| By Popular Demand |
| Contents |
| Acknowledgments |
| 1. Introduction |
 | 2. Exit And Public Voice In Representative Democracy |
| • | ELECTIONS AND PUBLIC VOICE IN IDEAL MODELS OF DEMOCRACY |
| • | THE EXIT, VOICE, AND LOYALTY MODEL |
| • | APPLYING THE MODEL TO ELECTIONS |
| • | THE ROLE OF DELIBERATION |
| • | THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CITIZENS |
| • | CIVIC NEGLECT |
| • | DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING |
| 3. Why Elections Fail To Ensure Accountability |
| • | INTERESTS AND IDEOLOGY |
| HOW VOTERS EVALUATE CANDIDATES |
| • | RETROSPECTIVE VOTING |
| • | IDEOLOGY, PARTISANSHIP, AND COGNITIVE SHORTCUTS |
| • | POLITICAL CONVERSATION AS A PERSONAL SHORTCUT |
| • | VOTER SOPHISTICATION AND ELECTION VISIBILITY |
| • | POWERFUL INCUMBENTS AND SCARCE OPPONENTS |
| • | NONVOTING, DISTRUST, AND CIVIC NEGLECT |
| 4. Appraising Radical And Conventional Electoral Reforms |
| • | DIRECT DEMOCRACY |
| ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS |
| • | CUMULATIVE AND PREFERENTIAL VOTING |
| • | UNIVERSAL REPRESENTATION |
| • | PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION BY PARTIES |
| MODEST ELECTORAL REFORMS |
| • | LIMITING TERMS IN OFFICE |
| • | CHANGING THE ROLE OF MONEY |
| • | IMPROVING CAMPAIGN DISCOURSE |
| • | GUIDING VOTERS |
| • | DELIVERING INFORMATION TO THE VOTERS WHO NEED IT MOST |
| 5. Public Expression In American Politics |
| PUBLIC OPINION POLLS |
| • | SURVEYS AS REPRESENTATIVE AND ARTICULATE VOICE |
| • | CRITICISMS OF PUBLIC OPINION SURVEYS |
| • | FACE-TO-FACE MEETINGS WITH ELECTED OFFICIALS |
| • | TALK RADIO |
| • | LOBBYING AS A MEANS OF ARTICULATION AND INFLUENCE |
| • | LISTENING FOR AN AUTHENTIC PUBLIC VOICE |
| 6. Glimpses Of The Deliberative Public |
| • | DELIBERATIVE CIVIC EDUCATION |
| • | COMMUNITY DELIBERATION |
| RANDOM SAMPLE FORUMS |
| • | CITIZEN CONFERENCES |
| • | CITIZEN JURIES |
| • | DELIBERATIVE POLLING AND THE NATIONAL ISSUES CONVENTION |
| • | INTO THE REALM OF THE POSSIBLE |
| 7. The Citizen Panels Proposal |
| PRIORITY PANELS |
| • | RANDOM SELECTION OF PANELISTS |
| • | IDENTIFYING A PRELIMINARY SET OF LEGISLATION |
| • | DISCUSSION AND VOTING |
| • | IMPLICATIONS FOR ELECTIONS |
| LEGISLATIVE PANELS |
| • | DELIBERATION ON LEGISLATION |
| • | IMPLICATIONS FOR ELECTIONS |
| • | ADVISORY PANELS |
| • | CANDIDATE-SELECTION PANELS |
| • | REFERENDA PANELS |
| • | DEVILISH DETAILS |
| 8. The Political Impact Of Citizen Panels |
| THE QUALITY OF CITIZEN JUDGMENTS |
| • | INFORMATION |
| • | MOTIVATION |
| • | PRESSURE TO CONFORM |
| • | FINDING COMMON GROUND |
| PANEL INFLUENCE ON VOTING DECISIONS |
| • | NECESSITY |
| • | LEGITIMACY |
| • | NEUTRALITY |
| • | CLARITY |
| • | REBUILDING PUBLIC TRUST AND REDUCING CIVIC NEGLECT |
| OTHER EFFECTS OF CITIZEN PANELS |
| • | DAMPENING THE CYNICISM OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS |
| • | SUSTAINING DELIBERATION |
| • | CHANGING CAMPAIGNS AND CANDIDATES |
| • | PROMOTING POLITICAL PASSIVITY |
| 9. Electoral Experimentation |
| • | THE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH |
| • | TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CITIZEN PANELS |
| • | INCREMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION |
| Notes |
| • | CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION |
| • | CHAPTER 2. EXIT AND PUBLIC VOICE IN REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY |
| • | CHAPTER 3. WHY ELECTIONS FAIL TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY |
| • | CHAPTER 4. APPRAISING RADICAL AND CONVENTIONAL ELECTORAL REFORMS |
| • | CHAPTER 5. PUBLIC EXPRESSION IN AMERICAN POLITICS |
| • | CHAPTER 6. GLIMPSES OF THE DELIBERATIVE PUBLIC |
| • | CHAPTER 7. THE CITIZEN PANELS PROPOSAL |
| • | CHAPTER 8. THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF CITIZEN PANELS |
| • | CHAPTER 9. ELECTORAL EXPERIMENTATION |
| References |
| Index |
