| The Oceans Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology |
| Preface |
| Contents |
| I. Introduction |
 | II. The Earth and the Ocean Basins |
| • | Figure and Size of the Earth |
| • | Distribution of Water and Land |
| • | Relief of the Sea Floor |
| • | Major Features of Topography |
| Terminology of Submarine Topography |
| • | Features Resulting from Crustal Deformation |
| • | Features Resulting from Erosion, Deposition, and Biological Activity |
| • | Bottom Configuration of the Oceans |
| • | Bottom Configuration of the Arctic and Antarctic Regions |
| • | Bottom Configuration of Adjacent Seas |
| • | Submarine Canyons |
| • | Shorelines |
| • | Bibliography |
| III. Physical Properties of Sea Water |
| • | Salinity and Chlorinity |
| • | Units of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure, and Their Ranges in the Sea |
| • | Density of Sea Water |
| • | Thermal Properties of Sea Water |
| • | Colligative and Other Properties of Sea Water |
| • | Properties of Sea Ice |
| • | Transmission of Sound |
| • | Absorption of Radiation |
| • | Eddy Conductivity, Diffusivity, and Viscosity |
| • | Bibliography |
| IV. General Distribution of Temperature, Salinity, and Density |
| • | The Heat Budget of the Earth as a Whole |
| • | The Heat Budget of the Oceans |
| • | Evaporation from the Sea |
| • | Salinity and Temperature of the Surface Layer |
| • | Theory of the Periodic Variations of Temperature at Subsurface Depths |
| • | Distribution of Density |
| • | Subsurface Distribution of Temperature and Salinity |
| • | The Water Masses of the Oceans |
| • | Basins |
| • | Bibliography |
| V. Theory of Distribution of Variables in the Sea |
| • | Scalar Fields |
| • | Relation between the Distribution of Properties and the Currents in the Sea |
| • | Distribution of Conservative Concentrations in the Sea |
| • | Distribution of Nonconservative Concentrations |
| • | The Principle of Dynamic Equilibrium |
| • | Bibliography |
| VI. Chemistry of Sea Water |
| • | Constancy of Composition |
| • | Units Used in Chemical Oceanography |
| • | Composition of Sea Water |
| • | Elements Present in Sea Water |
| • | Preparation of Artificial Sea Water |
| • | Dissolved Gases in Sea Water |
| • | The Carbon Dioxide System |
| • | Solubility of Salts in Sea Water |
| • | The Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Sea Water |
| • | Inorganic Agencies Affecting the Composition of Sea Water |
| • | Geochemistry of the Ocean Waters |
| • | Bibliography |
| VII. Organisms and the Composition of Sea Water |
| • | Chemical Composition of Marine Organisms |
| • | Interrelations Between Elements Whose Distribution Is Affected by Biological Activity |
| • | Distribution of Phosphate, Nitrogen Compounds, and Silicate in the Oceans |
| • | Factors Influencing the Distribution of Nutrient Elements |
| • | Compounds of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon in the Sea |
| • | Bibliography |
| VIII. The Sea as a Biological Environment |
| • | Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Marine Environment |
| • | Other Characteristics of the Environment |
| • | Classification of the Marine Environment |
| • | General Character of Populations of the Primary Biotic Divisions |
| • | Development of life in the Sea |
| • | Bibliography |
| IX. Populations of the Sea |
| PLANT GROUPS OF THE SEA |
| • | Thallophyta |
| • | Blue-Green Algae (Myxophyceae) |
| • | Green Algae (Chlorophyceae) |
| • | Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) |
| • | Red Algae (Rhodophyceae) |
| • | Yellow-Green Algae |
| • | The Higher Plants in the Sea |
| THE ANIMAL POPULATION OF THE SEA |
| Synopsis of the More Important Systematic Groups of Marine Animals |
| A. INVERTEBRATES |
| PHYLUM PROTOZOA |
| • | CLASS MASTIGOPHORA |
| • | CLASS SARCODINA |
| • | CLASS CILIATA |
| • | PHYLUM PORIFERA |
| • | PHYLUM COELENTERATA |
| • | PHYLUM CTENOPHORA |
| • | PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES |
| • | PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES |
| • | PHYLUM TROCHELMINTHES |
| • | PHYLUM BRYOZOA |
| • | PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA |
| • | PHYLUM PHORONIDEA |
| • | PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA |
| • | PHYLUM ANNELIDA |
| • | PHYLUM ARTHROPODA |
| • | PHYLUM MOLLUSCA |
| • | PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA |
| • | PHYLUM CHORDATA |
| • | VERTEBRATES |
| • | Reproduction and Life Cycles in Marine Animals |
| • | Bibliography |
| X. Observations and Collections at Sea |
| OCEANOGRAPHIC VESSELS AND THEIR FACILITIES |
| • | Vessels |
| • | Winches |
| • | Wire Ropes and Accessory Fittings |
| • | Shipboard Laboratories |
| OBSERVATIONS AND COLLECTIONS |
| • | Positions at Sea |
| • | Sonic Soundings |
| • | Wire Soundings |
| • | Bottom-Sampling Devices |
| • | Temperature Measurements |
| • | Water-Sampling Devices |
| • | TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SERIAL OBSERVATIONS |
| • | OBSERVATIONS OF TIDES |
| • | DEEP-SEA ANCHORING |
| CURRENT MEASUREMENTS |
| • | Drift Methods |
| • | Flow Methods |
| • | Current Meters |
| • | Analysis of Records of Currents |
| COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES |
| • | Collection of Benthic Organisms |
| • | Collection of Nekton |
| • | Collection of Plankton |
| • | Interpretation of Plankton Observations |
| • | Bibliography |
| XI. General Character of Ocean Currents |
| XII. Statics and Kinematics |
| STATICS |
| • | Units and Dimensions |
| • | The Fields of Gravity, Pressure, and Mass |
| • | Significance of σt Surfaces |
| • | Stability |
| KINEMATICS |
| • | Vector Fields |
| • | The Field of Motion and the Equation of Continuity |
| • | Representations of the Field of Motion in the Sea |
| • | Bibliography |
| XIII. Dynamics of Ocean Currents |
| • | The Hydrodynamic Equations |
| • | Currents Related to the Field of Pressure |
| • | Friction |
| • | Wind Currents |
| • | Conclusions as to Currents on the Basis of Tonguelike Distribution of Properties |
| • | Thermodynamics of Ocean Currents |
| • | Bibliography |
| XIV. Waves and Tides |
| • | Introduction |
| • | Surface Waves |
| • | Long Waves |
| • | Tides |
| • | Tidal Currents |
| • | Effect of Friction on Tides and Tidal Currents |
| • | The Semidiurnal Tide of the Atlantic Ocean |
| • | Internal Waves |
| • | Bibliography |
| XV. The Water Masses and Currents of the Oceans |
| • | The Antarctic Circumpolar Ocean |
| • | The South Atlantic Ocean |
| • | The Equatorial Region of the Atlantic Ocean |
| • | The Adjacent Seas of the North Atlantic Ocean |
| • | The North Atlantic Ocean |
| • | Adjacent Seas of the Indian Ocean |
| • | The Indian Ocean |
| • | The South Pacific Ocean |
| • | The Equatorial Region of the Pacific Ocean |
| • | The North Pacific Ocean |
| • | The Adjacent Seas of the North Pacific Ocean |
| • | The Water Masses of the Oceans: A Summary |
| • | The Deep-water Circulation of the Oceans |
| • | Bibliography |
| XVI. Phytoplankton in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment |
| • | METHODS OF FLOTATION |
| FACTORS OF PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION: I |
| • | Direct Primary Factors of Reproduction and Growth |
| • | Direct and Indirect Secondary Factors Influencing Population Density |
| FACTORS OF PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION: II |
| • | Photosynthesis of Phytoplankton |
| • | Plant Nutrients and Vertical Circulation of Water |
| • | Horizontal Ocean Currents |
| • | Temperature |
| • | Bibliography |
| XVII. Animals in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment |
| ECOLOGICAL GROUPS AND SOME OF THEIR ADJUSTMENTS AND CONDITIONS OF LIFE |
| • | Benthos, Animals of the Sea Floor |
| • | Nekton, the Swimming Animals |
| • | Zooplankton, the Floating Animals |
| RELATIONS TO PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT |
| • | Light |
| • | Salinity |
| • | Temperature |
| • | Ocean Currents |
| • | Oxygen |
| • | Bibliography |
| XVIII. Interrelations of Marine Organisms |
| • | NATURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF ORGANISMS |
| NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS |
| • | The Significance of Micro-plants |
| • | The Significance of Micro-animals |
| • | Plankton and Filter Feeders |
| • | Detritus Feeders and Scavengers |
| • | Littoral Browsers |
| • | Preying Animals |
| BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING MOVEMENTS AND CONCENTRATION OF ORGANISMS |
| • | Phytoplankton—Zooplankton |
| • | Nekton |
| • | Benthos |
| MARINE BACTERIA AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CYCLES IN THE SEA |
| • | Structure and Reproduction |
| • | Bacterial Modes of Life |
| • | The Nitrogen Cycle |
| • | Phosphorus, Carbon, and Sulphur Cycles |
| • | Bacteria and Bottom Deposits |
| • | Distribution of Bacteria in the Sea |
| • | Bibliography |
| XIX. Organic Production in the Sea |
| • | Phytoplankton Production |
| • | Zooplankton Production |
| • | Commercial Production |
| • | The Production in Different Regions |
| • | Bibliography |
| XX. Marine Sedimentation |
| • | INTRODUCTION |
| • | CONSTITUENTS OF MARINE SEDIMENTS |
| TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENTARY DEBRIS |
| • | Transportation of Sediment to the Sea |
| • | Transportation of Sediment in the Sea |
| • | MASS PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS |
| • | CLASSIFICATION OF RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS |
| • | DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC SEDIMENTS |
| • | MASS PROPERTIES OF DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS |
| • | THE ENVIRONMENT OF DEPOSITION |
| CALCIUM CARBONATE |
| • | Factors Which Determine Accumulation and Deposition of Calcareous Material |
| • | The Distribution of Calcium Carbonate |
| ORGANIC MATTER |
| • | Quantity and Character of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments |
| • | Distribution of Organic Matter |
| • | SHALLOW-WATER AND NEARSHORE SEDIMENTS |
| • | ELEMENTS CONCENTRATED ON THE SEA BOTTOM AND AUTHIGENIC MINERALS |
| • | RATES OF SEDIMENTATION |
| • | SUMMARY OF FACTORS DETERMINING CHARACTER OF MARINE SEDIMENTS |
| • | Bibliography |
| Tables for Computing Geopotential Distances between Isobaric Surfaces |
| • | Contents |
| • | Symbols and Definitions |
| • | Explanation |
| • | Bibliography |
| Subject Index |
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| Index of Names |
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| Fold-outs |
