1. Meron Benvinisti, West Bank Data Project, 40.

2. Ian S. Lustick, For the Land, 64; Ilan Peleg, Human Rights, 22–43.

3. Ehud Sprinzak, it will be recalled, termed this Gush Emunim's "invisible realm."

4. Ian S. Lustick, For the Land, 15.

5. Ian S. Lustick For the Land, 15.

6. Ian S. Lustick, For the Land, 179. For Shapira's poll, see Ariel Ben Ami, "Arabs Should be Encouraged to Emigrate, Say 62 Percent of Rabbis in Judea and Samaria."

7. Moshe Ben Yosef, "In Support of Transfer," Nekuda, 109: 14 (April 1987): 16. In Hebrew.

8. Danny Rubenstein, On the Lord's Side; Nur Masalha, A Land; Ian S. Lustick, For the Land.

9. Meron Benvinisti, West Bank Data Project, 41.

10. Meron Benvinisti, West Bank Data Project, 41.

11. Hagar Segal, "The Cat Guarded the Milk Nicely," Hadashot, 27 April 1990. In Hebrew.

12. Palestine Human Rights Information Center (PHRIC). Israeli Settler Violence in the Occupied Territories: 1980–1984 (Jerusalem: PHRIC, 1985), 15.

13. Rehavam Ze'evi, "The Government Abandoned the Settlers to Stones and Explosives," Nekuda 89: 26 (July 1985): 12. In Hebrew.

14. David Weisburd, Jewish Settler Violence: Deviance as Social Reaction (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989); and State of Israel, Office of the Attorney General, The Karp Report: An Israeli Government Inquiry into Settler Violence against Palestinians on the West Bank (unofficial English translation) (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984).

15. Ilan Lagziel, Political Violence on the Extreme Right in Israel: Kach from the Kahane Assassination until the Oslo Accords (Unpublished M.A. thesis, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1994). In Hebrew.

16. Haim Segel, Dear Brothers: The History of the Jewish Underground (Jerusalem: Keter, 1987), in Hebrew; and Ian S. Lustick, Unsettled States, 368.

17. Ze'ev Schiff's article appeared in Ha'aretz, 21 February 1987, as cited by Shevah Shtern, "The IDF without Yesha," Nekuda, 109: 14 (April 1987): 15. In Hebrew.

18. B'Tselem, Law Enforcement.

19. B'Tselem, Law Enforcement, 26.

20. The parliamentarians wrote two letters about Jewish militias. The first, dated 13 February 1989, was sent by Yossi Sarid and Dedi Zucker to Israeli Attorney General Yoseph Harish. The second, dated 22 February 1989, went to Minister of Justice Dan Meridor, Minister of Police Haim Bar-Lev, and Minister of Defense Yitzhak Rabin. Both are on file in the B'Tselem archives.

21. Uri Ben Eliezer, "Is a Military Coup Possible in Israel? Israel and French-Algeria in Comparative Historical-Sociological Perspective," Theory and Society, 27: 3 (1998): 311–349. For one incident in which soldiers joined settlers in a vigilante raid, see B'Tselem, Law Enforcement, 56–58.

22. Ehud Sprinzak, "Right-Wing Terrorism in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Split Delegitimization," in Tore Bjorgo, ed., Terror from the Extreme Right (London: Frank Cass, 1995).

23. Ilan Lagziel, Political Violence, 53–68.

24. Ilan Lagziel, Political Violence, 55.

25. Ilan Lagziel, Political Violence, 55.

26. Amnesty International, Unlawful Killings during Operation "Grapes of Wrath" (London: Amnesty International, 1996); Major-General Franklin Van Kappen, Report Dated 1 May 1996 of the Secretary-General's Military Advisor Concerning the Shelling of the United Nations Compound at Qana on April 18, 1996 (New York: United Nations, 1996), S/1996/337; Human Rights Watch, Civilian Pawns: Laws of War Violation and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996), and "Operation Grapes of Wrath" : The Civilian Victims (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997).

27. Israel Defense Forces, IDF Response to the UN Report on the Qana Incident (Tel Aviv: IDF Spokesman's Office), 9 May 1996.

28. Human Rights Watch, "Operation Grapes of Wrath,"5.

29. Human Rights Watch, Civilian Pawns, 5–6, 8.

30. Human Rights Watch, Civilian Pawns, 48–49. From the end of July 1993 to the end of November 1999, according to B'Tselem, Israeli forces and Lebanese militia allies killed at least 355 civilians. From July 1985 to the end of November 1999, by contrast, Lebanese groups killed nine Israeli civilians. See B'Tselem, Israeli Violations of Human Rights of Lebanese Civilians (Jerusalem: B'Tselem, 2000), 59.

31. See, for example, a 1992 Israeli army statement that Palestinians were increasingly using weapons, cited in B'Tselem, Activity of the Undercover Units in the Occupied Territories (Jerusalem: B'Tselem, 1992), 111.

32. When the second Palestinian uprising broke out in fall 2000, Israel began to employ Lebanon-style methods against the West Bank and Gaza. See the book's concluding chapter for details.

33. Yair Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon: The Israeli-Syrian Deterrence Dialogue (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 28–30.

34. The agreement was dubbed "the Cairo Accord." For details, see Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 48–52; and Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security: Politics, Strategy, and the Israeli Experience in Lebanon (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 40–42.

35. For overviews of Palestinians in Lebanon, see Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival; and Mordechai Lahav, Fifty Years of Palestinian Refugees: 1948–1999 (Tel Aviv: Rosh Tov, 2000), 481–488, in Hebrew.

36. In 1995, there were 344,545 registered Palestinian refugees in Lebanon (United Nations Relief and Works Agency [UNRWA], Guide to UNRWA [Vienna: UNRWA, 1995], 7). For PLO-Lebanese relations, see Rashid Khalidi, Under Siege: P.L.O. Decision-Making during the 1982 War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 18–41.

37. Augustus Richard Norton and Jillian Schwedler, External Intervention and the Politics of Lebanon (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, 1984), 7.

38. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 74. Although many southern Lebanese were initially sympathetic to the Palestinian guerrillas, some eventually turned against them, leading to armed clashes between the PLO and Amal, the Shi'ite Lebanese militia. See Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 133–136.

39. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, 45; and Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation, 74.

40. Walid Khalidi, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1979), 124.

41. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 341.

42. Jonathan C. Randal, Going All the Way: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and the War in Lebanon (New York: Viking, 1983), 198–199; and Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt: Major Saad Haddad and the Ties with Israel, 1975–78 (New York: Praeger, 1988), 34.

43. Israeli casualties reported by Michael Jansen, The Battle of Beirut: Why

44. For discussions of Lebanese Shi'ite militias, see Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Chibli Mallat, Shi'i Thought from the South of Lebanon (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University, Center for Lebanese Studies, 1988); Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987); and Shimon Shapira, "The Origins of Hizballah," Jerusalem Quarterly, 46 (spring 1988): 115–130.

45. Mordechai Lahav, Fifty Years, 484.

46. For Lebanon's civil war, see Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation; Elisabeth Picard, Lebanon: A Shattered Country (New York: Holmes and Meier, 2001); Tabitha Petran, The Struggle over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987); and Itamar Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970–1985 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985). For the PLO's role in the 1975–76 fighting, see Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 79–106.

47. France had extended Lebanon's borders in the early 1920s to include large numbers of Muslims, and a 1943 national pact set confessional quotas for government and legislative bodies. The influx of largely Sunni Muslim Palestinians in 1948 changed the demographic balance, even though Palestinians were denied Lebanese citizenship.

48. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 19–123; and Rashid Khalidi, Under Siege, 18–41.

49. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 427, cites Palestinian estimates of 25,000–30,000 Israeli troops and 300 tanks. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, 72, estimates 7,000 men, as do Jehuda Wallach and Moshe Lissak, Carta's Atlas of Israel: The Third Decade 1971–1981 (Jerusalem: Carta, 1983), 117. Wallach and Lissak also report that Israeli troops fought with 4,000 "terrorists." Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 164, says there were 10,000 Israeli troops.

50. Augustus Richard Norton and Jilliam Schwedler, "External Intervention," estimate 1,000 deaths. Lebanese police sources, cited in Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 427, say 2,000 dead and 285,000 displaced. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 164, estimates 200,000 displaced civilians, while Mordechai Lahav, Fifty Years of Palestinian Refugees, 481, says 67,000 Palestinian refugees fled northward—but does not discuss Lebanese civilians—and speaks of $310,000 in damages. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, mentions the Abassiya raid on 427.

51. Jonathan C. Randal, Going All the Way, 209; and Yair Evron, War and Intervention, 82.

52. Jonathan C. Randal, Going All the Way, 209, 217. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary or Survival, 125, counts six villages destroyed and eighty-two damaged, while Walid Khalidi, Conflict and Violence, 128, tallies 7,700 homes completely or partially destroyed. In their Carta's Atlas of Israel, 117, Jehuda Wallach and Moshe Lissak report, "Many villages in which terrorists found shelter absorbed heavy artillery bombardments, and as a result, hundreds of homes were destroyed and thousands of residents fled northwards."

53. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 495.

54. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 149–150; Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 236.

55. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 4.

56. For the official Israeli view of the war, see the articles in "Peace for Galilee," a special edition of the IDF Journal, 1:2 (December 1982). The journal is published by the Israeli military spokesman's office.

57. Rashid Khalidi, Under Siege, 29.

58. Rashid Khalidi, Under Siege, 46; and Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 3, 6–9. According to Israeli academic Yehoshua Porat, the PLO's respect for a 1981 cease-fire agreement had Israeli leaders increasingly worried about the organization's international credibility. By destroying the PLO's territorial and institutional base, Israeli leaders hoped to push the PLO toward terrorism and isolate them internationally. (Yehoshua Porat, "A Preliminary Political Summary," Ha'aretz, June 25, 1982, in Hebrew.)

59. Helena Cobban, The Palestine Liberation Organization, 120.

60. Michael Jansen, The Battle for Beirut, 4. For more on Israel's Lebanon war, see Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival; Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation; Thomas L. Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (New York: Anchor, 1990); Rashid Khalidi, Under Siege; Franklin P. Lamb, Reason Not the Need: Eyewitness Chronicles of Israel's War in Lebanon (Nottingham, U.K.: Russell Press, 1984); Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon; Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle; and Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).

61. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, 103.

62. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 141.

63. Daniel Gavron, "A Soldier's Protest," Jerusalem Post, July 9, 1982.

64. Yehoshua Porat, "A Preliminary Political Summary."

65. Mordechai Oren, "The War That Was—Notable Achievements and One Great Blot," Al-Hamishmar, 16 June 1982. In Hebrew.

66. The official Lebanese estimate of 18,000 dead and 30,000 wounded is cited in Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 540; Benny Morris, in Righteous Victims (New York: Knopf, 1999), 703, footnote 247, cites similar sources, but says there were 19,085 dead. Michael Jansen, Battle for Beirut, 25, supplies the figures of 12,000–15,000 slain civilians and 40,000 wounded. Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 19, 52–53, speak of 17,835 persons (both combatants and civilians) killed from 4 June 1982 to the end of August 1982. The Sabra and Shatila casualties, estimates of which range from 700 to 3,000 (see below), do not figure in this tally. An official Israeli source wrote that most of these estimates were "blatant examples of biased media reporting." See Louis Williams, "Peace

67. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 540.

68. UNRWA report of June 23, 1982, cited in Michael Jansen, Battle for Beirut, 19; Shatila estimate in Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 540; $12 billion figure and estimate of displaced in Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 31, 19. Mordechai Lahav, Fifty Years, 482—speaking only of Palestinian refugees in southern Lebanon—writes that 80,000–90,000 homes were destroyed, and that 175,000 refugees were in need of emergency assistance.

69. Avraham Rabinovich, "Hope among the Ruins," Jerusalem Post Magazine, 18 June 1982; Robert Fisk, "Hundreds Lie Dead in the Cellars of Sidon," Times (London), 19 June 1982.

70. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 27, estimates 25,000 Palestinians lived in the camp; Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 141–150, count 35,000; and Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 71–72, estimate 60,000. Schiff and Ya'ari say Israeli officers encouraged Ein Hilwe's civilians to leave before attacking, but Sean McBride et al., drawing on Palestinian testimonies, say Israeli officers delivered vague evacuation instructions only four days after the shelling began. Quote on bombardment from Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 148.

71. Dov Yermiya, My War Diary: Israel in Lebanon (London: Pluto, 1983), 27; for a reporter's observation, see David Richardson, "Ein Hilwe—A Refugee Camp Reduced to Rubble by Bombing," Jerusalem Post, 9 July 1982. Lebanese government casualty estimates appeared in Christopher Walker, "Secrets beneath a Flattened Refugee Camp," The Times (London), 9 July 1982.

72. Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 95, 99.

73. Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 33, 38.

74. Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 143–161.

75. Charles T. Powers, "Chronicle of a Bombardment: Day 50 of the Israeli Siege in Beirut Is the Worst," International Herald Tribune, 3 August 1982.

76. Jonathan C. Randal, Going All the Way, 254; Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 225. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, 147, estimated 128 dead and 400 wounded from that day's bombing.

77. The cable is cited in Robin Wright, David Blundy, Henry Brandon, and Mark Hosenball, "Beirut: Liquidation of a City," Sunday Times (London), 8 August 1982.

78. J. Michael Kennedy, "West Beirut: A Worried Look into the Future," International Herald Tribune, 16 August 1982, p. 13.

79. Beirut casualty estimates supplied by Lebanese daily An-Nahar, 2 September 1982; 80 percent estimate by ICRC official John de Salis. As quoted in Robin Wright et al., "Beirut."

80. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 240. See also Yair Evron, War and Intervention, 110.

81. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 459. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 42, estimates the number of Fatah fighters on the eve of the 1982 invasion at only 10,000.

82. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 140; and Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 460.

83. Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 140.

84. Yair Evron, War and Intervention, 109; Kirsten E. Schulze, Israel's Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon (New York: St. Martin's, 1998), 122; and Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, 143.

85. "The Chief of Staff: The War for Beirut—A Struggle for Eretz Israel," Ha'aretz, 9 July 1982. In Hebrew.

86. Christopher Walker, "Israel's Second Front on the West Bank," Sunday Times (London), 5 August 1982.

87. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 240.

88. Dov Yermiya, My War Diary, 48; and Edward Walsh, "Israel No Longer Talks of Moving Refugees," Washington Post, 9 December 1982.

89. Sharon's words cited in Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 211. Data on camp population from Yitzhak Kahan, Aharon Barak, and Yona Efrat, Final Report: The Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut (New York: Karz-Cohl, 1983), 15.

90. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 240.

91. Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 133, 138. After the Sabra and Shatila killings Israel reversed course, allowing refugees to stay put. See Edward Walsh, "Israel No Longer Talks of Moving Refugees."

92. See Yossi Beilin, Guidebook for Leaving Lebanon (Tel Aviv: HaKibbutz Hameuchad, 1998), in Hebrew; B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 7–18; and Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence.

93. The 5,000 figure from Yitzak Kahan, Aharon Barak, and Yona Efrat, Final Report, p. 7. For an overview of Lebanese militias, see Judith Harik, The Public and Social Services of the Lebanese Militias (Oxford, U.K.: Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford University, 1994). For more on Maronite militias and the Lebanese Forces, see Marie-Christine Aulas, "The Socio-Ideological Development of the Maronite Community: The Emergence of the Phalange and the Lebanese Forces," Arab Studies Quarterly, 7: 4 (1985): 1–27; Elaine C. Hagopian, "From Maronite Hegemony to Maronite Militancy: The Creation and Disintegration of Lebanon," Third World Quarterly, 11: 4 (1989): 101–117; Walid Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 1995); and Lewis W. Snider, "The Lebanese Forces: Their Origins and Role in Lebanese Politics," Middle East Journal, 38: 1 (1984): 1–33.

94. For an early overview of militia activities in Lebanon during and immediately after the 1982 invasion, see Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 118–124.

95. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence.

96. Adal is the Hebrew language acronym for Ezor Drom Levanon, or "Region of Southern Lebanon." When the Israeli security zone was established in 1985, Adal became the Lebanon Liaison Unit, which effectively took command of the Southern Lebanese Army.

97. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 73, 79.

98. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 168, puts the number of slain civilians

99. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 90, 124.

100. Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 130, emphasis in original.

101. Subsequently, Israel helped Shidiak move to Israel and open a business. See Beatte Hamizrachi, The Emergence, 108, 112–113.

102. State attorney's affidavit to the Israeli High Court of Justice; Peled's statement cited in B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 14.

103. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 14.

104. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 18.

105. Amnesty International, The Khiam Detainees: Torture and Ill-Treatment (London: Amnesty International, 1992); Amnesty International, Israel's Forgotten Hostages: Lebanese Detainees in Israel and Khiam Detention Center (London: Amnesty International, 1997); Aviv Lavie, "Camp Where People are Concentrated," Ha'Ir (Tel Aviv), January 17, 1997, in Hebrew.

106. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 21, citing SLA colonel ‘Akel Hashem.

107. Amnesty International, The Khiam Detainees, and Aviv Lavie, "Camp Where People Are Concentrated."

108. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 20–21.

109. B'Tselem, Israeli Violations, 15.

110. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation, 99.

111. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 20.

112. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 400.

113. Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, 396–401; Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 103, estimates 3,000 died during the siege and subsequent massacre.

114. For the Sabra and Shatila events, see Weston E. Burnett, "Command Responsibility and a Case Study of the Criminal Responsibility of Israeli Military Commanders for the Pogrom at Shatila and Sabra," Military Law Review, 107 (1985): 71–189; Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation, 359–400; Michael Jansen, The Battle of Beirut, 91–110; Loren Jenkins, "The Massacre: Witnesses Describe Militiamen Moving through Israeli Lines," Washington Post, 20 September 1982; Yitzhak Kahan, Aharon Barak, and Yoni Efraft, Final Report; Amnon Kapeliouk, Sabra and Shatila (Belmont, Mass.: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, 1983); Fergal Keane, "The Accused," BBC-Panorama, June 17, 2001, available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/ audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_17_06_01.txt; Franklin P. Lamb, ed., Reason Not the Need, 537–631; Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 162–186; and Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, 250–285.

115. According to Yitzhak Kahan et al., Final Report, 45, Israeli intelligence sources estimated 700 killed; the International Committee of the Red Cross, according to Sean McBride et al., Israel in Lebanon, 176, estimates 2,750 dead. For estimates of up to 3,000 casualties, see Jonathan C. Randal, Going All the Way, 15–16.

116. Amnon Kapeliouk, Sabra and Shatila, 41.

117. Yitzhak Kahan, Aharon Barak, and Yona Efrat, Final Report, 56–57.

118. Ze'ev Schiff, "Massacre Was Designed to Cause Palestinians to Flee from Beirut and Lebanon," Haaretz, September 28, 1982. In Hebrew.

119. "The Phalangists and the Struggle for Control over Lebanon," Skira Hodshit, 29: 9 (1982), 18. In Hebrew.

120. L'Orient le Jour (Beirut), September 27, 1982, cited in Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, 228, note 10. See also Yitzhak Kahan et al., Final Report, 9.