Index
Adal (Ezor Drom Levanon/Region of Southern Lebanon), 182, 182–83, [248n96]
Ad Dawayima, 145
Agani, Fehmi, 95
Al Aqsa Intifada, 198, 199, [203n2], [204n3]
Albania: drug trafficking and, [230n80]; Kosovo and, 97–98, [226n20]
Albanians, ethnic: electoral boycott, 90, [212n29]; ethnic cleansing of, 32, 87–88, 100–101, 103–7, [224n3], [226n25]; expulsion from Kosovo, 87–88, 93; funding of KLA by, 99; human rights versus sovereignty and, 92; Serbs in Kosovo and, 28–29, 33. See also Kosovo
Algeria, 4, 129
Alpha Center, 61
Amal, [244n38]
Amalekites, 121, 168
American-Israel Political Action Committee (AIPAC), 141
American West, frontier theory and, 16–17
Amnesty International, 92
Anfal campaign, 7
Angola, 195
Antonic, Slobodan, 30
Arafat, Yasser: infiltration of West Bank, 130; Palestine statehood negotiations and, 141; PLO and stature of, 177 (see also Palestine Liberation Organization); UN and, 139–40
The Army of Free Lebanon, 182
Ashkenazi Jews, 117, 119, [232n1], [233n12]
Assassination, of Palestinian political leaders, 169
Association of Bosnian Serbs in Serbia, 63
Attorney General's Office, Israel, 161
Austria, 38
Autonomous regions (Srpske Autonomne Oblasti): creation of, 52–54, [218n30]; crisis committees and, 51–52 (see also Crisis committees (Krizni Stabovi), Bosnian Serb)
Balbus, Isaac, 7
Bali Kombatare, [228n54]
Baltic independence movements, impact of, 38
Banja Luka, 53, 55, [219n41]
Bar-Lev, Haim, [243n20]
Barricades, symbolism of Palestinian, 149
Battiata, Mary, [217n25]
Begin, Menachem, 180
Beita, village of, 152
Belgrade Institute for Social Sciences, 31
Beli Orlovi. See "White Eagles" (Beli Orlovi) paramilitary group
Ben Dib, El-Shami Hani, 164
Ben-Eliezer, Fuad, 184
Ben Gurion, David, 127, 132
Benvinisti, Meron, 142, 167
Berisha, Sali, 97
Beška, 81, 86
Bijeljina, 50
Binary oppositions, in study of state violence, 197
Biserko, Sonia, 58
Black, Ian, 130
Black September, 129–30
Bloc of the Faithful (Gush Emunim), 119, 120–21, 168, 170
Bokan, Dragoslav, 45, 94
Borger, Julian, 59, 62
Bosanska Krajina autonomous region, 54, [218n30]
Bosnia: casualties in, [217n25]; ethnic Serbs in, 42, 62–63, [221n92] (see also Crisis committees (Krizni Štabovi), Bosnian Serb); as frontier vis-à-vis Serbia, 8, 17, 21, 45–50, 109–10, 189; international recognition of sovereignty of, 36–37, 52, 109, 192; paramilitary forces in, 41–42 (see also Paramilitary forces); Serbian covert linkages in, 10, 71; Serbian cross-border interventions in, 38; Serbian rhetorical disengagement and, 39–43; Serbian withdrawal from, 40–41; sovereignty of, 35, 36–37, 42, 43
Bosnian Croatian Democratic Union, [218n29]
Bourdieu, Pierre, 24
Bourj el Barajneh refugee camp, 178
Bourj el-Shemali refugee camp, 178
Brynen, Rex, 180
B'Tselem, 133, 183
Bukoshi, Bujar, 93, 96, [230n83]
Bulatović, Momir, 73
Burzan, Danilo, [217n19]
Cairo Accord, 173, [244n32]
Casualties: Israeli-Arab War, 1947–1949, 145; Bosnia, [217n25]; Drenica region, 98; due to air attacks by NATO, [225n4]; from ethnic policing, 158, 163, 164; KLA and, 99–100; Kosovo, [224n3]; Kukurovići, 77; Lebanese refugee camps, 173–74; Lebanon, 179, [245n50], [246n66], [246n52], [248n98], [249n115]; Operation Litani, 175, 182; Operation Peace for Galilee, 176–77; Palestine, [239n3], [245n43]; Qibya, 146; Sabra and Shatila, [248n66]; Sandžak, 75; Tel al-Zatar, 184; Vojvodina, 84
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 105
"četniks" (četnici) paramilitary group, 29, 45, 49, 50, 71, 94
Chamoun family, 184
Chechnya, 195
Christian Phalange party, 184, 186
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 105
ćirez, 98
Civic Alliance, [211n13]
Clinton, Bill, 104
Cold War, impact of end of, 37
Colombia, [209n49]
Communist party: Kosovo, [228n54]; Serbian, 29–30; Slovenian, 36; Yugoslavia, 27–28, [210n1], [221n3]
Concentration/detention camps, 49, 56
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OCSE)
Constituent nations, [210n2]
Contact Group, sanctions against Serbia, 101
ćosić, Dobrica, 33, 63, 73
Council of Jewish Settlements in Judea, Samaria, and Gaza (Moetzet Yesha), 167, 169, 170, 171
Creeping annexation, 128
Crisis committees (Krizni Štabovi), Bosnian Serb, 167; autonomous regions and, 52–54, 190; creation of, 51–52; ethnic harassment and, 80–84, 92; role in ethnic cleansing, 50–56; "soft" ethnic cleansing and, 82–84
Croatia, 195, [211n24], [226n15]; European view of, 38; evictions, 82; secessionism and, 36–37, 81; Serbian paramilitary forces in, 48; sovereignty of, 109; UN involvement with, 38–39
Croatian Serbian Democratic Union, [218n29], [219n49]
Daćević, Milika (čeko), 71, 71, 72–73
Dayan, Moshe, 133
Dayton peace negotiations, 1995, 92, 95
Dekel, Michael, 124
Demaçi, Adem, 90, 95, [228n46]
Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, [211n13]
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 137, [237n41]
Democratic League of Kosova (LDK), [211n13]; commitment to unarmed resistance, 91, 92; critics of, 95; electoral boycott by, 90; founding and membership in, [224n10]; Fund for the Republic of Kosova and, [230n83]; Kosovo's sovereignty and, 89–90
Demonstrations, student, 95–96
Depopulation, of ethnic minorities. See Dislocation, of ethnic minorities
Despotic power, 18–20, 193. See also Despotism
DFLP. See Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)
Dialectic of legal repression, 7, 8
Discrimination, effect of systematic, 13
Dislocation of ethnic minorities: in Croatia, 82; in Israel, 2, 117, 123–24, 125, 127, [232n3], [235n47], [251nn15], [16]; Jewish support for Palestinian, 168–69, 199–200; in Kosovo, 87–88, 93–94, 100, 103–7, [225n6], [228n54], [230n82]; in Lebanon, 173, 179–81, 185–86; in Serbia, 7, 56, 71, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87–88, [219n49]; Šešelj support for, 81, 94, [212n29]; voluntary, in Israel, 116, 124. See also Ethnic cleansing
Dissidents, intellectuals as, 29, 95
Doboj, 54
Ðogo, Gojko, 63
Donji Prekaz, 98
Dragan, Kapetan, 45
Drašković, Vuk, 33, 34, 46, 68
Drenica, 98, 99
Drljacča, Simo, 55, 56
Drug trafficking, as source of funding for guerrilla movements, 99, [230n80]
"Dušand the Mighty" forces (Dušan Silni) paramilitary group, 45, 46
Ein Hilwe refugee camp, 178, [247n70]
El-Buss refugee camp, 178
Empirical sovereignty, 23, 91, 100, 130
Ethnic cleansing: Belgrade role in, 56–57, 60–62, 71; Bosnian Serb crisis committees role in, 50–56, 80–84; casualties in (see Casualties); cross-border activists and, 56–63; definition of, 3; of ethnic Albanians, 32, 87–88, 100–101, 103–7, [224n3], [226n25]; in frontier situations, 191; full-scale, Kosovo, 32, 100, 103–7, [224n3], [226n25]; Gush Emunim and, 171; in Lebanon, 175–76, [244n30]; localized, Kosovo, 87–88, 94–103; military line hypothesis and, 58–62, 71; Milošević role in, 57–58, 60, 106; reasons for, 9, 106–7; Sandžak, 5, 68; Serbian paramilitary role in, 45–50 (see alsoParamilitary forces); "soft," 82–84, 190; state's reaction to Pljevlja, 73–74. See also Dislocation, of ethnic minorities
Ethnic harassment: abductions, 77–80; crisis committees and, 80–84, 92; versus ethnic policing, 197 (see alsoEthnic policing); ethnic Serb resistance to, 83; hit-and-run raids, 76–77; Hrtkovci, 80, 81; infrastructural power and, 100; Pljevlja and, 70–74; Priboj municipality and, 74–76; in Serbia, 70–80; techniques for, 74, 76
Ethnic nationalism, 116, 121–22
Ethnic policing: beatings of Palestinians and, 152, 154–55, 157–60, 164; casualties from, 158, 163, 164; defensive measures along Palestinian roads, 150–52; definition of, 3; versus ethnic harassment, 197 (see also Ethnic policing); hidden practices and inconsistencies in, 160–62; incarceration of Palestinians as, 153–55; institutional constraints for Israeli, 146–48, 191; Israeli repertoires of violence and, 144–46; of Kosovo, 89–94, 190; military courts and coercive interrogations and, 155–57; nighttime raids along Palestinian roads, 152–53; rules and regulations for Israeli, 162–64; sovereignty and, 22–23; weapons used in, [240n31], [242n56]
Ethnocracies, 5–8, [205n3]
European Union (EU), 36–37, [212n1]
Evictions, of ethnic minorities. See Dislocation, of ethnic minorities
Evron, Yair, 175
Expulsion, of ethnic minorities. See Dislocation of ethnic minorities; Ethnic cleansing
Fatah: creation of, 136; cross-border infiltration with Jordan, 129; Palestinian unity and, 138, [237n44]; presence in Lebanon, 180; on West Bank and Gaza "mini-state," 137, [237n41]. See also Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), 39
Federation of Trade Unions of Kosova, [228n54]
Fisk, Robert, 173, 178
Focča, 50
Foucault, Michel, 18, 19
France, 4, [245n47]
Frontier: definition of, 9, 16; as institutional setting, 8–9, 16–17, 192, 196; international politics and formation of, 17. See also Bosnia; Kosovo; Lebanon; Palestine
Fund for the Republic of Kosova, [230n83]
Gaza Strip: Fatah on "mini-state" of, 137, [237n41]; as frontier vis-à-vis Israel, 201, [244n32]; as ghetto vis-à-vis Israel, 18, 116, 131; international norms and, 138; Jewish nationalists and, 121, 123; Jewish paramilitaries in, 169–70; Labor Party on colonization strategy for, 116; paramilitary forces in, 169–71; population of, [240n35]; regional councils in, 167–68; sovereignty issues in, 133, 135–42, 193. See also Palestine; West Bank
Gazit, Shlomo, 130, 131, 134
General Assembly resolution 3236, 140
General Security Services (Shabak/Sherut Bitachon Klali), 149, [240n23]
Geneva Convention, 133
German unification, impact of, 38
Germany, 38, 107
Ghetto: definition of, 8–9, 17; to frontier changes, 198–99; as institutional setting, 8–9, 17–18, 192. See also Gaza Strip; Kosovo; Palestine; Vojvodina; West Bank
Gichon, Mordechai, [247n66]
Giddens, Anthony, 18, 19
Glenny, Misha, 59
Golani Brigade, 163–64
Golubovac, 100
Goražde, 50, 71
Gordy, Eric, 34
Gornje Obrinje, 100
Gow, James, 41
Greater Serbia concept, 33
Green Line, 121, 200
Greenpeace, 21, 194
Grubacčić, Braca, 105
Guerrillas: drug trafficking as funding for, 99, [230n80]; Kosovo, 94, 96–100; Lebanese Islamist, 1; Palestine, 128–29, 145
Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), 119, 120–21, 168, 170
Gutman, Roy, 57
Haddad, Saad, 182–84, [249n98]
Haddad's Southern Lebanese Army. See Southern Lebanese Army (SLA)
Hamas, 137, 172
Hamizrachi, Beatte, 182, [245nn49], [50]
Harish, Yosef, [243n20]
Hawara, village of, 152
Hedges, Chris, 99
Herut faction, 119
Herzegovina autonomous region, [218n30]
Hezbollah, 172
Hrtkovci, 80, 81, 83
Human rights, [209n42]; impact of international oversight of, 6–7, 195; institutional settings and, 20, 21–22, 151–52; Israeli groups on, 133, 183; monitoring of, 83, 91–92, 101–2, 103, 110–11, 142, 193; nongovernmental organizations and, 21, 22, 92, 104, 194; versus sovereignty, 23, 68–69, 91–92
Human Rights Watch, 21, 92, 104, 194
Hyseni, Hydajet, 95
IDF Advocate General, 161
Incarceration, of Palestinians, 153–55
India, 4
Infrastructural power: versus despotic, 18–20, 23, 100, 193; ethnic policing and, 100–101; Israel and, 127, 128–35, 146–48, 167; sovereignty and, 23
Ingushetia, 195
Institutionalist theory, 15
Institutional settings: changes in Kosovo, 88 (see also Kosovo); definition of frontier versus ghetto, 8–9; despotic versus infrastructural regimes of power, 18–20, 23, 100, 193; frontiers as, 8–9, 16–17, 192, 196; ghettos as, 8–9, 17–18, 192; human rights and, 20, 21–22, 151–52; importance of, 15, 178, 189, 191–92; sovereignty and, 21, 22–23; state power and context of, 14–15, 80, 84, 94, 158–59
Intellectuals, as dissidents, 29, 95
Internal Affairs, Israeli bureau for, 146–47, 158–59, 162, 164, [240n17]
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, [218n25]
International Monetary Fund, 194
International norms: impact on breakup of Yugoslavia, 37–38; impact on state violence, 6, 7–8, 20–22, 85; impact on state violence in Israel, 187; impact on state violence in Serbia, 73, 79, 106; on Israeli West Bank/ Gaza policy, 138; on sovereignty issues in Kosovo, 91–92, 95; on sovereignty issues in Palestine, 135–42, 193; sovereignty of Bosnia and, 36–37, 52, 109, 192. See alsoHuman rights
Intifada, 144, 148, 170, [203n2]. See also Al Aqsa Intifada
Iraq, 7, 195
Israel: Arab expulsion schemes and, 2,
― 257 ―117, 123–24, 127, [232n3], [235n47], [251nn15], [16]; attitudes toward Palestinian transfers, 168–69, 199–200; [251nn15], [16]; changes in domestic politics, 116–18; democratic characteristics of, 4, 7; ethnic policing in (see Ethnic policing); historical variations in treatment of Palestinians, 2, 198; human rights groups in, 133, 183; infrastructural power and, 127, 128–35, 146–48, 167; Internal Affairs bureau in, 146–47, 158–59, 162, 164, [239n3]; international alliances and, 140–41; international norms and, 138, 187; Kach Party, 119, 120, 123, 170; Labor Party, 1, 116, 118, 119; Likud Party, 116, 119, 120, 124, [233n12]; map of, 174; Moledet Party, 119, 120, 123; nationalism types and, 116, 121–22; National Religion Party, 118, 119; numbers of Palestinians incarcerated in, 153–54; portrayal of Palestinians in, 121, 122; regional councils in, 167–68; rightist parties and nationalism in, 116–25; Tehiya Party, 119, 120, 123; terminology for relationship with Palestine, 142–43, 199–202; United States support for, 140–41; voluntary transfer in, 116, 124; Zionism impact on, 14, 116–25, 201, [237n41]. See also Gaza Strip; Lebanon; Palestine; Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); West Bank; entries under Israeli-Arab warsIsraeli-Arab wars: 1947–1949, 2, 117, 127, [232n3]; 1956, 138; 1967, 118–19, 127, 136, 138
Israeli Central Command, 146
Israeli-Palestinian citizens, 123
Italy, 107
Izetbegović, Alija, 68
Jansen, Michael, [246n66]
Jemayel, Bashir, 185
Jemayel family, 184
Jewish national movement. See Zionism
Jordan, 129–30, 173, [237n38]
Jović, Mirko, 45, 46
Judah, Tim, 58, [218n25]
Judea, 121, 199
Juridical sovereignty, 23, 91–92, 102, 103–4
Kach Party, 119, 120, 123, 170
Kahan, Yitzhak, [249n115]
Kandić, Nataša, 58
Kapeliouk, Amnon, 185
Karadžić, Radovan, 42, [216n51]
Karameh, 129
Karantina refugee camp, 184
Kashmir, 4
Kecmanović, Nenad, 52, [219n37]
Kennedy, J. Michael, 179
Kenney, George, [217n25]
Kertes, Mihalj, 59, 60
El-Khiam, 183
Kimmerling, Baruch, 143
Knindže ("Ninjas from Knin") paramilitary group, 45
KOS (Yugoslav federal army intelligence), 62
Kosmet (Kosovo-Metohija), 89
Kosova Liberation Army (KLA): Berisha and, [229n63]; Demagi and Qosa and, [228n46]; insurgency and border infiltration by, 96–100, 102, 103, [230n86]; name in Kosovo, [228n56]; number of fighters in, [229n72]; Orahovac and, [230n91]; Serbian empirical power and, 94–95
Kosovo, 10, 192; abolishment of, 89; Albania and, 97–98, [226n20]; analysis of Serbian violence in, 102–3; casualties in, [224n3]; communist party in, [228n54]; core to frontier changes, 88, 197; dislocation of ethnic minorities in, 87–88, 93–94, 100, 103–7, [225n6], [228n54], [230n82]; empirical sovereignty and, 91; ethnic Albanians in, 28–29, 33, 92, 93 (see also Albanians, ethnic); ethnic cleansing in, 32, 87–88, 94–107, [224n3], [226n25]; ethnic policing in, 89–94, 190; guerrilla movement in, 94, 96–100; human rights norms and, 111; as internal frontier, 87–88; juridical sovereignty and, 91–92, 102, 103–4; localized ethnic cleansing in, 87–88, 94–103; paramilitaries in, 93–94; political parties in, [228n54]; 1991 referendum in, 89; relationship to Serbia under Yugoslav rule, 28–29; self-determination movement in, 96–97; Serbian despotism and, 92–93; Serbian retaliations against, 101; sovereignty issues in, 89, 91–92, 95, 103; Western powers and, 101–2, 103–4, 107. See also Democratic League of Kosova (LDK)
Kosovo-Metohija (Kosmet), 89
Kozara military barracks, [219n41]
Krajina, 61, 195, [211n24]
Krizni Štabovi. See Crisis committees (Krizni Štabovi), Bosnian Serb
Kukurovići, 77
Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), 7
Kurds, 4, 7, 195
Kusovac, Zoran, 98
Labor Party, 1; on colonization strategy for West Bank/Gaza, 116; Zionist nationalist movement and, 118, 119
Lagziel, Ilan, 170
Lahav, Mordechai, [245n50]
League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), [210n1], [221n3]
League of Vojvodina Social Democrats, 82, 83
Lebanese Islamist guerrillas, 1
Lebanon: Beirut-area allies of Israel in, 184–86; borders and demographics of, [245n47]; casualties in, 179, [245n50], [246n66], [246n52], [248n98], [249n115]; Christian Phalange party, 184, 186; civil war in, 175; as counterinsurgency frontier, 196; dislocation of ethnic minorities in, 173, 179–81, 185–86; ethnic cleansing in, 175–76, [244n30]; Fatah presence in, 180; as frontier vis-à-vis Israel, 8, 115, 151, 171–81; Israeli raids in, 173–74, 175; Israeli repertoire of violence in, 172; number of Israeli troops in, [245n49]; Operation Litani and aftermath in, 175–77, 182; Operation Peace for Galilee in, 176–78; origins of Israeli counterinsurgency frontier with, 173–74; paramilitary forces in, 177, 181–86, 191; PLO bureaucracy in, 138; PLO fighting in, 184, [244n38]; Southern Lebanese Army and, 172, 182–84; 1982 war in, 176–78
Liaison Unit for Lebanon (LUL), 183, [248n96]. See also Adal
Liebman, Charles, 121
Likošane, 98
Likud Party: Arab expulsion schemes and, 124; electoral success of, 120, [233n12]; radical nationalism and, 116, 119
Lissak, Moshe, [245n49]
Looting, by paramilitaries, 50, 71, 182
Loquai, Heinz, 105
Lukić, Milan, 48–49, 77–78
Lustick, Ian, 116, 120, 123, 168
Lydda, 145
Macedonia, 107
Mališevo, 100, [230n91]
Mann, Michael, 18, 19, [205n16], [208n26]
Marjayoun, 182
Maronite Christian Phalange party, 184, 186
Maround a-Ras, 183
Masalha, Nur, 117
McBride, Sean, [246n66]
Media, state violence and impact of global, 22, 85–86
Meridor, Dan, [243n20]
Meridor, Yaakov, 180–81
Metula, 182
Metzach (Mishtara Tsvait Chokeret/Investigative Military Police). See Internal Affairs, Israeli bureau for
Mikuljanac, Miroslav, 62
Milanković, Veljko, 53–54
Military line (Vojna Linija) hypothesis, of ethnic cleansing, 58–62, 71
Militias. See Paramilitary forces
Miller, Nicholas, 32
Milošević, Slobodan: on abductions in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 78–79; definition of Serbia, [212n24]; ethnic cleansing role and, 57–58, 60, 106; on ethnic minorities in, 40; paramilitaries and, 34, 60; Serbian nationalism and, 30, 33–34; on Serbia's role in early Bosnian conflict, 41
Mizrachi, [233n5]
Mladić, Ratko, 59
Moetzet Yesha (the Council of Jewish Settlements in Judea, Samaria, and Gaza), 167, 169, 170, 171
Moledet Party, 119, 120, 123
Montenegro, 33, 43, [205n18]
Morris, Benny, 130, 145, [232n4], [246n66]
Mozambique, 195
Mrkonjić, Milovan, 54
Mukhtars, [240n30]
Nanos, Fatosh, [229n63]
Naor, Aryeh, 201, [251n16]
Nation, need for inclusive definition of, 200–201
Nationalism: characteristics of Israeli, 116, 119, 121–22; characteristics of Serbian, 27–34, 109, 110, 190, [210n2], [211n10]; as explanation for state violence, 5, 191; reorganization of Serbian, 14
Nationalist states, common characteristics of, 3. See also names of specific states
National Movement for the Liberation of Kosova (LKCK), 96–97
National Religion Party (NRP), 118, 119
NATO: casualties due to air attacks by, [225n4]; impact of air attacks on Serbia, 87–88, 104–7, 108, 198; on Serbian violence toward KLA, 101
New Zionism, 121
Nicović, Marko, [221n85]
"Ninjas from Knin" (Knindže) paramilitary group, 45
Ninković, Milan, 54
Nongovernmental organizations, human rights and, 21, 22, 92, 104, 194
Novi Pazar, 68, 74, 75
Novi Sad, 83
Olovo, 51–52
Operation Accountability, 172
Operation Grapes of Wrath, 1, 172
Operation Horseshoe, 104, 105, 106, [231n110]
Operation Litani, 175–77, 182, [249n98]
Operation Peace for Galilee, 176
Orahovac, [230n91]
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OCSE), 68, 92, 101–2, 103, 104
Orthodox Serbs, 37
Oslo declaration of principles, 1993, 198
Palestine: casualties in, [239n3], [245n43]; economic integration of, 133–35; employment patterns in, 134–35, [237n34]; first uprising implications, 199–200 (see also Intifada); as frontier in Israel, 199; as ghetto in Israel, 115, 128–35, 143, 189, 193; guerrilla fighters and, 128–29, 145; identity cards in, 132; institutional constraint mechanisms for Israeli violence in, 146–48; internal armed resistance suppression in, 130–31; Israeli infrastructural power in, 131–33, 146–48; Israeli reports on economy and population, 131–32; Israeli stereotyping of, 121, 122; "law-and-order" structure in, 132, 149–50; mukhtars in, [240n30]; partition plan for, 136, 140, [232n4]; population of, [240n35]; refugees, 139, 145, 173–74, 178, 179–80, 184, [244n36], [247nn68], [70]; sealing of borders with Israel, 128–30, 145; second uprising implications, 198, 200, [203n2], [204n3]; sovereignty and global arena, 133, 135–42, 193; terminology for relationship with Israel, 142–43, 199–202; UNRWA and, 139. See also Ethnic cleansing; Ethnic policing; Gaza Strip; Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); West Bank
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 177; Arab states recognition of, 136–37, [237n38]; bureaucracy of, 138; 1981 cease-fire and, [246n58]; contacts with Israelis, 121; creation of, 129, 135; diplomatic achievements of, 139–42; global alliances of, 138–39; international credibility of, 137–38; Israeli international alliances and recognition of, 140–41; in refugee camps, 180; statehood plea of, 141–42; UN and, 138–40; United States and, 140, 141–42. See also Fatah; Lebanon
Pan-Arabism, 136–37
Paramilitary forces: in Bosnia, 41–42; in Colombia, [210n49]; creation of, 53; versus crisis committees, 82; eyewitness accounts of Serbian, 49–50; Jewish, 167–71, 191; in Kosovo, 93–94; in Lebanon, 177, 181–85, 191; looting by, 50, 71, 182; Military Line hypothesis and, 58–62; Milošević and, 34, 60; numbers of Serbian, 45, 48, 50, 71; philosophy of Serbian, 47; recruitment of, 48, 75, 94; role in ethnic cleansing, 45–50; in Sandžak, 3, 10, 66–68, 70–74; in Serbia, 2–3, 42, 45–50, 94; in West Bank and Gaza, 169–71; Yugoslav federal army support for, 46, 47, 58–59. See also names of specific groups
Partition plan, Palestine, 136, 140, [232n4]
Party of Democratic Action (SDA) (Muslim), 66, [211n13], [218n29]; autonomous regions and, 52; in positions of local authority, 54–55, [219n49]; secessionist movements and, 68
Pavkovich, Aleksander, 32
Pavlović Marko, 49
Peled, Yossi, 183
Petrović, Dušan, 48–49
Plausible deniability, 57, 63
Pljevlja, 70–74
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 136, [237n44]
Popular Movement for Kosova (LPK), 97
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Kosova, [228n54]
Popular Movement for the Republic of Kosova (LPRK), 96–97
Priboj, 74–76, 77
Prijedor, 54–56, [219n49]
Priština, 90
Qibya, 146
Qosja, Rexhup, 95, [228n46]
Rabin, Yitzhak, 158, [243n20]
Rabinovich, Avraham, 178
Račak, 101
Rambouillet summit, 101
Randal, Jonathan, 175, 179
Rashidiye refugee camp, 178
Ražnjatović, Željko (Arkan), 42, 45, 46–47, 50, 94
Red Berets (Srpske Odbrambene Snage)(Serbian Defense Forces), 53
Reform Alliance, [211n13]
Refugees: Albania, 107; Palestine, 139, 145, 173–74, 178, 179, 179, 184, [244n36], [247nn68], [70]; Serbia, 50
Regime-based arguments, violence and, 4–5
Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 9; independence declaration and formation of, 52; paramilitaries and, 46; Serbian pull-out from, [214n26]; sovereignty of, 78–79, 95. See also Bosnia
Republika Srpska, 95, 170–71
Revisionist movement (Zionism), 119
Romanija autonomous region, 52, [218n30]
Rugova, Ibrahim: elected head of LDK, 89, [225n10]; on Serbian ethnic cleansing goals, 92–93; support for unarmed resistance, 91, 95
Rumeish D'bil, 182
Russia, 195, 196
Sabra and Shatila killings, 181, 185, [246n66], [248n91]
Samaria, 121, 199
Samu, 146
Sandžak, 65, 190, 192, 197; aborted paramilitary coup in, 70–74; anti-Muslim language used in, 33; casualties, 75; ethnic cleansing trends in, 5, 68; as ghetto, 8; hit-and-run raids in, 76–77; human rights norms and, 68–69, 110; map, 67; paramilitaries in, 3, 10, 66–68; population of, 66; Priboj ethnic harassment, 74–76
Sarid, Yossi, [243n20]
Sayigh, Yezid, 180, 184, [245n50]
Schiff, Ze'ev, 179, 184, [247n70]
Security Council (UN), 38–39, 101
Self-determination movements: in Kosovo, 96–97; in Palestine, 140; secession and Muslim, 68; state violence and, 13–14
Seliktar, Ofira, 121
Semi-democracies: democratic characteristics of, [205n3]; repression in, 5–8
Sephardic Jews, 117–18, 119, [232n1], [233n12]
Serbia: attitudes toward ethnic minorities in, 31, 32–33; Bosnia as frontier visà-vis, 8, 17, 21, 45–50, 109–10, 189; Bosnian Serb lobbyists in, 62–63, [221n92]; Contact Group sanctions against, 101; covert linkages in Bosnia, 10, 71; criticism of Bosnian Serb leaders, 42; cross-border interventions in Bosnia, 38, 41–42, 43, 56–63; definition of, [211n24], [212n24]; democratic characteristics of, 7, 31–32; dislocation of ethnic minorities in, 7, 56, 71, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87–88, [219n49]; dissidents in, 29; 1992 elections in, 33, [212n26]; 1993 elections in, 90; ethnic harassment in, 70–80; ethnic minorities as citizens of, 110–11, 192, 197; historical variations in treatment of Muslims, 2–3; impact of NATO air attacks on, 87–88, 104–7, 108, 198; international norms impact on violence in, 73, 79, 106; national idea of, 27–34, 106, 109, 190; paramilitary forces in, 2–3, 42, 45–50, 94; political parties in, 31, 46, 83, [212n26] (see also Serbian Democratic Party (SDS); Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Radikalna Stranka)); public opinion polls in, 31, 32–33; 1998 referendum in, 101; refugees, 50; reorganization of nationalism in, 14, 27–34; rhetorical disengagement and Bosnia, 39–43; state security in, 59, 60–61; UN and 38–39, 105; Western intelligence assessments of, 105
Serbian Defense Forces (Srpske Odbrambene Snage) (Red Berets), 53
Serbian Democratic Party (SDS): creation of, [218n29]; crisis committees and, 51, 55; independent Bosnian state and, 42; militias and, 53, 54; in positions of local authority, [219n49]
Serbian National Defense Party (Srpska Narodna Odbrana), 46
Serbian National Guard, 46
Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Raikalna Stranka), 46; on Bosnian Serbs, [215n41]; on creation of Greater Serbian state, [212n28]; Croat evictions and, 82; 1992 elections and, 33; ethnic cleansing and, 85–86; irregulars, 59, 62; Serbian police crackdown on, [220n72]
Serbian Renewal Movement (Srpski Pokret Obnve), 46, 83
Serbian Voluntary Guard (Srpska Dobrovoljačka Garda), 47, 48, 49, 25n10
Šešelj, Vojislav: četniks of (see četniks (Cetnici) paramilitary group); crisis committees and, 92; on cross-border paramilitary activity, 42; on Military Line hypothesis, 59–60; Milošević on, 34; recruitment of paramilitary fighters, 48; Serbian Radical Party of, 33, 46 (see also Serbian Radical Party); support for evictions of ethnic minorities, 81, 93–94, [212n29]; ties to, 71, 73
Shafir, Gershon, 143
Shapira, Yosef, 124, 168, [235n45]
Sharon, Ariel, 180, 181, 185
Shatila refugee camp, 178
Sherut Bitachon Klali (Shabak/General Security Services), 149, [240n23]
Sherutei Bitachon (Shin Bet), 130, [240n23]
Shidiak, Sami, 182, 183, [249n101]
Shi'ite militias, 173
Shin Bet (Sherutei Bitachon), 130, 28n23
Sibinčić, Ostoja, 82, 83–84
Simatoić, Franko (Frenki), 59, 60
Sjeverin, 78
Slankamen, 81, 86
Slavonijać, [211n24]
Slavujević, Zoran, 34
Slovenia, [226n15]; European view of, 38; secessionism and, 36–37; sovereignty of, 109
Služba Državne Bezbednosti (state security), Serbia, 59, 60–61
Smooha, Sammy, 121, 122, [251n15]
Snidden, Daniel, 61
Socialist Party (Serbia), 31, 47–48, [212n26]
South Africa, 195
Southern Lebanese Army (SLA), 172, 182–84, [248n96]
Sovereignty: Bosnian, 35, 36–37, 42, 43; as catalyst for violence, 22; creation of Bosnian frontier and, 21; definition of, 22; empirical, 23, 91, 100, 130; versus human rights, 68–69; as international norm, 22–23; issues in Israeli relationship with Lebanon and Palestine, 172; issues in West Bank and Gaza, 133, 135–42, 193; juridical, 23, 91–92, 102; Kosovo, 89–90, 91–92, 95, 102, 103; republican boundaries and, 192; Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 78–79; Vojvodina, 83
Soviet Union, 20, 138
Sprinzak, Ehud, 120, 121
Srboslavci, 83. See also Hrtkovci
Srpska Dobrovoljačka Garda. See Serbian Voluntary Guard
Srpska Narodna Odbrana. See Serbian National Defense Party
Srpska Radikalna Stranka. See Serbian Radical Party (SRS)
Srpske Autonomne Oblasti. See Autonomous regions
Srpske Odbrambene Snage. See Serbian Defense Forces
Srpski Pokret Obnove (SPO) (Serbian Renewal Movement), 46, 83
Stalin, Josef, 20
Stanišić, Jovica, 59
State of Judea, 170–71
State of Palestine, 135
State repression, hypothesis of, 14–15
State security, Serbia. See Služba Državne Bezbednosti
State strength, in Israel-Serbia comparison, 196
Stojičić, Radovan, 59
Strpci, 77
Supreme Court, Israeli, 133
Switzerland, 38
Tehiya Party, 119, 120, 123
Tel al-Zatar, 184
Territorial defense auxiliaries, 169
Territorial nationalism, 121–22
Teslić, 54
"Tigers" (Tigrovi) paramilitary group, 45, 47, 48, 49, 94
Tilly, Charles, 18
Torture, of Palestinians, 155–60, 164
Transfer, of ethnic minorities. See Dislocation of ethnic minorities; Ethnic cleansing
Transnational norm making, 20–22
Transparency International, 21, 194
Turkey, 4, 7
United Nations (UN): General Assembly resolution 3236, 140; PLO and, 138–40; Security Council, 38–39; Security Council and Serbian cease fire, 101; Serbia and Croatia involvement of, 38–39, 56, 105; transnational norm making and activism, 21
United States: international recognition of sovereignty of Bosnia, 36–37; PLO and, 140, 141–42; support for Israel, 140–41
Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës (UÇK). See Kosova Liberation Army (KLA)
Vakić, Branislav, 59, [220n72]
Vasilijević, Vladan, [221n90]
Vickers, Miranda, 94
Vietnam, 4, 129
Violence: alternative explanations for state, 4–5, 14–15; binary oppositions in study of state, 197; institutional settings and (see Institutional settings); prediction of future conflict and, 198; semi-democracies and, 5–8; sovereignty as catalyst for, 22
Višegrad, 2, 50
Vojna Linija (military line) hypothesis, of ethnic cleansing, 58–62, 71
Vojvodina, 65; casualties, 84; crisis committees in, 80–84, 190; ethnic cleansing in, 10; human rights norms and, 110; as internal province/ghetto of Serbia, 192, 197–98; Serbian mistrust of, [224n56]; sovereignty, 83
Voluntary transfer, in Israel, 116, 124
Vujačić, Veljko, 28, 30
Wallach, Jehuda, [245n49]
War crimes: indictments for, [217n17]; prosecution of, 6, 58
Wasp, [217n17]
West Bank: Fatah on "mini-state" of, 137, [237n41]; as frontier vis-à-vis Israel, 201, [244n32]; as ghetto vis-à-vis Israel, 18, 116, 131; international norms and, 138; Israeli reprisal policy for, 145–46; Jewish nationalists and, 2, 121, 123; Jewish paramilitaries in, 169–71, 191; Labor Party colonization policy for, 116; 1976 municipal elections in, 137; paramilitary forces in, 169–71; population of, [240n35]; regional councils in, 167–68; sovereignty issues in, 133, 135–42, 193. See also Gaza Strip; Palestine
"White Eagles" (Beli Orlovi) paramilitary group, 45, 46; ethnic cleansing of Zvornik, 49; looting by, 50; recruitment by, 75, 94; Višegrad massacre and, 2, 50
Wolves from Vučjak (Vukovi sa Vučjaka), 53–54, [219n42]
Woodward, Susan, 50–51
World Bank, 21
World polity analysis, limits of, 193–94, [250n3]
World Union of Kosova, [228n54]
Ya'ari, Ehud, 179, 184, [247n70]
Yaniv, Avner, [245n49]
Yariv, Aharon, 124
Yellow Wasps paramilitary group, 48, [217n17]
Yermiyah, Dov, 178, 180
Yugoslav federal army (JNA), 46, 47, 58–59, [218n27], [226n15]
Yugoslavia: international environment and breakup of, 37–38; 1990 multiparty elections, 37, 68; 1991 referendum in, 68; social impact of decentralization in, 27–28, 39
Zagreb, 195
Ze'evi, Rehava'am, 117
Zionism: versus concept of Jewishness, [237n41]; impact on Palestinian resistance, 14; nationalist characteristics of, 116–25, 201; "New," 121; origins of, 117
Zucker, Dedi, [243n20]
Zvornik, 48, 49–50