385, 387, 388, 389, 392
Zhou Libo, Hurricane,289, 291
Zhou Minggang, [94n61]
Zhou Muqiao, [94n52]
Zhou Shanpei, 116
Zhou Shougang, 305, 317, [329n36]
Zhou Shoujuan, 45
Zhou Xuexi, 114
Zhou Zuoren, 42, 111
Zhu, Mrs. (Morality Society member), [364n71]
Zhu Ganting, 319, [338n147]
Zhu Hu Binxia (Mrs.), 36, [59n17]
Zhu Jiahua, 147
Zhu Shengyuan, 314, [336n115]
Zhu Xi, [220n38]
Zhu Yingpeng, 45
Zhu Yunzhang, [59n17]
Zhu Yuzhen, 307
Zhu Zijia, 312
Zhuan Zhu, 315
Zhuang, Governor (fictional character), 262, 264, 265
Zhuangzi, 174; Qiwu lun,233, 235, 236
Ziqiang xuehui (Self-Strengthening Learned Society), 248
Zola, Émile, 42
Zou Rong, 239; Revolutionary Army,310
Zuo zhuan,240, [326n4]
Zuo Zongtang, 102, 105, 110, 113, 126
Zurndorfer, Harriet, 199, [220n34]