PPacific Ocean (see also North Pacific and South Pacific):
boundaries, 11 equatorial region, 706–712 currents, 708–712 oxygen content, 710, 711 phosphate, 710, 711 silicate, 710, 711 water masses, 706–708
oxygen distribution, 728–730, 753
Palagonite, 1027 frequency of occurrence, 987
Pelagic environment and its subdivisions 278 Pelagic sediments (deposits), 972 areas covered by, 977 average percentage of calcium carbonate, 1006 chemical composition, 991, 992 classification, 972–973 color, 978, 979 content of organic matter, 1015 depth range, 978 distribution, 974–978 inorganic constituents, 986–990 iron content, 992, 1030–1032 manganese content, 992, 1028–1031 minerals, 986–990 organic constituents, 983–986 phosphorus content, 992, 1032 radium content, 1034, 1035 rate of deposition, 1038, 1039 texture, 979–982
Pendulum day, 437 Permeability of sediments, 994 Persian Gulf, 690 Peru Current, 701–705 comparison with California Current, 703 organic production in, 942
Petroleum formation in marine sediments, 947, 1009 possible role of bacteria, 996
Pettersson-Nansen water bottle, 352 Phaeocystis, 301 Phillipsite, 1027 frequency of occurrence, 987
pH of sea water, 193 determination, 193, 194 distribution, 208–210 role in carbon dioxide system, 195–202
Phosphate:
as a limiting factor, 768, 788 distribution:
factors influencing, 246, 247 in basins, 245, 246 in oceans, 239–241 related to deep-water circulation, 754
in South Atlantic, 786–788
regeneration, 260–261 in isolated areas, 932
seasonal variation, 258 utilization of, by plants, 768, 931–932
Phosphate-phosphorus, ratio to nitrate-nitrogen, 236, 243 Phosphorescence (see Bioluminescence) Phosphorite nodules, 952, 1032, 1033 Phosphorus, 182 in red clay, 1030, 1032, 1033 organic, in sea water, 257
Phosphorus cycle in the sea, 260–261, 916 Phosphorus-nitrogen ratio in plankton, 236 Photosynthesis of phytoplankton, 774 energy and illumination, 776 experiments, 777–782, 933 assimilation, 777
Photosynthesis ratio to respiration, 933
― 1072 ― Physalia: reproduction, 320 systematic position, 306
Phytoplankton (see also Plankton):
collection and analysis, 382–383 number of important species in, 762 photosynthesis, 774–782 relation to zooplankton, 898–904
Phytoplankton production, 923–934 factors of (see Diatoms and Dino-flagellates) index of:
direct census, 927 oxygen production and consumption, 933–934 plant nutrient consumption, 931–933 plant pigment units, 928
Pigments extracted from mud, 969 Plankton (see also Phytoplankton and Zooplankton), 281 adaptations, 821–823 collecting methods, 376–383 equivalents, 929 macro-, micro-, and nannoplankton, 819 neritic, 820 oceanic, 821
Plankton and filter feeders, 886–892 Plant nutrients, 235 and vertical circulation of water, 782–790 convection, 790 regions of divergence and convergence, 787, 788 stabilization, 789 turbulence, 787–789 upwelling, 785–786
factors influencing distribution, 235, 236 renewal in surface layers:
Antarctic region, 620 Equatorial Countercurrent, Atlantic, 636 Equatorial Countercurrent, Pacific, 712 North Atlantic, 682 off coast of California, 725 off coast of Peru, 702 off west coast of South Africa, 628
storage in the sea, 784–785 winter maxima and summer minima, 939
Plants (see also Algae and Eel grass):
higher plants, 302–303 major producers in the sea, 287 Thallophyta, 288–302
Platyhelminthes, 307 Pleurobrachia, 307, 890 Polymerization of water, 47 Population, 162 Porosity of sediments, 993, 994 Portuguese man-of-war (see Physalia) Potassium, 179 Potential temperature (see Temperature) Pressure (see also Isobaric surfaces):
as an ecological factor, 273 field of, 405 internal field, 408 total field, 413 units, 55, 170
Pressure gradient, 405 Preying animals, 896–898 Primary food of the sea, 882, 883 Production (see Organic production and Phytoplankton production), 162 importance of, to organic matter in sediments, 1011, 1015
Projections, map, 10 Protozoa:
reproduction, 319 synopsis, 304–305
Pteropod ooze (see Pelagic sediments)
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