Preferred Citation: Frederickson, Kristen, and Sarah E. Webb, editors Singular Women: Writing the Artist. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c2003 2003. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt5b69q3pk/


 
“SO WHAT ARE YOU WORKING ON?”

NOTES

1. “Exception, est aussi quelquefois une dérogeance à la regle en faveur de quelques personnes dans certains cas: on dit communement qu'il n'y a point de regle sans exception, parce qu'il n'y a point de regle, si étroite soit elle, dont quelqu'un ne puisse être exempté dans ces circonstances particulières; c'est aussi un maxime en Droit, que exceptio firmat regulam, c'est-à-dire qu'en exemptant de la regle celui qui est dans le cas de l'exception, c'est tacitement prescrire l'observation de la regle pour ceux qui ne sont pas dans un cas semblable.” Diderot and D'Alembert, Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, facsimile of 1751–80 edition (Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann, 1967), 6:218.

2. Geneviève Fraisse, La raison des femmes (Paris: Plon, 1992), 51–54. This concept is also developed in her earlier book, La Muse de la raison (Aixen-Provence: Alinéa, 1989).

3. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. and ed. H.M. Parshley (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 707.

4. For this assessment, see Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock, Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 96, and Griselda Pollock, Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism, and the Histories of Art (New York: Routledge, 1988), 46–48.

5. See, for example, Elizabeth Colwill, “Just Another Citoyenne? Marie-Antoinette on Trial,” History Workshop 28 (Autumn 1989): 63–87; Lynn Hunt, “The Many Bodies of Marie-Antoinette,” in Eroticism and the Body Politic, ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Sarah Maza, “The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785–1786): The Case of the Missing Queen,” in Hunt, Eroticism and the Body Politic; and Jacques Revel, “Marie-Antoinette in Her Fictions:


64
The Staging of Hatred,” in Fictions of the French Revolution, ed. Bernadette Fort (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1991).

6. Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics. Feminist Literary Theory (New York: Methuen, 1985), 9.

7. The problem was exacerbated because, by excluding the possibility of woman's reason, the dominant construction of woman defends itself against any assault by a “real” woman. Here, for example, is the influential physiologist Cabanis speaking about women who would claim achievement in intellectual or artistic endeavors: “For the small number of women who can obtain true successes in these categories that are completely foreign to the faculties of their minds things are perhaps worse. In youth, in maturity, in old age, what will be the place of these ambiguous beings who are, properly speaking, of no sex?” Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis, On the Relations between the Physical and Moral Aspects of Man, trans. Margaret Saidi, ed. George Mora, intro. Sergio Moravia and George Mora (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), 2:242.

8. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness from the Middle Ages to 1870 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 220. Only when learned women could cluster together in informal groups, which substituted for established institutions, could an alternative vision (or feminist imaginary) begin to take root. With the recent institutionalization of women's studies, gender studies, and feminist theory in universities here and abroad, woman's resistance to patriarchy is increasingly recuperated, narrativized, and theorized.

9. Michèle Le Doeuff, The Philosophical Imaginary, trans. Colin Gordon (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989). This English version appeared nine years after the French edition (L'imaginaire philosophique [Paris: Payot, 1980]) and is a careful, readable translation. See also Michèle Le Doeuff, Hipparchia's Choice: An Essay Concerning Women, Philosophy, Etc., trans. Trista Selous (Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1991).

10. I am suggesting that Vigée-Lebrun makes an “autobiographical pact” with the reader. For this concept, see Philippe Lejeune, On Autobiography, trans. Katherine Leary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 3–30. Other works that particularly shaped my thinking include Domna Stanton, ed., The Female Autograph (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Felicity Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject: Gender and Ideology in Eighteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); Françoise Lionnet, Autobiographical Voices (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989); and Sidonie Smith, A Poetics of Women's Autobiography (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).

11. “On croira sans peine que je ne fus pas tentée de suivre son conseil; peindre et vivre n'a jamais été qu'un seul et même mot pour moi, et j'ai bien souvent rendu grâces à La Providence de m'avoir donné cette vue excellent, dont je m'avisais de me plaindre comme une sotte au célèbre anatomiste.” Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Souvenirs, ed. Claudine Herrmann (Paris: Des femmes, 1986), 1:238. For a more complete interpretation of this encounter, see Mary D.


65
Sheriff, The Exceptional Woman: Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun and the Cultural Politics of Art (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), chap. 1.

12. For an extended analysis of this problematic, see Mary D. Sheriff, Moved by Love: Inspired Artists and Deviant Women in Eighteenth-Century France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), chap. 2.

13. Mary Garrard, “Artemisia Gentileschi's Self Portrait as the Allegory of Painting,Art Bulletin 62 (March 1980): 97–112. See also Garrard's essay in this book.

14. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993), 104–19.

15. Ibid., 108.

16. See note 4.

17. For a fuller discussion see Sheriff, The Exceptional Woman,chap. 5.

18. Coup de Patte, Le triumvirat des Arts ou Dialogue entre un Peintre, un Musicien & un Poëte sur les Tableaux exposés au Louvre, année 1783, pour servir de continuation au Coup de Patte & à la Patte de velours, 1783, Collection Deloynes, no. 305, p. 27.

19. “Non. Les bras, la tête, le coeur des femmes sont privés des qualités essentielles pour suivre les hommes dans la haute région des beaux-arts. Si la nature en produisoit une capable de ce grand effort, ce seroit une monstruosité d'autant plus choquante, qu'il se trouveroit une opposition nécessaire entre son existence physique et son existence morale. Une femme qui auroit toutes les passions d'un homme, est réellement un homme impossible. Aussi le vaste champe de l'Histoire, qui n'est remplique d'objets vigoureusement passionnés est fermé pour quiconque n'y sauroit porter tous les caractères de vigueur.” Ibid., no. 305, p. 27.

20. Ann Sutherland Harris, “Portrait of a Lady,” Women's Review of Books 14 (January 1997): 2.

21. Linda Nochlin, “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” in Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness, ed. Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran (New York: New American Library, 1981), 480–510.

22. This interpretation is developed in Mary D. Sheriff, “A rebours: Le problème de l'histoire dans l'interprétation féministe,” in Où en est l'interprétation de l'oeuvre d'art? ed. Régis Michel (Paris: École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 2001). Another essay offers a subversive reading of Fragonard's painting The Souvenir: see Mary D. Sheriff, “Letters: Painted/Penned/ Purloined,” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 26 (1996): 29–56.

23. Shoshona Felman, What Does a Woman Want? Reading and Sexual Difference (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 6.


“SO WHAT ARE YOU WORKING ON?”
 

Preferred Citation: Frederickson, Kristen, and Sarah E. Webb, editors Singular Women: Writing the Artist. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c2003 2003. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt5b69q3pk/