1. Laurence S. Eastwood Jr., "Secession."

2. The European Community later became the European Union. The following description draws on Milan Andrejevich, "Bosnia and Herzegovina: In

3. Milica Bakić-Hayden, "Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia," Slavic Review, 54: 4 (1995): 917–930.

4. For theoretical and empirical investigations of security dilemmas in Bosnia and elsewhere, see Barry Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," Survival, 35:1 (1993): 27–47; and Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy.

5. For an overview of global responses to the early years of the Yugoslav crisis, see Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy. For in-depth treatments of Germany's position, see Beverly Crawford, "Explaining Defection from International Cooperation: Germany's Unilateral Recognition of Croatia," World Politics, 48: 4 (1996): 482–521. For U.S. policy, see David C. Gompert, "The United States and Yugoslavia's Wars," in Richard D. Ullman, ed., The World and Yugoslavia's Wars (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996); and Warren Zimmermann, "Yugoslavia: 1989–1996," in Jeremy Azrael and Emil Payin, eds., U.S. and Russian Policymaking with Respect to the Use of Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997). For Russia, see Suzanne Crow, "Russia's Response to the Yugoslav Crisis," RFE/RL Research Report, 24 July 1992, and her "Reading Moscow's Policies toward Rump Yugoslavia," RFE/RL Research Report, 6 November 1992. For Europe overall, see Nicole Gnesotto, "Lessons of Yugoslavia," Challiot Paper 14 (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, 1994); Catherine Guicherd, "The Hour of Europe: Lessons from the Yugoslav Conflict," Fletcher Forum on World Affairs, 17: 2 (1993): 159–182; and Trevor C. Salmon, "Testing Times for European Political Cooperation: The Gulf and Yugoslavia, 1990–1992," International Affairs, 68: 2 (1992): 233–253.

6. See Beverly Crawford, "Explaining Defection," for details.

7. UN Security Council resolutions 753 and 754, 18 May 1992, and 755, 20 May 1992.

8. UN Security Council resolution 752, 15 May 1992.

9. UN Security Council resolution 757, 30 May 1992.

10. Sabrina Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962–91 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).

11. "Serbia, Montenegro Discuss Constitutional Issues," Tanjug, 17 March 1992, available through the Federal Broadcast Information Service (hereafter FBIS) [cited 18 March 1992], EEU-92-053.

12. "Prime Minister Božović Comments on Goals," Tanjug, 24 March 1992, available through FBIS [cited 27 March 1992], EEU-92-060.

13. "Republic of Yugoslavia Declaration," Tanjug, 28 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 29 April 1992], EEU-92-083.

14. "Yugoslavia Sends Letter to UN," Tanjug, 26 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 27 May 1992], EEU-92-102.

15. "Serbian Socialist Platform Outlined," Politika, 21 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 3 June 1992], EEU-92-107.

16. "SPS Says Inter-Ethnic Relations Protected," Tanjug, 21 April 21, available through FBIS [cited 22 April 1992], EEU-92-078.

17. "Republic of Yugoslavia Declaration," Tanjug, 28 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 29 April 1992], EEU-92-08.

18. "Presidency Annuls Immediate War Danger Decision," RTB Television Network, 20 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 21 May 1992], EEU-92-099.

19. "Milošević Confirms Continuity of New FRY," Politika, 7 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 15 May 1992], EEU-92-095.

20. "International Border Crossings Set Up," Tanjug, 30 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 1 May 1992], EEU-92-085.

21. "Full Customs Control Established," Tanjug, 5 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 7 May 1992], EEU-92-089.

22. "New FRY Border Posts, Regulations Detailed," Borba, 5 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 6 May 1992], EEU-92-095.

23. "Determination of New Borders of FRY Viewed," Politika, 23 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 3 June 1992], EEU-92-107.

24. "Gen. Aksentijević on Army's Role in Bosnia," Mladina, 18 February 1992, available through FBIS [cited 23 March 1992], EEU-02-056.

25. "FRY Citizens to Leave Bosnia," Tanjug, 4 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 5 May 1992], EEU-92-087.

26. "Presidency Asks Bosnian Leaders to Absorb JNA," Tanjug, 5 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 6 May 1992], EEU-92-088. See also "JNA Said to Begin Withdrawal to FRY," Tanjug, 7 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 8 May 1992], EEU-92-090, where it was announced that the pull-out "means that the Yugoslav head of state and the JNA need no longer concern themselves with military questions in Bosnia-Herzegovina." For a statement to the same effect by the Serbian minister of defense, Marko Negovanović, see "Defense Minister: JNA Withdrawal to End 20 May," RTB Television Network, 19 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 20 May 1992], EEU-92-098. See also "Kostić Discusses Breakup of SFRY," Pobjeda, 17 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 4 June 1992], EEU-92-108; and, "Uzice Troops Pull Out of Višegrad Region," Borba, 20 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 4 June 1992], EEU-92-108.

27. "[Slobodan Milošević] Blames Muslim, Croat Leaders for Bosnia," Tanjug, 10 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 11 May 1992], EEU-92-091.

28. "Kostić Comments on Withdrawal," Tanjug, 5 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 6 May 1992], EEU-92-088.

29. Three years later, Borislav Jović, a former senior Serbian politician, said Slobodan Milošević had forced the federal army to withdraw to avoid being labeled internationally as aggressors.

30. "Further Military Action Considered Unlikely," Politika, 19 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 28 April 1992], EEU-92-082.

31. "Differences in Negotiating with U.S. Discussed," NIN, 24 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 14 May 1992], EEU-92-094.

32. "Kostić Comments on Foreign Military Intervention," Radio Beograd Network, 26 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 27 May 1992], EEU-92-102;

33. "Air Defense Chief on U.S. Military Intervention," Tanjug, 1 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 2 June 1992], EEU-92-106.

34. James Gow, "The Use of Coercion in the Yugoslav Crisis," The World Today, 48: 11 (1992): 198.

35. "Vance, Milošević Hold Talks on Bosnian Conflict, Appeal for Cease-Fire," Tanjug, 15 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 16 April 1992], EEU-92-074.

36. "Milošević Discusses Sanctions, Resignation Option," London ITV Television Network, 3 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 4 June 1992], EEU-92-108.

37. "Jovanović Foresees ‘No Problems, ’" Radio Beograd Network, 16 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 17 April 1992], EEU-92-075.

38. "Božović Denies Territorial Claim," Tanjug, 22 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 22 April 1992], EEU-92-078.

39. "Government Issues Statement on CSCE Document," Radio Beograd Network, 24 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 24 April 1992], EEU-92-080.

40. "Milošević Comments on Peace Talks, U.S. Policy," RTB Television Network, 23 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 24 April 1992], EEU-92-080.

41. "Šešelj Denies Existence of Paramilitary Forces," Tanjug, 23 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 24 April 1992], EEU-92-08. Three weeks later Šešelj equivocated, saying his Serbian Radical Party was "continuing to extend all forms of support and aid to the Serb people in Bosnia-Herzegovina … the Serbs can therefore set up their own army … and … fight for their own interests." "Radical Party Official Welcomes EC Withdrawal," Radio Beograd Network, 14 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 15 May 1992], EEU-92-095. Ražnatović's promise appeared in "Arkan: Only Bosnian SDG Members in Sarajevo," Borba, 30–31 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 10 June 1992], EEU-92-112.

42. For example, see "Jovanović Presents Government's Reply to EC," Radio Beograd Network, 24 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 27 April 1992], EEU-92-081. For an example of a similar statement in the month of June, see "Letter Sent to UN's Ghali on Sanctions," Tanjug, 5 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 8 June 1992], EEU-92-110.

43. "Presidency Examines UN Documents on Situation," Tanjug, 25 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 27 May 1992], EEU-92-102.

44. "Government Condemns Continued Bombing of Sarajevo," Tanjug, 30 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 1 June 1992], EEU-92-105.

45. "Presidency Terms UN Draft Resolution ‘Unjust, ’" Tanjug, 30 May 1992, available through FBIS [cited 1 June 1992], EU-92-105.

46. "Presidency Urges Cease-Fire on Bosnian Serbs," RTB Television Network, 2 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 3 June 1992], EEU-92-107.

47. "Presidency Issues Appeal to Yeltsin," Tanjug, 4 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 5 June 1992], EEU-92-109.

48. "Karadžić Comments on Division of Republic," Borba, 16 March 1992,

49. "Serbian Republic's Constitution Declared," Politika, 28 March 1992, available through FBIS [cited 9 April 1992], EEU-92-069; and "SDA [ sic] Chairman Karadžić Hails New Serb State," Tanjug, 7 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 9 April 1992], EEU-92-069.

50. "Karadžić Calls for Partition," Le Figaro, 23 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 24 April 1992], EEU-92-080.

51. "Karadžić, Krajišnik Hold News Conference," Radio Sarajevo Network, 18 April 1992, available through FBIS [cited 20 April 1992], EEU-92-076. Karadžić also said that "as far as Serbia itself is concerned, we want to stand aloof from that matter, because accusing Serbia has become the fashion in the world at large and in Europe. In this phase, at this moment, we do not need Serbia except when it comes to moral support. At this moment, we are sufficiently strong economically." "Karadžić Comments on Division of Republic," Borba, 16 March 1992, available through FBIS [cited 30 March 1992], EEU-92-061.

52. "[Karadžić] Says Serbs Prepared for ‘Compromise, ’" Tanjug, 12 June 1992, available through FBIS [cited 15 June 1992], EEU-92-115.