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― 413 ―

Index

  • A Q (fictional chracter), 272, 281

  • A Ying, 267

  • Academia Sinica, 148

  • academies, 199, 207–8, 213, [219n26]

  • advertisements: children in, 50; cigarette, 49, 54; for Commercial Press publications, 34, 35–36, 38, 39; domesticity portrayed in, 48–49, 52; drugstore, 82; forfilms, 368, 390–91, [398n30]; and mass culture, 83–84; medical, 49, 54, 66, 67, 68–69, 70, 78, 84–86; nationalism and, 67, 70; newspaper, 69, 70, 80, 81, 86; recruiting assassins, 304–5, [329n36]; in Shen bao,69, 86; and social reality, 62; for textbooks, 34, 36–37, 38, 39; Western and Chinese imagery in, 72–73; women in, 48, 73–75. See also Huang Chujiu, advertising by

  • Africa, [130n75], 309

  • Ailuo Brain Tonic, 7, 65, 71; advertising for, 64, 69, 71–72; packaging of, 63, 64

  • airports, 139

  • alayavijnana (true self), 236, 253, [256n16]

  • All-China Federation of Chambers of Commerce, 120, [134n173]

  • Althusser, Louis, 344

  • American Brewer and Company, 49

  • American Medical Association, 67

  • American Tobacco Company, 53

  • Analects,240

  • anarchism, 315

  • ancestor worship, 250

  • ancestral estates, 191, 198–99, 210–11. See also lineage estates

  • ancestral halls, 201, 204, [223n70]

  • Anderson, Benedict, 2, 32–33, 55–57

  • Anderson, Marston, 278

  • Anfu clique, [332n61]

  • Anjing, 116

  • annei rangwai (first pacify the interior, then expel the external aggressor) policy, 303

  • Anti-Japanese National Salvation Association of Returned Students from Japan, 301

  • anti-Japanese propaganda, [334nn84], [89]

  • anti-Manchu sentiment, 242, 250, 251, [257n42]

  • antirightist campaign, 184

  • Apter, David, 291, [297n61]

  • archival materials, 1–2

  • Aristotle, 41, 42

  • assassinations, 17, 317–18, [336n113]; of Chen Lu, 318; of Fu Xiaoan, 314; late Qing, 315–16; of Li Jinbiao, [331n55]; of Lu Bohong, [337n118]; of Wang Xianming, [340n171]; of Xi Shitai, 319–21; of Zhang Jingyao, 303–4; of Zhou Fengqi and Zhang Xiaolin, 315, [337n118]

  • assassins, 17, 20, 305, 315, 317

  • Aurora University, [187n3]

  • authoritarianism, 9, 14, 16, [28n13]

  • automobile industry, 148

  • Automobile Manufacturing Company, 148

  • Bagehot, W., 41

  • Bai, Judge (fictional character), 262

    • ― 414 ―

  • Bai, Mrs. (Morality Society lecturer), 355

  • Bai Chongxi, 89

  • Bai Wei, Breaking out of the Tower of Ghosts,273, 274–77, 282

  • Bai Yang, 376, 381, 390

  • Baike xiaocongshu (Mini collection of encyclopedic knowledge), 40

  • Bailes, Kendall, 152

  • Bailing huabao (Long Life Pictorial), 80

  • Baoding, 105, 109; military academy, [129n59], 175; women's movement in, 105, [129–30n60]

  • Baolun Hospital, 321

  • Baotou, 103

  • baptisms, 178

  • Barat, D., 86

  • Barlow, Tani, 90

  • Barthes, Roland, 2, 289

  • Basic Collectanea of National Learning (Guoxue jiben congshu), 40

  • Battle of Shanghai, 306, 307, 316

  • Baudrillard, Jean, 297

  • Becker, C. H., 146, [157n66]

  • Becker Commission, 146–47, [157n66], [158n68]

  • Beichen (Catholic magazine), 176

  • Beidi temple, 211, [225n95]

  • Beijiang Museum of Natural History, 162, 167–68

  • Beijing: as Chinese capital, 100, 101, 123, [128n22]; city walls of, 115, 117; criticism of, 111; drug-stores in, 89; influence on other cities, 107; and May Fourth Movement, 7; railroad connections to, 99, [128n10]; streetcars in, 124

  • Beijing Streetcar Company, 124

  • Beijing University, 36, 151, 175

  • Beijing waterworks, 114

  • Beijing-Zhangjiakou railroad, 149

  • Beiyang militarists, 304, 308, [338n147]

  • Beiyang University, 180, 181

  • Benedict XV, [189n11]

  • Benedictines, [187n3]

  • Bengal, women in, 346

  • Bentham, Jeremy, 41

  • Bergson, Henri, 40, 41

  • Bhabha, Homi, 33, [363n46]

  • biographies, 42

  • Bj⊘rnson, B., 42

  • Blue Shirts, 301, 303–4, 318, 319, [328–29n32]

  • Bluntschli, Johann, 243

  • Board of Civil Administration, [337n126]

  • Board of Rites, 240

  • body, 50–51, 77–78. See also female body

  • bond servants, 199, 205, [220n32]

  • Book of Rituals,352

  • Bornet, Fr., [188n10], [189–90n44]

  • Bornhak, Gustav, 243

  • Borsch, Fr., 178

  • Bowley, A. L., 41

  • Boxer Rebellion, 182–83, 263, 264

  • boycotts, 70, 71, 72, 120

  • Brasilia, 139

  • British-American Tobacco Company, 76

  • Buddhism, [330n53], 343; and Morality Society, 348, 353; in social thought of Zhang Taiyan, 15, 233, 235–36, 238, 253, [256n19]; women in, [364n76]

  • Bureau of Roads, 145, 146

  • Butterfield and Swire, 206

  • Butterfly fiction, 35, 36, 54

  • cabi dancai (rub-and-paint), 73, [94n50]

  • Café and Paradise Ballroom, 318

  • Cai, Grandmother (Morality Society member), 356

  • Cai Chusheng, 368, 371, 372; A Dream in Pink,371; Fisherman's Ballad,371. See also A Spring River Flows East

  • Cai Mengjian, 99, 100, 101, 126

  • Cai Yifei, [334n79]

  • Cai Yuanpei, 40

  • calendar: Chinese, 240; Japanese, 307; Western, 6, 32, 56

  • calendar posters: advertising medicines, 7, 74; as commercial art, 53–54, 82; Lu Xun on, 62, 76–77; 1930 example of, 55; origins of, 32; painters of, 7, [61n50], 62, 73, 77–78; in rural China, 82; and Western calendar, use of, 6, 56; Western influence on, 77–78; and women, as portrayed on, 7, 54–56, [61n50], 62, 73, 76

  • camel trains, 103, 113

  • "cannibalism" (Lu Xun), 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 280–81, 282, 289, 290, 292

  • Cao Kun, 107

  • Cao Mei, 315

  • Cao Yu, Thunderstorm,277

  • capital cities, 100–101, 123, 124, [128n22], 141

  • Capital Police Bureau, 351

  • Carlton Theater, 370

  • Carnegie, Andrew, 42

  • categorization of knowledge, 5, 40–44

  • Catholic colleges, 162, 168–69, [187–88n3]. See also Gong Shang College

    • ― 415 ―

  • Catholic community, 162–63, 165, 174, 186

  • Catholic Patriotic Association, 184, 185

  • Catholicism: under Chinese episcopate, 181–82, [190n47]; conversion to, 169; Counter Reformation model, 162–63, 164, 169–70, 174, 185, 186; after cultural revolution, 161, 184–85; as depicted in posters, 300; European, 162, 163; and hierarchical authority, 163, 164, 169–70, 173–74, 185, 186; and modernity, 162, 170; in rural and urban settings, 162, 165, 170; social theory in, 176–77, 186; values of, 161. See also French Jesuits; Jesuits

  • cellularization of villages, 216, [225n97]

  • Central China Area Army (Japanese), 307

  • Central China Commission for Control of Medicine (Huazhong yiyaopin tongzhi lianhehui), 88

  • Central Cinematography Studio (Zhongyang sheying chang), 369, 371

  • Central Copper Works, 150

  • Central Daily News,[329n36]

  • Central Electrical Manufacturing Works, 150

  • Central Machine Works, 148, 150

  • Central Steel Works, 148, 150

  • Certeau, Michel de, 2, 106

  • Cervantes, Miguel de, 42

  • Chakang (Xinhui), [220n32]

  • chambers of commerce: governance of, 120, 121, [134n173], [135n179]; in Japan, 119; late Qing framework for, 114; mentioned, 308; and merchant militia, 304; as mode of social organization, 237, 245, 247, 248; and municipal governance, 118–20; and municipal reform, 125–26; as source of revenue, 119, [134n166]

  • Chan, Wing-tsit, 348, [362n29]

  • Chang, Hao, 249, [255n7], [257n47]

  • Chang Chien Wen, 50

  • Changde, 106

  • Changsha, [129n55]

  • Chao, Thomas, [328n32]

  • Chaolian, 220, [224n86]

  • charitable associations, 209, [224n88]

  • charity, [220n34]

  • Charvet, Fr. Rene, 172, 173, 182

  • Chatterjee, Partha, 2, 346

  • Chen, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 355–56, 357–58

  • Chen, P. C., 50

  • Chen Baichen, 369; A Rhapsody of Happiness,370

  • Chen bao,369

  • Chen Bijun, [335n97]

  • Chen Cheng, [128n23]

  • Chen Duxiu, 32, 44, [131n90], 261

  • Chen Gongbo, 312

  • Chen Guofu, 89, 147, [336n117]

  • Chen Jiongming, [134n154]

  • Chen Jitang, 212, 214, [225n99]

  • Chen Kaiguang (Chen Yuanliang), 317, [338n135]

  • Chen Lifu, 322, [336n117], 343

  • Chen lineage, 197, [223n70]; of Tianma, 210, [223n70]; of Waihai xiang,[222n54], [224n86]

  • Chen Liting, 368, 369–70, 371, 372, 391, 394; Lay Down Your Whip,369, 377; A Rhapsody of Happiness,370; Women Side-by-Side,370. See also Far Away Love

  • Chen Lu, 318

  • Chen Qibai (Chen Daoliang), 300

  • Chen She, 316

  • Chen Tianhua, 111, 239

  • Chen Xiang, [222n54]

  • Chen Yixi, 215

  • Chen Yuanliang (Chen Kaiguang), 317, [338n135]

  • Cheng Hao, [220n38]

  • Cheng Ren (fictional character), 291–93

  • Cheng Yi, [220n38]

  • Chengdu, 104, 110, 116, 122, [131–32n95]

  • Chiang Kai-shek: antibourgeois sentiment of, [398n33]; and Blue Shirts, 301; and Dai Li, 314, 323; and Fu Xiaoan, 308; mentioned, [61n55], 174, 390; and regulation of new medicine, 85; and special operations, 89, 304, 318, 322; and Wang Jingwei, [340n172]; and war against Japan, 303, 314. See also Blue Shirts; Dai Li

  • children, 39, 50

  • Children's Theater Troupe, 372

  • China Air Materials Construction Company, 148

  • China Art Theater Society (Zhongguo yishu ju she), 369

  • China Bookstore, 33, 37

  • China Film No. 1, 367

  • China Film No. 2, 367, 369, 370

  • China Film No. 3, 367

  • China Film Studio (Zhongguo dianying zhipianchang), 369, 370, 372, [396n1]

  • China Medical Journal,85

  • China Revival Society (Huaxing hui), [337n124]

  • China Weekly Review,[340n174]

  • China-France Company of the Western Region, 87

  • Chinese Bank of Commerce, 308

    • ― 416 ―

  • Chinese calendar, 240

  • Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 304

  • Chinese Engineering Association, 11

  • Chinese Engineering Society, 149

  • Chinese identity, 3, 165, 180–81, 232, 234, 240, 324–25, 393

  • Chinese Iron and Blood Army, 318

  • Chinese learning, 41, 43

  • Chinese Medical Association, 84

  • Chinese medicine, 66, 68

  • Chinese Society of Engineers, 149, 150, 151

  • Chinese Youth National Salvation Association, 304, 306, 316, 317–18

  • chivalricfiction, 266, 267

  • Chongqing: as Chinese capital, 100–101; dance and party scene, 377, 382; engineers in, 153; drugstores in, 87; filmmaking in, 368, [396n1]; Nationalist agents in322, 323; urbanization in, 106

  • Christianity, 343. See also Catholicism

  • chrysanthemum festival, 211, [225n92]

  • Chu Minyi, 87, 88, 89, 312, [335n97]

  • church and sect, 173–74

  • Cicero, 42

  • cigarette advertisements, 49, 54

  • Ciro's, 318

  • cities: advocates for, 112; as centers of social criticism, 108–9; coastal and interior, 106–7; criticism of, 110–11; and freedom, 112–13; group formation in, 120–21; influences among, 107–8; progress and preservation in, 124; rural influence on, 112, [130n75]; and urban identity, 123–24; and vice, 111, [132n104]. See also capital cities; urban networks; urbanization

  • citrus peel trade, 201, 207, 209, 212, [224n81]

  • city flowers, 108, 118

  • city walls, 109, 117, 125, [133n129]; Nanjing, 140; and road construction, 114–15, 145, 213–14

  • civil aviation, 148

  • civil society, 195; and public sphere, 246–47

  • "cleanse the villages" policy, 307, [332n63]

  • Colgate Company, 49

  • collaboration: ambiguity of, 20, 311–13, 323; in film, 379; infilm industry, 366, 367; by Jesuits of Gong Shang College, 12, 177–78; mainland television series on, [341n182]; and Morality Society in Manzhouguo, 349, 358; and patriotism, 349; and peace, 311–12, [334n91]; and people who remained in Shanghai, 379, 387; as "realism," 308–9; and urban interests, 122–23. See also Chen Lu; Dadao government of Shanghai; Fu Xiaoan; hanjian; Liang Hongzhi; provisional government; reform government; Wang Jingwei; Xi Shitai

  • commercial art, 53, 82. See also calendar posters

  • Commercial Press, 33, 39, 57, [59nn11], [19], 63, 103; enlightenment project of, 5, 47; periodicals of, 32, 35–36, [59n27]; repositories of, 39–43; textbook production of, 34, 36–37, 38–39

  • commercials, 80

  • Commission for Removal to Sichuan (Qian chuan weiyuanhui), 87

  • Communist literature, 278–80, 286; discourse of crime and punishment, 272, 274, 284, 289, 290–91, 293; and Mao's Yan'an talks, 283–84

  • Communist Party, 18, 43, 261, 325, 390

  • Communist spies, 322

  • Company Law (1929), 142

  • compradors, 194

  • Comte, Auguste, 42

  • Confucian Temple, 307–8

  • Confucianism: and assassins, 315; and Catholic values, 12, 186; and Japanese rule, [330n53], 349, [362n33]; in late imperial China, 14, 343, [363n61]; and Morality Society, 22, 348, 351; in New Life Movement, 343; and redemptive societies, 349

  • Confucius, 174, 240

  • congshu (collectanea), 40. See also repositories Constantini, Cardinal, 172

  • Constitution Protection Movement, [131n86]

  • constitutionalist movement, 15, 244–45, 249, 250, [258nn47], [49]

  • consumerism, 4, 5

  • controlled economy, 148

  • Cornell University, 149

  • corrupt officials, 263, 281. See also judicial corruption

  • "counterfeit localism," 8

  • courtesan literature, 45, 51

  • courtroom drama, 272–77, [295n35]

  • courtroomfiction, 266, 287, 290, 293

  • Cuihuan (fictional character), 264

  • cultural imaginary, 44

  • Cultural Revolution, 319, 325

  • cultural soldiers (wenhua zhanshi), 377

  • cultural studies, 2

  • Cushing, Principles of Human Geography,42

  • Da shijie (Great World), 79

  • da tian er (local bosses), 215, [226n113]

    • ― 417 ―

  • Da yitong (grand unification), 2

  • Dadao (Great Way) government of Shanghai, 306–7, [331nn54], [58], [338n147]; police bureau, [331n58]

  • dagong (supreme publicness), 236, 237

  • Dai Hongzi, 244

  • Dai Li: and assassinations in Shanghai, 315, 317, [337n119]; and Blue Shirts, 303, 304; and communists, 301; death of, 323, [341n188]; and Du Yuesheng, 305; and Juntong, 314, 316, 322; and postwar treatment of traitors, 323; recruits of, 314; and Song-Hu Chief Special Action Corps, 305–6; and Wang Jingwei, [340n172]. See also Juntong

  • Dai Ze, 244

  • daily life, 5, 7, 52, 127, 137

  • dan (floating population), 200, 204, 210

  • Dante, 42

  • Dao Yuan (Society of the Way), 342, 344

  • Daodehui. See Morality Society

  • Daoguang (Gong Shang College newspaper), 162, [188n10]

  • Daoism, 343, 348, [364n76]

  • Darnton, Robert, 33, 372–73, 396

  • Darwin, Charles, 41

  • decapitation, 269–70, 272, 291

  • Defoe, Daniel, 41

  • democratization, 117, 121, [135n179]

  • Deng Yingchao, [129n55]

  • department stores, 52, 104

  • Derrida, Jacques, [361n15]

  • Descartes, René, 41

  • Deshou, [337n123]

  • developmental state (Johnson), 139, [154n17]

  • Dewey, John, 40, 41

  • Dianshizhai huabao (Pictorial from the stone-tablet studio), 47

  • Dianying,391

  • Diary of a Homecoming (Zhang Junxiang), 395

  • Dickens, Charles, 41

  • Diderot, Denis, [60n31]

  • Dilintang, 207, 212

  • Ding Ling, 284, 286; The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River,18, 288–93; "When I Was in Xia Village," 284–86, 287, 288, 292

  • Ding Mocun, 322

  • Ding San, 309

  • disloyalty, 324

  • Disney, Walt, 78

  • dogkillers squad (dagou tuan), 301

  • domestic and public spaces, 48–49, 52, 354

  • Dong Xiujia, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116–17, 118, [131n83]

  • Dongfang wenku (Eastern repository), 39–40

  • Dongfang zazhi (Eastern miscellany), 32, 33, 34, 35, 36–37, 49, [59n11]

  • Donghai shiliu sha,[222n55]

  • Dongnan ju (Dongnan gongyue), 208–9

  • dragon and tiger, 70, 72, [93n39]

  • Dragon and Tiger Company (Longhu gongsi), 69

  • drama troupes, 369, 372, 376–78, 380, 386

  • dress-consciousness, 5, 48, 51

  • drinking water, 102

  • drug addiction, [335n107], 344, 353

  • drugstores, 63–66, 75, 79, 80–83, 86, 87–88, 89–90

  • Du Yaquan, 34; Chushi zhexue,39–40

  • Du Yuesheng, 85–86, 303, 305–6, [336n117]

  • Duan Fang, 244

  • Duan Qirui, 304, [332n61]

  • Duara, Prasenjit, 201, 208, 250–51

  • duhua (poisoning), [335n107]

  • Dumas, père andfils, 42

  • Durkheim, Émile, 41, 42

  • Gan Guoxun, 304

  • Gandhism, 40

  • Gang Yi, 17

  • Gangbi (fictional character), 262, 263, 264

  • Gangzhou port project, 214–15

  • Gangzhou public bureau, 207, 212

  • Gangzhou shuyuan (Gangzhou Academy), 207, 208

  • Gansu College of Law and Politics, 109, [131n85]

  • Gao Libin (fictional character), 377–80, 379, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392

  • Gao Wenyue, 304

  • Gao Zheng, 377, 381

  • garden cities, 109, 110, 127

  • Geertz, Clifford, 251

  • gender politics, 292, 388–89

  • General Chamber of Commerce, 308

  • Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 42

  • Gogol, N., 42

  • Goldsmith, Oliver, 41

  • gong (publicness), 233, 245, 248, 253, 254–55, [256n19], [259n71]

  • Gong Debo, 301

  • Gong Shang College (Institut des Hautes Etudes Industrielles et Commerciales de Tientsin), 11–12; accreditation of, 166, 171–72, 182; anti-Japanese activities at, 179; as Catholic college, 163–64, 165, 168–69, 172–73, 176–77; under Chinese Jesuits, 182; under Communist Party, 183–84; compared to Zhendan and Fu Ren universities, 164, [187n3]; compromise mentality at, 180–81; curriculum of, 168, 171–72; dismantling of, 184; establishment of, 167; expansion of, 172–73, 178–79; faculty of, 168, 180; French identity of, 170–71; under Japanese occupation, 178–79; name of, 166, 172, 182; publications, [188n10]; after Sino-Japanese War, 181; during Sino-Japanese War, 177–80, 181, 185; and social service, 176; student activism at, 169, 175–76, 183–84; student body of, 168, 169, 174–75; study of Japanese language at, 179; and Tianjin elite, 182; women's division of, 178–79; yearbooks, 174–75, 179, 183, [188n10]

  • gongli (public principle), 233, 234, 235, 237, 248, 254, [255n10]

  • Goodman, Bryna, 121, 123

  • Gouzi (fictional character), 281

  • grain trade, 203, 206, 209, 210

  • Great China University, 308

  • Great China-France Drug Store, 64, 65, 66, 75, 86, 87, 89, 90

  • Great Eastern Ballroom, 318

  • Great Eastern Dispensary, 53, 64

  • Great Japan New Political Affairs Bureau, 302–3

  • Great Rituals Controversy, 197

  • Great World (Da shijie), 79

  • Great World Amusement Building, 53

  • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 324

  • Greater Shanghai Plan, 107

  • Green Gang, 85–86

  • Gregory, Lady, The Rising of the Moon,369

  • Gregory, Peter, [256n16]

  • group formation, cities and, 120–21

  • grouping (qun), 233, 237, 246–47, 248–49

  • Gu Sungmao, 303

  • Gu Zhuxuan, 303

  • Guan Zhong, 240

  • Guandi Temple, 304, [329n36]

  • Guangdong: lineage formation in, 197; merchants, 191, 194, 201, 202; warlords, 211, 212

  • Guangshun tang,[223n74]

  • Guangzhi publishing company, 37

  • Guangzhou: and China's capital, 101; critique of, 111; drug business in, 79, 89; and foreign trade, 204, [222n62]; railroad connections to, 99, [128n10]; urban reconstruction in, 114, 115, 141

  • guilds, 206, [219n26]; democratic practices in, 121, [135n179]. See also Fan Palm Guild

  • Guilin, 100

  • Guo Moruo, 372; Qu Yuan,369

  • Guo Su'e (fictional character), 286–88

  • Guo Weimin, 323

  • Guocui xuebao (National essence studies report), 242

  • Guofang sheji weiyuanhui (National Defense Planning Commission), 150, 151

  • Guoji fan qinglüe yundong dahui Zhongguo fenhui (Chinese Branch of the International Anti-Aggression Movement Society), [334n84]

  • guomin (national citizen), 37, 38, 44

  • Guomindang. See Nationalist party-state Guoxue baoxun hui (Society for the Preservation of National Learning), 242

  • Guoxue jianghua (Talks on national learning), 242

    • ― 420 ―

  • Guoxue jiben congshu (Basic collectanea of national learning), 40

  • Gutzlaff (missionary), 300

  • Habermas, Jurgen, 2, 33, [58n8], 246

  • Hahn, Emily, [340n172]

  • Haiyan Film Studio, 370

  • Hang Laoliu (fictional character), 289–90

  • Hang Zhiying, 7, 73, 74, 75–76, 78

  • hanjian: and betrayal of ethnocultural identity, 19, 299, 324–25, [333n72]; Blue Shirts and, 301–2; Chongqing policy on, 311; designated by Communist Party, 300–301; executions of, 301, 302, [341n184]; extortion of taxes by, 314, [336n108]; four great traitors of Guangdong, 323; in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, 302–3; for Jurchen Jin dynasty, 299; Korean and Taiwanese, [328n24]; merchants as, 305, 313–14, 379; during Ming and Qing, 299–300, 308, 324, [326nn8], [9]; natives of Subei as, 302–3; origins and meanings of term, 20, 298–99, 300, [326n1], [327n13]; and peace, 312–13; after Pearl Harbor, 321–23; published lists of, 314, [336n113]; relatives of, 309–11, [333n75], [334n85], [335n102]; repentant, 311; and transgression by outsiders, 299, 303, [328n24], [336n110]; trials of, 323–24. See also assassinations; collaboration; terrorism

  • Hankou, 99, 107, 114, 120, 126, [133n129]; drug-stores in, 89; merchants in, 121, 191, 194

  • Hanyu da cidian,298, [363n35]

  • Hatamen cigarettes, 54

  • Hauptmann, Gerhart, 42

  • Hay, John, 74

  • Hayhoe, Ruth, 147

  • He Bingru Gong tang,206

  • He Feiguang, The Light of East Asia,[396n1]

  • He Jintang, 213

  • He lineage: Huicheng, 205, [223n67], [225n101];

  • Shawan, 211, [225n95]

  • He Naizhong, [225n92]

  • He Ruoshan, 25n101

  • He Wenyan (fictional character), 382–83, 389, 392

  • He Wenyi Gong tang,[223n67]

  • He Xiongxiang, 205, [223n67]

  • He Yanggao, [225n94]

  • He Yingqin, 323

  • Health Authorities of the Foreign Settlement, 86

  • heavenly principle (tianli), 234, [255n10]

  • Heavenly Spring Dream (Tang Xiaodan), 391, 395

  • Hebei Normal School, 184

  • Hebei Normal University, 184

  • Hebei University, 184

  • Hecheng native bank, 206

  • Hefeng shuyuan (Hefeng Academy), [225n92]

  • Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 235

  • Heini (fictional character), 291–92

  • Hell, 265–66, 267, 268–69, 271, 283, [294n20], [297n74]

  • heroes, 18, 20–21, 24

  • Hetang, [224n86]

  • hidden transcripts (Scott), 359

  • hierarchy, 13–14, 16, 163, 164, 169–70, 173–74, 185

  • higher education, 166, 167, 170, 171–72, 176, [187–88n3], [189n23]; reform of, 146–47, 149; during Sino-Japanese War, 177. See also Gong Shang College

  • Hinduism, 346

  • history. See evolutionary history Hitchcock, Alfred, 396

  • H.M.S. Nemesis,300

  • Hobbes, Thomas, 41

  • Hobson, John, 41

  • Hoffman, Stanley, [333n74]

  • Holmes, Sherlock, 268, [295n28]

  • Homer, 42

  • Hong Chengchou, 299

  • Hong Kong, 82, 90, 101, 112, 212

  • Hongwanzihui. See Red Swastika Society

  • Hou, Chiming, 72

  • Hou Fangyu, 308

  • Hsia, C. T., 281, 282

  • Hsia, T. A., 270

  • Hsiao Kung-chuan, [220n39]

  • Hu Feng, 284, 287

  • Hu Shi, 36, 40, 112, 120, 123, 124

  • Hu Zhenggu, [331n58]

  • Huai River, 145

  • Huan, Duke of Qi, 315

  • Huang, Philip, 201

  • Huang Chujiu: advertising by, 63, 64, 70–72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 84; and buildings in Shanghai, 79; and calendar poster, 7, 53, 73–75; death of, 87; early years, 63; and Green Gang members, 85–86; Japanese models for, 67, 69–70, 71; and popularization of images of the elite, 78, 90–91; and regulation of new medicines, 85–86; reputation as slippery, 65. See also Ailuo Brain Tonic; Human Elixir

    • ― 421 ―

  • Huang Fu, 303

  • Huang Jie, 242

  • Huang Jinrong, 85–86, 305, [336n117]

  • Huang Kewu, 49

  • Huang lineage (Shawan), 211

  • Huang Meizhen, [341n182]

  • Huang Xiaoyang, 197

  • Huang Xing, 315, [337n124]

  • Huangdaohui (Yellow Way Society), [330n53]

  • Huanghou Theater, 369, 370

  • Huaxing hui (China Revival Society), [337n124]

  • Hugo, Victor, 42

  • Huguang Theater, 370, 371

  • Huicheng (Xinhui), [221n51]; ancestral halls in, 205–6, [223n68]; city wall, 213–14; lineages, 205, 210, [223nn67], [68], [224n86]; merchants in, 206, 209, 210, 212–15

  • huiguan (provincial hostels), 121

  • Huizhou, 198–99, [220n37]; merchants, 191, 194, 198–99, 200, [219n26]; opera, 200

  • Human Elixir (Chinese-made), 7, 67, 69; advertising for, 70, 71–72, 89; sales of, 71; after Sino-Japanese War, 89, 90

  • Humane Elixir (Japanese-made), 67–69, 71, 73, 89

  • Hundred Days Reform, 231

  • Hung, Changtai, 394

  • Huntington, Principles of Human Geography,42

  • Huo Liangchen, [331n58]

  • Huo lineage of Foshan, 197

  • Huo Tao, 197

  • Ibsen, Henrik, 42, 48

  • Illustrated Fiction (Xiuxiang xiaoshuo), [294n22]

  • imaginary, 44, 57

  • "imagined communities" (Anderson), 32–33, 57

  • imperial library, 200

  • India, 112; nationalist ideology and women in, 346, 347

  • individual: Chinese concept of, 231–32; and Chinese modernity, 4; and the collectivity, 16, 231–32, 245–46; May Fourth conception of, 15–16, 234; and morality, 236; in post–Cultural Revolution critical perspective, 17; in Zhang Taiyan's thought, 14–16, 233, 234–36

  • individual freedom, 234

  • industrialization: 10–11, 106, [132n117], 212; in Nationalist strategy, 10, 148, 150–51

  • Institut des Hautes Etudes Industrielles et Commerciales de Tientsin. See Gong Shang College

  • Institute of Research in Natural Science (Tianjin), 167

  • interior decoration, 48

  • interpellation (Althusser), 344–45

  • Irish drama, 369

  • Irving, Washington, 41 "island Shanghai," 314

  • Italian Association of Sericulture, 144

  • Jameson, Fredric, 2, 14, 231–32

  • Japanese Consular Police, [339n156]

  • Japanese Military Police, 321

  • Japanese occupation: of north China, 303–4, 348–49; ordinary people under, 365, 378, 386–87, 392, [397n21]; of Shanghai, 302–3; urban reaction to, 122–23

  • Japanese Spy (Yuan Congmei), [396n1]

  • Jeme Tian Yau (Zhan Tianyou), 149

  • Jenks, Edward, 41, 250

  • Jesuit archives, [188n10]

  • Jesuits, 11–12, 178, 182; collaboration and resistance by, 177–78, 179–80; expelled from China, 183, [190n44]. See also French Jesuits

  • Ji Xiaolan, [60n31]

  • Jia Wei (fictional character), 262, 263, 264

  • Jiang Guangci, The Roaring Earth,278–80, 282, 290

  • Jiang Haisheng, 305, 317, [329n36]

  • Jiang Jingguo, 393, [398n33]

  • Jiang Lingyu (fictional character), 376–80, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392, 393

  • Jiang Weiqiao, 37

  • Jiangmen, 200, 206, 207, 208, [221n51]

  • Jiangsu Higher Court, 324

  • Jiangsu-Zhejiang Operations Committee, 305

  • jianmin (treacherous people), [326n9]

  • Jianming guowen jiaokeshu (Concise textbook for Chinese literature), 38

  • Jianshe dagang cao'an (Draft plan for the fundamentals of national reconstruction), 141

  • Jiaotong University, 147, 151, [157n56]

  • Jiaoyu zazhi (Education magazine), 35

  • Jinan, 101, [128n23]

  • Jing Ke, 315

  • Jingan Temple (Shanghai), 98

  • Jingu College, 182. See also Gong Shang College

  • Jingxian shuyuan (Jingxian Academy), 207, 208

  • jinhua (evolutionary view of history), 343

  • jinxin (to devote yourself), 351, [363n45]

  • jiu da shantang (Nine Great Charitable Associations), [224n88]

    • ― 422 ―

  • Jiuguo ribao (National salvation daily), 301

  • Jiuzisha, [223n67]

  • Johnson, Chalmers, [154n17]

  • judicial corruption, 263, 264–65, 266–67, 268–69, 290, [297n74]

  • Junshi weiyuanhui Su-Zhe xingdong weiyuanhui (Jiang-su-Zhejiang Operations Committee), 305

  • Juntong (Military Statistics): assassinations by, 318, [337nn118], [119]; infiltrated by puppets, 322, 323–24; placed under Dai Li, 314; Shanghai station, 314; telephone monitoring section of, [339n156]. See also assassinations; Dai Li

  • Jurchen Jin dynasty, 20, 299

  • justice: in late-Qing-and May Fourth–era literature, 260–61, 262–69, 293; and modernity, 260; and revolution, 274; views of Liu E and Li Boyuan compared, 266–67; and violence, 17, 261, 262, 263–64, 293

  • Lai lineage (Shawan), 211

  • Lake Tai Special Action Command, 305

  • land, equal distribution of, 248, 252

  • land division, 250

  • land reform, 213; infiction, 18, 288–89, 291; local bosses and, 216

  • Lang, Olga, 105, 107

  • Langevin, Paul, [157n66]

  • Lanzhou: as central city, 98, 99–101, 102; chamber of commerce in, 119; compared to other cities, 98–99, 100, 103, [127n6]; criticism of Shanghai in, 111–12; as a garden city, 110; growth of, in1930s and1940s, 103; industry in, 102, 106; May Fourth protests in, 106, 109; municipal government, 110, [134n166]; after 1949, 101; roads and transportation in, 99, 113, 114, [133n120]; rural influence in, 103; students in, [130n68]; urban development in, 101–2, 103, 113, 126; and urban networks, 8; during war against Japan, 99–100, 101

  • Lao Can (fictional character), 262–65, [295n28], [297n74]

  • Lao She, 107; Four Generations under the Same Roof,[341n182]

  • Laski, Harold, 41

  • Law of Insurance (1929), 142

  • League of Left-Wing Dramatists, 369

  • League of Nations, 43, 143–44, 146, 148

  • League of Nations Engineering Mission to China, 144–45, 146, 147–48

  • learned societies, 245, 247, 248–49

  • Lebbe, Vincent, [187n2], [189n11]

  • Lee, Leo Oufan, 83

  • Leifeng Tower, 275

  • Leng Wangu, 115, 116, 117, 125

  • Lenin, V., 138, 141–42

  • Leo XIII, 176, 177

  • Levenson, Joseph, 345

  • Li, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 357

  • Li Bai, [397n22]

  • Li Boyuan, [294n22]; Living Hell,265–69, 270–71, 290–91, [294n22]

  • Li Fuqun, 323

  • Li ji,240

  • Li Jie (fictional character), 278–80, 282, [296n48]

  • Li Jinbiao, [331n55]

  • Li Lihua, 56

  • Li lineage: of Foshan, 197; of Shawan, 211

  • Li Peng, 138

  • Li Shengduo, 244

  • Li Shengwu, 312

  • Li Shizeng, 40, [60n31]

  • Li Xinghe, [340n166]

  • Li Zehou, 17

  • Li Zhishan, [129n55]

  • Li Zongren, 313

  • Liang Bi, 316

  • Liang Bingyun, [225n92]

  • Liang Chunrong, 207

  • Liang Hongye, [225n101]

  • Liang Hongzhi, 307, 308, 314, 322, [331–32n61], [338n147]

  • Liang Qichao: Bianfa tongyi,249; on group formation, 120, 245–46; and the individual and the nation, 239, 241, 243, [257n42], [257–58n47]; and learned societies, promoter of, 248–49;

    ― 423 ―
    as nationalist, 72; native village of, [220n32]; and new people, 31, 44; and Qing reforms, 244; and Western calendar, 32; and Zhang Taiyan, compared with, 232, 241, 242–43, 245–46, 254; and Zhang Taiyan, as rival of, 15, 233, 239

  • Liang Tongfang, [329n35]

  • Liang Zhangju, [331n61]

  • Liangyou huabao (The young companion), 44–47, 49–50, 51, 52–53, [61n55]

  • Liangyou tushu yinshua gongsi (Good friend books and printing company), 45, 57

  • Liangyou wenku (Liangyou repository), 45, 57

  • Liangyou wenxue congshu (Liangyou's collectanea of literature), 45

  • Lianhua Film Studio, 368, 370, 371, 372

  • Lianxing gongzhan,[223n74]

  • Lianxing tang,[223n74]

  • Liao, King of Wu, 315

  • libraries, 105, 107

  • Licent, Fr. Pierre, 162, 167–68

  • Lidu Theater, 371

  • Lienü zhuan (Records of chaste women), 350

  • The Light of East Asia (He Feiguang), [396n1]

  • lijin (transit tax), 200, 207

  • Lin hengji,207, [224n79]

  • Lin Shu, 36, 41, 42

  • Lin Yutang, 69, 81, 86

  • Lin Zhijiang, 315

  • Lincoln, Abraham, 174

  • lineage estates, 197, 203–4, 209–10. See also ancestral estates

  • lineage genealogies, [220n34], [223n69]

  • lishen (to establish your self or body), 351, 355–56, 357, 358, [363n45]

  • literacy, [130n65]

  • literary complicity, 261, 262, [294n11]

  • literati, and commerce, 197, [218n16]

  • literature: anti-Communist, [296n55]; covered in repositories, 39–40, 41–42, 45; leftist, 18, 261, 278, 282; and violence, 261. See also fiction "literature for the common people," 261

  • "literature for the insulted and the injured," 261

  • literature of blood and tears (xue he lei de wenxue), 260, 277–78, 284, 287

  • Liu, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 353

  • Liu Chunshou (fictional character), 286

  • Liu Dinghan, Bishop, 162

  • Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can,17, 262–65, 266, 267, 268, 270–71, 290–91, [294n20], [297n74]

  • Liu Geqing, 318

  • Liu Guanxun, [128n23]

  • Liu Kwang-ching, 194

  • Liu lineage (Huicheng), 205

  • Liu Ruiheng, 84

  • Liu Wanqing, [331n58]

  • Liu Xiang, Shuo yuan,315

  • Liu yiji,207, [224n79]

  • Liu Zaifu, 17, 261, 289

  • Liu Zhiwei, 204

  • Liugeng tang,211, [225n95]

  • Lixingshe (Vigorous Action Society), 301, 304, 319

  • liye (to fulfill an enterprise or profession), 351, 352, 356, [363n45]

  • lizhi (to resolve your will), 351, 358, [363n45]

  • local bosses: da tian er,215–16, [226n113]; and lineage institutions, 209–11; and merchants, 12, 200, 202, [225n103]; of 1990s, 216; in the sands of Zhongshan county, [225n93]

  • local self-government, 117–18, [224n88]; 250–51

  • Long Jiguang, 213

  • Long Life Pictorial (Bailing huabao), 80

  • Longhu gongsi (Dragon and Tiger Company), 69

  • Longhua, 306

  • Loyal and Patriotic Army (Zhongyi jiuguo jun), 305, 323

  • Loyal and Virtuous Family (Zhong yi zhi jia), 367–68

  • Lu, Hanchao, 107

  • Lu Bohong, [337n118]

  • Lu Jingshi, 305

  • Lu Ling, 284, 287, 290; "Hungry Guo Su'e," 286–88

  • Lu Xiaoman, 45

  • Lu Xun: on advertising and society, 66, 67, 91; allegory of iron house, 270; on calendar posters, 62, 76–77; and cannibalism, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 280–81, 282, 290, 292; and decapitation, 269–70, 272, 281, 291; "Diary of a Madman," 270, 277; film by Zheng Junli on, 372; as follower of Zhang Taiyan, 16, 232, 234; as justice seeker, 270–72; and late Qing intellectual chivalry, [295n34]; mentioned, 22, 44; "New Year Sacrifice," 271; "On the Collapse of the Leifeng Tower," 275; "Soap," 347, 350; "The True Story of A Q," 272, 281, 290; on women, 347; and Wu Zuxiang, 280–81

  • Lu Ying, 319

  • Lu Zuonan, 212–13

  • Lubao, 200, [221n51]

  • Lufei Bohong, 71

  • Lufthansa, 148

    • ― 424 ―

  • Luo Yixing, 200

  • Luoyang, 100

  • Lyotard, Jean-Francois, [295n24]

  • Ma Guoliang, 45

  • Machine for Long Life (bailingji), 80

  • madness: in literature, 270, 276–77; traitors and, 300

  • Maeterlinck, M., 42

  • maiguozei (thieves who have sold out their country), 301–2

  • Mainland Radio, 80

  • Maintenance Association, 302, 309, [333n77], [335n102]

  • Malatesta, Fr., [188n10]

  • Manchuria. See Manzhouguo Manchurian Railway Incident, 301

  • Manchus, 14, [258n49]

  • Mandarin Duck and Butterfly school. See Butterfly fiction

  • manifest appearances, [256n22]

  • Mann, Susan, 104, 109, 196, 200, 207, [363n61]

  • Manzhouguo: discourse on family and nation-state in, 352, [363n52]; Japanese occupation of, 143, 150, 380; Morality Society in, 348–50, 351, 352, [362n36]; nationalist patriarchy in, 22–23; religious societies in, 348–49; state rhetoric of, 356

  • Mao Dun, 35, 111, 347; Midnight,35; "One Day in China," 98, [127n6]

  • Mao Sen, 322, 323

  • Mao Zedong, 110, 115, 120; and literature, 284, 286; Yan'an talks, 261, 283–84

  • Marchand, Roland, 62

  • Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 304, 317

  • Mari, Benito, 144

  • Maritime Customs, 143

  • Maritime Law (1929), 142

  • market towns, 205, 216

  • Marx, Karl, 41

  • Masaki Kobayashi, The Human Condition,384

  • mass culture, 83 "mass revolution," 277

  • material culture. See daily life Maupassant, Guy de, 42

  • Maximum Ilud,166, [189n11]

  • May Fourth Movement: and antitraditionalism, 252, 342; boycott of Japanese goods during, 71; historiography of, 6–7; and individualism, 15–16; in Lanzhou, 106, 109; and literature, 17–18, 234; and political participation, 117; slogans, 31–32; and women, representation of, 346, 359

  • May Thirtieth Movement, 121–22

  • medical pluralism, 66–67, 72

  • medicine. See Chinese medicine; new medicine; Western medicine

  • Mei Guangpei, 305

  • Meiqi Theater, 371

  • meiren (beauties), 7

  • merchant militia, 212, 304

  • merchant-industrialists, 202

  • merchants: and ancestral estates in the sands, 203–4; decline of, 194, 200–202, 205, 215; depicted infilm, 393; economic and cultural strategies of, 202, 215; Guangdong, 191, 194; as hanjian,305, 313–14, [333n72], [335n106]; Huizhou, 191, 194, 198–99, 200, [219n26]; identity of, 191, 194, 195, 215; and lineage, 196–97; and literati lifestyles, 195, 200, [218n16], [221n41]; and local bosses, 200, 202; in Maoist and post-Mao eras, 216–17; as mediators between the urban and the rural, 12, 201, 205, 208; during Ming and Qing, 12, 191, 198; moral authority of, 209; overseas Chinese, 194, 214, 215; during Republican period, 12, 194, 195, 202; in Shanghai under Japanese occupation, 88, 379; and social order, 121; and state, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200–202, 215–16; Zhang Taiyan's critique of, 248–49. See also chambers of commerce

  • Miao, 299, [326n9]

  • Miao Bin, 323–34, [330n53], [341nn187], [188]

  • Michael, Franz, [332n65]

  • Military Affairs Commission (Nationalist), 305;

  • China Film Studio of, 370

  • Military Statistics Bureau. See Juntong Mill, J. S., 41

  • Milton, John, 41

  • Minbao,233, 242, 244, 316

  • Miner, Noel, [157n56]

  • Ming bao,369

  • Minglun tang (Confucian temple), 214

  • Ministry of Education, 37, 38, 147, 171–72

  • Ministry of Finance, 71, 148–49

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 149

  • Ministry of Health, 70, 84, 86

  • Ministry of Industry, 149

  • Ministry of Personnel, 149

  • Ministry of Railroads, 148

  • Minli gongsi,[225n93]

  • Minsheng gongsi,[225n93]

    • ― 425 ―

  • missionaries. See French Jesuits; Jesuits

  • Mixed Court, 54

  • mixed surnames (za xing), 199, 211

  • Mo Chaoxiong, 210

  • Mo lineage (Huicheng), 205, 210, [223n68]

  • modeng (modern), 47

  • "modern problems," 43

  • modern redemptive societies. See redemptive societies

  • Modern Woman (Jindai funü), 45

  • modernity: destruction and construction in, 115; as enlightenment enterprise, 33–34; and justice, 260; and technology, 137; and time, 31, 56; topics in, [27n4]; urban origins of, 127; and the West, 31, 163; and violence, 260

  • Molière, 42

  • Momilk, 49, 50, 52

  • Morality Society, 22–23; Confucian rhetoric of, 348, 351; and Eastern morality, 348; KMT hostility toward, 343; and Manzhouguo, 348–50, 351, 352, [362n35]; mediating role between state and family, 351–52, 353, 355; as modern redemptive society, 342; personal narratives, 353–58, [364n71]; religious syncretism in, 348; seminars of, 351; virtuous schools, 350, 352, 354, [363n56]; women, constraints on, 354, 358–60; women lecturers of, 347, 353, 355; and women, views on, 347, 352; and women's activities outside home, 354–55

  • Morishita Hiroshi, 68

  • movie magazines, 51

  • movie theaters, 103

  • Mozi, [259n71]

  • Mukden Incident, 373

  • Mukerji, Chandra, 395

  • mule carts, 102

  • municipal administration, 9, 13–14, 116, 117–18; chambers of commerce and, 118–20, 122

  • municipal studies, 108

  • Murphey, Rhoads, 106

  • Nakajima Seiichi, 88

  • Nanjing: Beijing influence on, 107; as capital city, 100, 101, 106, 123, [128n22], 137, 139–40; government district, 139–40; guilds and chambers of commerce in, 121–22; industrialization in, 106, [130n71]; Japanese attack on, 122, 153; modernity in, 137; municipal government, 140; public utilities in, 114, 142; rail connections to, 139; roads, 140; student movement in, 122; trees in, 140; women's movement in, [129n55]

  • Nanjing Electrical Works, 142

  • Nanjing Hotel, 320, 321, [339n157], [340n166]

  • Nankai University, 151, 176, 180, 181

  • Nanking Road (Shanghai), 104, 107

  • Nantong, 113, 119, 126

  • Nathan, Andrew, 83

  • National Association of Private Electrical Power Enterprises, 142

  • national capital, 100–101, 139–40, 152. See also Nanjing

  • National Capital Reconstruction Commission, 140

  • National Central University, 147

  • national character, 232

  • national citizen (guomin), 37, 38, 44

  • National Commission for the Control of Commerce, 88

  • National Defense Planning Commission, 150, 151

  • National Economic Council (Quanguo jingjiweiyuanhui), 143, 151, 153; and League of Nations, 143–44, 146, 148

  • national essence, 242, 252

  • national flag, 345

  • national goods, 70

  • national learning, 242

  • National Medical Journal of China,85

  • National Quarantine Service, 143

  • national reconstruction, 10, 141, 150, 152

  • National Reconstruction Commission, 141–42, 143, 148, 150, 151, 153

  • National Research Institute (Academia Sinica), 148

  • National Resources Commission, 11, 150, 151, 152, 153

  • National Salvation Association. See Chinese Youth National Salvation Association

  • National Salvation Movement, 71, 316

  • national scenery, 57

  • national sovereignty, 239, 240, 241

  • National Specialized Talent Investigation Committee, 151

  • national symbols, 70, 345

  • nationalism: and advertisements, 67, 70; anti-Manchu, 242, 251, [257n42]; as categorized in repositories, 43; Christianity and, [187n2]; debate between Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan on, 242–44; in early Chinese thought, 240; in India, 346; Qing concept of, 240–41; women and, 21–23, 346–47, 350–51; and Zhang Taiyan, views on, 14, 237, 238, 239, 242, 251–52, 253

    • ― 426 ―

  • nationalist movement of 1925, 169

  • Nationalist party-state: antibourgeois sentiment of, 391–93, [398n33]; bureaucracy of, 10, 149, 151; capital of, 139–40; city government under, 118; cultural policy of, 147; economic policy of, 138, 148, 152, [154n17]; and literature, [296n55]; and national reconstruction, 10, 141, 152; partification efforts of, 151; and postwar film, 390, 391; and redemptive societies, 343–44; regulation of commerce and industry by, 142; and regulation of new medicines, 84–86; Xinhui party branch, 212

  • nationalist patriarchy, 21–22

  • nation-state, 16, [26n3], 33, 57–58, 237–38, 241, 245. See also nationalism

  • native bankers, 209

  • native-place ties, 123, 206, 216, [219n26]

  • Negotiable Instruments Law (1929), 142

  • neo-Confucians, 199

  • New Asia Hotel, [332n64]

  • new culture (xin wenhua), 31

  • new epoch (xin shidai), 31

  • New Fourth Army Incident, 322

  • New Knowledge (xinzhi), 36

  • New Life Movement, [61n55], 320, 343

  • new literature (xin wenxue), 31, 35, 261

  • new medicine (xinyao), 63, 66, 78–79, 83–85, 88–90

  • new people (xinmin), 31, 44

  • New People's Society (Xinminhui), 323, [330n53]

  • New Policies, 31, 105, 113, 120, [154n17]

  • new schools (xinxue), 31

  • "New Woman," [61n50]

  • newspaper advertisements, 69, 70, 80, 81, 86; for films, 368, 390–91, [398n30]; recruiting assassins, 304–5, [329n36]

  • newspapers, 81, 104–5, 313, 314, 353

  • Nie Ergang, 207, 209

  • Nie Zheng, 315

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 41, 42, 233

  • nightclubs, 374

  • nightsoil collection, 110, 117

  • nihilism, 315

  • Nine Great Charitable Associations (jiu da shantang), [224n88]

  • Ningbo, 108, 116

  • Ningxia, 102

  • no-mankind, 253

  • Nongxue zazhi (Agricultural study magazine), 35

  • North China Area Army, [330n53]

  • North River system (Pearl River delta), 202

  • Northern Assassination Corps, 315–16

  • no-settlement, 246, 249–50

  • nudes, 50, 51–52, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78

  • Number Two State Historical Archives (Nanjing), 348

  • Office of Strategic Services (U.S.), 322

  • Office of Technical Experts for Planning the National Capital, 139, 140

  • opium, 49; rehabilitation centers, 344; supply bureaus, 313–14, [335n107]

  • Opium War, 300

  • Oral Records of Morality Seminars of the Third Manzhouguo Morality Society, 351

  • Oriental Hotel, 318

  • Oriental Trading Company, 52

  • Ostrovsky, A., 42

  • Ouyang Juyuan, [294n22]

  • Ouyang Yuqian, Pan Jinlian,273–74, 288, 290

  • Paauw, Douglas, 152

  • Palamas, K. 42

  • Palchinsky, Peter, 137, 143, [153n1]

  • Pan American, 148

  • Pan Hannian, 323

  • Pan Jinlian (fictional character), 273

  • pan-Asianism, 348

  • Pang Haogong (fictional character), 382, 383, 388, 389, 392

  • Pannell, Clifton, 103

  • parliamentary system, 247–48, [258n57]

  • parricide, 276, 281–82

  • Parsons, Talcott, 2

  • partification, 151

  • Patent Medicine Law (1937), 86

  • patriotic mobilization propaganda, 366

  • patriotism, 4, 175, 241, 349; infilm, 377, 387

  • Paulun Hospital, 321

  • peace movement collaborators, 311–13, [334n91]

  • Pearl River delta: and commercial bosses in post-Mao era, 216–17; commercialization of, 197, 202–3; historical materials on, 195; lineage estates of, 197; map of, 192–93; merchants in, 201, 202

  • peasant rebellion, 278–79, 283

  • peasants, 291

  • peddlers, 63, 107

  • Peking Man, [187n2]

  • Peking Union Medical College, 85

  • Peng Fulin, 319–21, [339nn153], [157], [160], [340nn163], [166]

    • ― 427 ―

  • Peng Jiazhen, 316

  • Peng Jinyi, [340n163]

  • People's Allied Anti-Japanese Army (Minzhong kang-Ri tongmeng jun), 303

  • People's Mobilization Society, 319

  • periodicals, 32, 35–36

  • Perry, Elizabeth, 195

  • philanthropy, 344

  • photographs: fashion, 47–48; of female body, 50–52, 74; ofnational scenery, 57; nude, 51–52, 78; and pictorial magazines, 45, 74; of Shanghai, 52–53

  • pictorial magazines, 5, 47–48, 80. See also Liangyou huabao

  • Pilsner Art Export Beer, 52

  • Pius XI, 176, 177

  • Plato, 41

  • plays, 273–77

  • "poaching" (Certeau), 91, 106

  • police, 107, 116

  • political assassination, [337n123]

  • Pollet, Fr., 172–73, 174–75

  • Ponsonby, Arthur, 35

  • popular sovereignty, 252

  • popularization of knowledge, 44

  • Porkert, Manfred, 64

  • Poshek Fu, [341n182]

  • posters, 300, [334n84]. See also calendar posters

  • preservation, 124–25. See also city walls

  • Primer for a National Citizen of the Constitutional Era (Lixian guomin duben), 37

  • Primer for a National Citizen of the Republic (Gonghe guomin duben), 37

  • print culture, 4, 8

  • professional associations, 9, 119

  • professionalism, 149, 152, [160n101]

  • Propaganda Fidei, 167, [190n47]

  • prostitution, 111, 264, 285

  • Protestant universities, 163, 169

  • Protestants, 169

  • provincial capitals, 105–6

  • provisional government (linshi zhengfu), 307, [330n53]

  • psychologism, 232

  • Pu Fuxin, [339n156]

  • public bureaus (gongfu), 208

  • public health, 102

  • public principle. See gongli Public Security Bureau, 303, [329n41]

  • public service, 344, 353, 355

  • "public sphere" (Habermas), 33, [58n8]

  • public utilities, 113–14, 117, 139, 142

  • publishing industry, 32, 33. See also Commercial Press

  • Pudong Guerrilla Brigade, 305

  • Pudovkin, Vsevolod, On Film Acting,369

  • puppet governments. See Dadao government of Shanghai; provisional government; reform government

  • Pure Food and Drug Act (U.S.), 84

  • Putnam, Robert, 125, [136n202]

  • Pye, Lucian, 14, 231, 254

  • Qian chuan weiyuanhui (Commission for Removal to Sichuan), 87

  • Qian Julin, 98, 101, 104, [127n6]

  • Qian Wengui (fictional character), 289, 291–93

  • Qianlong emperor, 200

  • Qiaoming (fictional character), 274, 275

  • qimeng (enlightenment), 33–34, 37

  • Qin, king of, 315

  • Qin Shao, 113

  • Qin Yi, 370

  • Qin Zhizhuang, 124–25

  • Qing Ji, Prince of Wu, 315

  • Qingdao, 101, 102, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112

  • Qinghua University, 147, 151

  • Qingmo choubei lixian dang'an shiliao,250

  • Qingxin Academy, 63

  • qipao,76

  • Qu Renze, 211

  • Qu Xuanying, [132n116]

  • Quadrigesimo Anno,177

  • Quaker Oats, 49–50, 52

  • Quan yong guohuo hui (Society for the Use of National Goods), 70

  • Quanguo minying dianye lianhehui (National Association of Private Electrical Power Enterprises), 142

  • qun. See grouping

  • quxian jiuguo (saving the nation in a devious way), 321–22

  • Saich, Tony, 291, [297n61]

  • salt trade, 201, 209, [220n34], [221n40]

  • sands: academies in, 207–8; development of, 203–5, 206, [222nn54], [55]; lineage estates of, 191, 197, 199, 203–4, 210–11; protection associations, 208–9; social mobility in, 204

  • sanitation, 110–11, [132n96]

  • Sanxia wuyi (Three knights-errant andfive sworn brothers), 267

  • Sanya, 212

  • schools, 38. See also higher education; textbooks

  • Schopenhauer, Arthur, 40, 41

  • Schwartz, Benjamin, 32

  • science, 34–35, 41, 42–43

  • Scott, James, 359

  • Scott, Walter, 41

  • "Second Revolution" of 1913, [135n182]

  • Second United Front, 314

  • Second Vatican Council, 186

  • secret societies, 349

  • self-cultivation, 344

  • Self-Government Association (Zizhihui), [333n77], [335n102]

  • Self-Government Committee, 307–8

  • self-nature (zixing), 232, 233, 236, 238, 246, 253

  • self-strengthening, 113

  • Self-Strengthening Learned Society (Ziqiang xuehui), 248

  • self-taught readers, 35

  • settlement (juluo), 246, 249–50

  • 76 Jessfield Road, 315

  • sexual diseases, 49

  • sha. See sands Shakespeare, William, 41

  • Shang Qiheng, 244

  • Shangguan Yunzhu, 382

  • Shanghai: as business headquarters, 78–79; and the Chinese modern, 3, 4–5, 6–7, 32; criticism of, 98, 111; drugstores in, 80–81, 89; entertainment industry in, 23, 111, 366, 368; influence of interior cities on, 8, 107; Japanese occupation of, 111, 122–23, 302, 374, 378, 386–87; as model for urban China, 103–4; photographs of, 52–53; postwar, 378–80, 382; rural influences in, 106–7; terrorist operations against hanjian in, 314–21; urban planning in, 116–17, [155n28]

  • Shanghai Amateur Experimental Drama Troupe (Shanghai yeyu shiyan ju tuan), 368, 369, 372

  • Shanghai Butchers Guild, [134n147]

  • Shanghai Citizens Society, 317

  • Shanghai Commercial Federation (Shanghai shangye lianhehui), 86

  • Shanghai Gas Company, 52

    • ― 429 ―

  • Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, 86, 120

  • Shanghai hotels, 320, [339n156]

  • Shanghai Municipal Council, 122, 123

  • Shanghai municipal government, 108, 118

  • Shanghai Municipal Police, 20, 321, [329n41], [339nn156], [160]

  • Shanghai New Medicine Trade Association (Shanghai xinyaoye gonghui), 85, 86

  • Shanghai New Medicine Trade Association (Shanghai xinyaoye shangye gonghui), 88

  • Shanghai Nichinichi,[329n32]

  • Shanghai Northern District Citizens

  • Maintenance Association, 302–3

  • "Shanghai odor" (Shanghai qi), 111

  • Shanghai Party Political Unification Committee

  • (Shanghai dang zheng tongyi weiyuanhui), [336n117]

  • Shanghai Salvation Drama Troupe (Shanghai jiuwang yanju), 369, 372

  • Shanghai Shopkeepers Association, 306

  • Shanghai Special Municipality (Shanghai tebie shi), 308, [334n66]

  • Shanghai yeyu shiyan ju tuan (Shanghai Amateur Experimental Drama Troupe), 368, 369, 372

  • Shanghai Yingxi Film Company, 370

  • Shanghai-Guangxi Trunk Line, 145

  • Shanghai-Hangzhou Motor Road, 145

  • Shanghai-Nanjing road, 153

  • Shanghainization (Shanghai hua), 111, [130n72]

  • Shangwu yinshu guan. See Commercial Press

  • Shaonian zazhi (Young magazine), 35

  • Shashi, 106

  • Shawan, [221n51], [225n95]

  • Shen bao,32, 49, 69, 86, 390, [398n30]

  • Shen Yi, 150

  • Shen Zhifang, 71

  • Shi, Mingzheng, 125

  • Shi Dezhi, [92n15]

  • Shi Dongshan (Shi Kuangshao), 368, 370, 371, 372, 386, 394, 396, [398n41]. See also Eight Thousand Miles of Clouds and Moon

  • Shi Jianru, 315, [337n123]

  • Shibunkai, 349

  • Shijie Zongjiao Datonghui (Society for the Great Unity of World Religions), 342

  • shimin,123–25

  • Shintoism, 349

  • Shitai Hospital, 319

  • Short Story Monthly (Xiaoshuo yuebao), 33, 35–36

  • Shu Xiuwen, 381

  • Shudson, Michael, 395

  • Shue, Vivienne, [160n102]

  • Shuowen,298

  • Si da Hui bang (Huizhou opera troupes), 200

  • Siku quanshu,[60n31]

  • silk industry, 143–44

  • silver, 204, [222n63]

  • Silver Star (Yinxing), 45

  • Singapore, 82

  • Sinocentrism, 240

  • Sino-Japanese War: bourgeois life in the interior during, 374, 377–78, 382, 387–88; depicted in film, 24, 384–85; family and, 385–86, 392; Gong Shang College during, 177–80, 181, 185; as holocaust, 365; new-style drugstores during, 87–88. See also collaboration

  • Sisha, [225n94]

  • Sivin, Nathan, 66

  • Siyou tang,211

  • Skinner, G. William, 104, [128n24], 200

  • Smith, Adam, 41

  • smuggling, 215, 313, [335n106]

  • "social capital," 125–26

  • social Darwinism, 31

  • Society for the Preservation of National Learning (Guoxue baoxun hu), 242

  • Society for the Use of National Goods (Quan yong guohuo hui), 70

  • Society of Chinese Water Control Engineers, 144

  • Society of the Divine Word, [187n3]

  • Song Jiangrong, [340n164]

  • Song Jiaoren, 316

  • Songbird on Earth (Ying fei renjian), 368

  • Song-Hu biedong zongdui (Song-Hu Chief Special Action Corps), 305–6

  • Song-Hu police department, [331n55]

  • Soong, T. V., 146

  • South Market Local Self-Government Committee, 37n118

  • Southeast Asia: new medicine distribution in, 82, 88, 89; trade with, 194, 197, 205

  • Southern Art Institute (Nanguo yishu xueyuan), 372

  • Soviet Union, 100, 141–42, 151, [160n97]

  • space of authenticity, 345–46, 347, 350, 359–60

  • Special Services Committee (Tewu weiyuanhui; Communist Party), 300–301

  • Special Services Corps, 306, 316–18

  • Special Services Squad (Tewutuan; Military Affairs Commission), 305

  • Spinoza, B., 41

  • spirituality, Eastern, 342–43

    • ― 430 ―

  • A Spring River Flows East (Yi jiang chun shui xiang dong liu; Cai Chusheng and Zheng Junli), 24, 371, 372, 380–84, 385–86, 387–88, 389, 395, [397n23]; ads for, 391; cultural politics of, 390; title of, [397n22]

  • stages of revolution thesis, 2–3, 10

  • Stapleton, Kristin, 122

  • Star Film Company (Mingxing yingpian gongsi), 371

  • Star Rickshaw Company, 303

  • Storm on the Border (Ying Yunwei), [396n1]

  • Strand, David, 202

  • Strand Theater (Xinguang da xiyuan), 366

  • Strauss, Julia, 149

  • street peddlers, 63, 107

  • street theater, 369. See also drama troupes streetcars, 124

  • street-cleaning, 302

  • student movements, 12, 122, 169, 175–76

  • students, military training of, 175

  • Su, Prince, [337n126]

  • Su Xiwen, 306–7, 308, [330n52], [332n68]

  • Su Yi, Young China,[396n1]

  • Subei gangsters, 302–3

  • subsidiarity (Catholic social philosophy), 186

  • Sufen (fictional character), 380–83, 387, 392, 393

  • suicide, 234, 236, 370, 383, 384

  • Sun, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 357

  • Sun Jinghao, 305

  • Sun Ke (Sun Fo), 141

  • Sun Yatsen: and Beiyang militarists, 304; Constitution Protection Movement of, [131n86]; as father of Chinese developmental state, 139; Industrial Plan of, 10, 138, 141, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, [159n87]; mentioned, 22, 113, 115, 120, 137, 174; and Nanjing as choice for national capital, [128n22]; on nationalism, 239, 241; and public and private spheres, view of, 142; revolutionary movement of, 214, [337n123]; on road construction, 145; Three Principles of the People,248, [296n55]; and traditional Chinese virtues, 346

  • Sun Yatsen Mausoleum, 140

  • Sun Yatsen Study Society, 323

  • Sun Yaxing, 304–5, 318, [329n36], [338n128]; Special Services Corps of, 306, 316–18

  • Sun Yu, 372

  • Suzhou, 116

  • Swift, Jonathan, 41

  • syncretism, 343, 344

  • Venerable Mother cult, 307

  • violence: defined, 260; of language, 291; and literature, 17, 18, 261, 269; and modernity, 260; pious, 263; and revolution, 282

  • "violence of representation," 261

  • virtuous girls' schools, 350, 352, 354–55, [363n56]

  • Xi county (Huizhou), [220nn34], [38]

  • Xi Shitai, 319–21, [339nn149], [150], [162]

  • Xi Xingzhi, [339n150]

  • Xia Yan, 369

  • Xi'an, 100, 101, 102, 114, [128n23]

  • Xian county (Hebei), 162, 164–65, 170, 182–83

  • Xian lineage of Foshan, 197

  • Xiang Songpo, 305

  • Xiang Zi of Zhao, 315

  • Xianglin (fictional character), 271

  • Xiangshan county, [222n55]. See also Zhongshan county

  • Xiangyang, 106

  • Xiangzhou port project, 215

  • Xianzi (fictional character), 281–82

  • Xiao Sen (fictional character), 274, 275–76

  • Xiao Yuanxi (fictional character), 373–76, 378, 387, 388, 389, 392

  • Xiao Zanyu, 301

  • Xiaolan zhen,210, [221n51]

  • Xiaoshuo yuebao (Short story monthly), 33, 35–36

  • Xiehehui (Concordia Society), [330n53]

  • Xihai shiba sha,[222n55]

  • Ximen Qing (fictional character), 273

  • xin (new), 31–32

  • Xin Long (New Gansu), [130n68]

  • Xin shenbao (Shanghai godo), 308

  • xin shidai (new epoch), 32

  • Xin'an school (Xin'an xuepai), 199, [220n38]

  • Xi'nan shuyuan (Xi'nan Academy), 207, 209, [223n70]

  • Xinguang da xiyuan (Strand Theater), 366

  • Xinguang Primary School, [329n41]

  • Xinhai Revolution, 316

  • Xinhui: academies in, 207, 213; merchants in, 200, 201, 214; products of, 203; reclamation of the sands in, 203. See also Huicheng

  • Xinhui Chamber of Commerce, 212, 213, [224n81], [225n101]

  • Xinjiekou (Nanjing), 140

  • xinmin (new people), 31, 44

    • ― 433 ―

  • Xinmin congbao,244

  • Xinminhui (New People's Society), 323, [330n53]

  • Xinning-Jiangmen railway, 215

  • Xinshidai shidi congshu (History and geography of the new era), 40

  • xinzhi (new knowledge), 36

  • Xiuning, [220n34]

  • xiushen (cultivation), 37

  • Xiuxiang xiaoshuo (Illustrated fiction), [294n22]

  • Xu Enzeng, 322

  • Xu lineage (Huicheng), 205, [223n68]

  • Xu Tingjie, 323

  • Xu Weinan, 45

  • Xu Wenbing, [331n58]

  • Xu Xiaochu, 87, 88, 89, 90

  • Xu Xiling, 316

  • Xu Zhimo, 45

  • Xu Zhuodai, [94n61]

  • Xuanzong emperor, 74

  • Xuesheng zazhi (Student magazine), 35

  • Xunzi,240, [256n19]

  • Zaifeng (Prince Chun), 316

  • Zailijiao (Teaching of the Abiding Principle), 342, 344

  • Zang Qifang, [132n104]

  • Zhabei Citizens Maintenance Association, 302

  • Zhahar, 303

  • Zhan Tianyou (Jeme Tien Yau), 149

  • Zhang, Widow (fictional character), 289–90

  • Zhang Daofan, [296n55]

  • Zhang Ji, [128n22]

  • Zhang Jian, 113, 119, 126

  • Zhang Jingyao, 303

  • Zhang Jizhong, 304

  • Zhang Junxiang, Diary of a Homecoming,395

  • Zhang Ruogu, 45

  • Zhang Taiyan: on abolishing the settlement, 246, 249–50; Chinese writer as knight-errant, view of, 261, [294n10]; contradictions in thought of, 233–34, 237; criticism of gongli,235–36; and equality, concept of, 236, 248, 252, 253–54; essays of, 233; on evolution, 235; on the individual and the nation, 16, 238, 243–44, 245, 246, 251–52, 254, [259n71];

    ― 434 ―
    and Liang Qichao, compared with, 15, 232, 241, 242–43, 245–46, 254; on local self-government, 251; and merchants, critique of, 248–49; and the nation, denial of, 241–42, 248, 253; and nationalism, 237, 238, 239, 242, 251–52, 253; and parliamentary system, critique of, 247–48, [258n57]; and patriarchal system, critique of, 250, 252; provisional concept of the self, 253; on revolution, 239; rivalry with Yan Fu and Liang Qichao, 15; "Ruxia pian," 294; and self-nature and the individual, concepts of, 14–15, 232, 233–234, 236, 237, 238, 254; "Sihuo lun," 246; and social collectivities and political groups, denial of, 246–47, 249, 252; and traditionalism, 248, 252–53; Wuchao falü suoyin,248; "Wuwu lun," x246, 248, 249; "Yanshuo lu," 242; Yogacaric interpretation of Zhuangzi, 233, 235, 236, 237, [255n7], [256n19]

  • Zhang Xiaolin, 85–86, 305, 315, 317

  • Zhang Yanfeng, 73, 82

  • Zhang Zhidong, 113, 126

  • Zhang Zhongliang (fictional character), 380–84, 385–86, 388, 389, 392

  • Zhang Zhongmin (fictional character), 381, 389, 392

  • Zhang Ziping, 42

  • Zhanglin, [222n64]

  • Zhangzhuang Cathedral, 162, 164

  • Zhao, Mrs. (Morality Society member), 353, 354, 358

  • Zhao Dan, 370, 372

  • Zhao Dihua, 89

  • Zhao Gangyi, 304

  • Zhao Guizhang, 323

  • Zhao Jiabi, 45, 57

  • Zhao Jingshen, 267, [294n22]

  • Zhao Liang, 317, [338n128]

  • Zhao Lijun, 314–15

  • Zhao lineage (Sanjiang xiang), [221n54]

  • Zhao Zhensheng (Fr. Francis Xavier), 172

  • Zhao Zhixiang, 319–21, [339nn153], [155], [157], [160], [340n171]

  • Zhejiang Silk Riots of 1933, 144

  • Zhendan University, [187n3]

  • Zheng Boqi, 45

  • Zheng Jiemin, 303

  • Zheng Jinglian, [221n40]

  • Zheng Junli, 368, 371–72, [397n23]; Between Husband and Wife,372; The Big Road,372; Filial Piety,372; life of Lu Xun, 372. See also A Spring River Flows East

  • Zheng Mantuo, 7, 53–54, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, [94n52]

  • Zheng Zhengqiu, 371

  • zhengfeng (rectification) movements, 286

  • Zhengzhou, 102, 103

  • Zhenzhen (fictional character), 284–86, 287, 288, 292

  • Zhihe grain shop, 206

  • zhiming (to know your fate), 351, [363n45]

  • zhixing (to know your nature), 351, [363n45]

  • zhizhi (to know your limits), 351, 358

  • Zhong yi zhi jia (Loyal and Virtuous Family), 367–68

  • Zhongfa da yaofang. See Great China-France Drug Store

  • Zhongguo dabao (China herald), [329n36]

  • Zhongguo hangkong qicai zhizao gongsi (China Air Materials Construction Company), 148

  • Zhongguo qiche zhizao gongsi (Automobile Manufacturing Company), 148

  • Zhongguo shuili gongcheng xuehui (Society of Chinese Water Control Engineers), 144

  • Zhongguo xinbao,244

  • Zhongguo xinwenxue daxi (Compendium of new Chinese literature), 57

  • Zhonghua Book Company, 71

  • Zhonghua gongcheng xuehui (Chinese Engineering Society), 149

  • Zhonghua gongchengshi xuehui (Chinese Society of Engineers), 149

  • Zhonghua jingxiang (China as She Is: A Comprehensive Album), 57

  • Zhonghua Medicine Mill (Zhonghua zhiyao chang), 90

  • Zhonghua shuju (China Bookstore), 33, 37

  • Zhongshan county, 210, [222n55], [225n94]

  • Zhongshan lu (Sun Yatsen Road; Nanjing), 140

  • Zhongtong, 322, [337n119]

  • Zhongwen da cidian (Encyclopedic dictionary of the Chinese language), [326n1]

  • Zhongyang ribao (Central daily news), 305, [329n36]

  • Zhongyi jiuguo jun (Loyal and Patriotic Army), 323

  • Zhongzheng Culture Prize, 390

  • Zhou Enlai, 300, 370

  • Zhou Fengqi, 315, [337n118]

  • Zhou Fohai, 312, 322, [334n91], [336n116]

  • Zhou Jianhua, 320, 321, [339n157]

  • Zhou Jiarong (fictional character), 376, 377–78, 385, 387, 388, 389, 392

  • Zhou Libo, Hurricane,289, 291

    • ― 435 ―

  • Zhou Minggang, [94n61]

  • Zhou Muqiao, [94n52]

  • Zhou Shanpei, 116

  • Zhou Shougang, 305, 317, [329n36]

  • Zhou Shoujuan, 45

  • Zhou Xuexi, 114

  • Zhou Zuoren, 42, 111

  • Zhu, Mrs. (Morality Society member), [364n71]

  • Zhu Ganting, 319, [338n147]

  • Zhu Hu Binxia (Mrs.), 36, [59n17]

  • Zhu Jiahua, 147

  • Zhu Shengyuan, 314, [336n115]

  • Zhu Xi, [220n38]

  • Zhu Yingpeng, 45

  • Zhu Yunzhang, [59n17]

  • Zhu Yuzhen, 307

  • Zhu Zijia, 312

  • Zhuan Zhu, 315

  • Zhuang, Governor (fictional character), 262, 264, 265

  • Zhuangzi, 174; Qiwu lun,233, 235, 236

  • Ziqiang xuehui (Self-Strengthening Learned Society), 248

  • Zola, Émile, 42

  • Zou Rong, 239; Revolutionary Army,310

  • Zuo zhuan,240, [326n4]

  • Zuo Zongtang, 102, 105, 110, 113, 126

  • Zurndorfer, Harriet, 199, [220n34]

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