Subject Index

A

1. Absorption coefficients for dissolved gases, 190, 191, 202

2. Absorption of radiation (see Radiation)

3. Abyssal-benthic zone, 277

   1. animals of, 805–810

4. Accessory growth factors, 769

5. Adaptations to planktonic existence, 764–766, 821–823

6. Adiabatic temperature distribution, Mindanao Trench, 739

7. Adiabatic temperature gradient, 63, 64

8. Advection, definition of, 157

9. Agulhas Stream, 696

10. Air-borne material in sediments, 955

11. Aleutian Current, 722, 723

12. Algae:

    1. benthic, distribution of, 290, 291, 293, 295, 782

    2. blue-green, 288–290

    3. brown, 291–294

    4. coralline, 290, 295, 855

    5. green, 290–291

    6. red, 294–295

    7. yellow-green, 295–302

13. Alkalinity, 195–198

    1. distribution, 208–210

    2. relation to calcium carkonate content, 1000, 1001

14. Allogenic minerals in sediments, 987

15. Alternation of generations:

    1. animals, 306, 319–320

    2. plants, 290, 292, 294

16. Aluminum, 182

17. Ammonia:

    1. distribution in oceans, 243, 244

    2. produced on sea bottom, 995

    3. role in nitrogen cycle, 256, 257

    4. seasonal variation, 252, 253

18. Amphidromic point, 557, 558

19. Anchoring, in deep sea, 361, 362

20. Angular velocity of earth's rotation, 433

21. Animal exclusion, hypothesis of, 900

22. Animal population, 303

    1. diversity of, 282

    2. ecological gropus:

       1. benthos, 280, 800

       2. nekton, 281, 810

       3. zooplankton, 281, 812

    3. synopsis of, 304–314

23. Animals and the environmental factors, 823–873

    1. light, 824

       1. color correlations, 824–830

       2. structural correlations, 830–833

       3. vertical migrations, 835–839

    2. ocean currents, 858–869

       1. dispersal by, 858

       2. maintenance of endemic population by, 863–865

    3. oxygen, 869

       1. anaerobic conditions, 871

       2. consumption of, 852, 853, 870, 873

    4. salinity, 839–843

       1. a selective agency, 840

       2. euryhalinity, 840

       3. size and, 842

       4. stenohalinity, 839

    5. temperature, 843–858

       1. effect of freezing, 844

       2. influence on calcium precipitation, 853

       3. influence on geographic distribution, 845, 849, 851

       4. influence on metabolism, 852

       5. influence on reproduction, 845–849, 857

       6. influence on size, 855–857

       7. influence on speciation, 867–869

24. Annelida:

    1. reproduction, 321

    2. synopsis, 308

25. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 613–621

26. Antarctic Circumpolar Water, 607, 610–611

    1. renewal, 620

27. Antarctic Convergence, 139

    1. biology of, 809, 941, 942

    2. formation, 618

    3. location, 606, 607

---

― 1062 ―

28. Antarctic Intermediate Water, 139, 608

    1. formation, 619

    2. Indian Ocean, 691, 692, 697

    3. North Atlantic, 670, 685, 686

    4. South Atlantic, 626, 627, 629

    5. South Pacific, 699–701

    6. spreading of, 139, 744, 745

29. Antarctic Ocean:

    1. bottom topography, 32

    2. currents, 613–621

    3. oxygen distribution, 621–623

    4. water masses, 605–613

30. Antilles Current, 672, 675

31. Aragonite, 998, 1027

32. Arctic Intermediate Water:

    1. North Atlantic, 670, 685, 686

    2. Pacific, 717, 718

       1. formation, 722

    3. spreading, 745

33. Arctic plankton, 856, 868

34. Argon, 189

35. Arsenic, 183

36. Arthropoda:

    1. reproduction, 322–324

    2. synopsis, 309

37. Artificial sea water, 185, 186

38. Ascendant, definition of, 156

39. Associations of organisms, 880–882

    1. commensalism, 881

    2. environmental associations, 880

    3. parasitism, 882

    4. symbiosis, 881

40. Atlantic Ocean (see also North Atlantic and South Atlantic):

    1. boundaries, 11

    2. equatorial region, 631–637

       1. currents, 632–637

       2. water masses, 631, 632

    3. oxygen distribution, 210, 686, 748

    4. tides, 581–585

41. Atmosphere, composition of, 189

42. Authigenic minerals in sediments, 1027

    1. frequency of occurrence, 987

43. Auxospores, 298

B

1. Bacteria:

   1. aerobic, in sediments, 212, 996

   2. anaerobic, in sediments, 212, 996

   3. bottom deposits, effect on, 917–918

   4. collection and analysis of, 383

   5. denitrifying, 257

   6. distribution in the sea, 918–920

   7. importance in sedimentation, 995

   8. importance to precipitation of iron compounds, 1032

   9. in the Black Sea, 871

   10. modes of life, 910, 913

       1. autotrophic, 910

       2. heterotrophic, 911

       3. oxygen relations, 913, 917

   11. nitrifying, 256

   12. occurrence in sediments, 1016

   13. possible role in petroleum formation, 996

   14. structure and reproduction, 908–910

   15. used to determine organic carbon, 249–251

   16. utilizers of dissolved organic matter, 911–913

2. Baffin Bay:

   1. bottom topography, 30

   2. water masses, 663–665

3. Baltic Sea, 657–658

4. Barite concretions, 952, 1033

5. Barium, 183

6. Barnacles, reproduction of, 324, 326

7. Barriers, faunal (see Zoogeography)

8. Base-exchange in clay minerals, 988, 990

   1. importance to flocculation, 958

9. Basins, 23, 26

   1. adjacent seas, 37, 38, 736, 738

   2. sediments in, 1026, 1028

   3. with inflow across the sill, 148, 149

   4. with outflow across the sill, 147, 148

10. Basin water, 147

    1. plant nutrients, 246, 1028

    2. stagnating, 1026, 1028

11. Bathythermograph, 352

12. Bay of Fundy:

    1. tidal currents, 569

    2. tides, 562, 563

13. Beach:

    1. deposits:

       1. character, 1023

       2. composition, 1022

       3. texture, 1019–1023

          1. relation to slope of beach, 1018, 1019

    2. equilibrium state, 44

    3. terminology, 43, 44

14. Benguela Current, 627–629

15. Benthic environment and its subdivisions, 275–278

16. Benthic organisms, importance of to texture of sediments, 997

17. Benthos, 280

    1. biological factors in the concentration, 907–908

    2. collection of, 374–375

    3. deep-sea, 805–810

    4. littoral, 800–805

    5. vertical distribution of, 806–807

18. Bering Sea, 732, 733

19. Bering Strait, currents of, 665, 723

---

― 1063 ―

20. Biocycles, 274

21. Biological factors influencing movements and concentrations of organisms, 898–908

22. Bioluminescence, 300, 304, 814, 833–835

23. Biosphere, 274

24. Biotype, 279

    1. facies of, 280

    2. inhabitants of, 280, 879

25. Bipolarity, 849–850, 868

26. Birds dependent upon the sea, 313, 942

27. Bjerknes' theorem of circulation, 460–462

28. Black Sea, 649–651

    1. biology of, 871–872

    2. lamination in sediments, 1040

29. Body fluids:

    1. composition, 232, 270

    2. osmotic relationships, 269, 272

       1. control of, 271

    3. relation to sea water, 269

30. Bolting cloth, 377, 378

31. Boric acid, influence of on alkalinity, 198, 199

32. Boron, 180

33. Bosporus, currents of, 650

34. Bottom samplers, 344–347, 375

35. Bottom topography:

    1. illustrated, 18, 30, 32, 34, 35

    2. influence on currents, 466–469

    3. large-scale features, 23, 27–30

    4. maximum depths, 18, 19

    5. nomenclature, 25–27

    6. profiles, 17, 18

    7. representation of, 16

36. Bottom water, formation of, 138, 139

    1. Antarctic, 611, 612

    2. Irminger Sea, 682, 683

    3. Labrador Sea, 664

    4. Mediterranean, 645, 646

    5. Norwegian Sea, 656, 657

37. Bottom water, potential temperature of, 749

38. Bottom water of the oceans, 745–754

39. Boundary condition:

    1. dynamic, 441

    2. kinematic, 424

40. Boundary surface, slope of, 444

41. Boundary waves (see Internal waves)

42. Bowen ratio, 117

43. Brachiopoda synopsis, 308

44. Brandt's theory of phytoplankton growth, 768, 784

45. Brazil Current, 628, 629

46. Bromine, 179

47. Browsing animals, 895–896

48. Bryozoa synopsis, 308

49. Buffer action of sets water, 195, 202

    1. ecological importance, 268

50. By-the-wind sailer (see Velella)

C

1. Calanus:

   1. abundance correlated with herring catches, 906–907

   2. abundance correlated with whale catches, 905

   3. biology of, in the Gulf of Maine, 864

   4. feeding mechanism, 886–887

   5. oxygen consumption by, 853, 870, 873

   6. reproduction, 322–323, 903

   7. vertical migrations, 836–837

2. Calcareous material in Sediments (see also Calcium carbonate) :

   1. organisms contributing to, 950

3. Calcareous oozes (see also Pelagic sediments), 972

   1. areas covered by, 975, 977, 978

4. Calcite, 998, 1027

5. Calcium, 178, 179

   1. deposition by animals, 304–306, 853–855

   2. deposition by plants, 290, 301, 855

6. Calcium Carbonate:

   1. factors controlling organic precipitation, 999, 1000

   2. inorganic precipitation, 208, 998

   3. percentage in sediments, 998–1008

      1. as function of depth, 1004, 1005

      2. distribution, 1002–1008

      3. factors controlling, 1007, 1008

   4. solubility, 205–208

   5. solution near bottom, 1001

   6. supply to sediments, 1000

7. California Current, 724–727

   1. annual variation of temperature, 131, 132

   2. comparison with Peru Current, 725

   3. off Southern California, 454

8. Canyons:

   1. sediments in, 1024, 1026

   2. submarine:

      1. character, 39–41

      2. formation, 41, 42

9. Carbon, 179

   1. cycle of, 916

   2. in sediments, 1010, 1011

   3. organic, 248–251

   4. ratio to nitrogen, 1010

10. Carbon dioxide:

    1. as a limiting factor, 768

    2. as a measure of production, 768

    3. distribution, 208–210

    4. exchange with atmosphere, 203

    5. importance to deposition of calcium carbonate, 1000, 1001

    6. methods of determination, 192, 193

    7. partial pressure, 201–203

    8. solubility, 190, 191, 202

    ---

    ― 1064 ―

    9. system, 197–202

    10. utilization of, by plants, 768

11. Carbonic acid, dissociation consta,nts of, 199, 204, 205

12. Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, 236, 237, 931

13. Caribbean Sea:

    1. bottom topography, 35

    2. currents, 641, 642

    3. oxygen content, 640

    4. water masses, 638, 641

14. Ceratium (see Dinoflagellates)

15. Chaetognatha:

    1. as indicator species, 863

    2. reproduction, 322

    3. synopsis, 308

16. “Challenger,” dredging by, 805–807, 809

17. Chemical transformations, importance of to sediments, 952

18. China Sea, 735

19. Chitin, 289

20. Chlorine, 175

21. Chlorine-equivalent, 52

22. Chlorinity, 51, 52

    1. units for expressing, 51

23. Chlorosity, 52

    1. factors, 167

24. Chordata, synopsis of, 312–314

25. Circulation:

    1. Bjerknes' theorem, 460–462

    2. deep water, 745–755

    3. thermal, 507–509

    4. thermohaline, 509–510

    5. transverse:

       1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 618–620

       2. caused by upwelling, 501

       3. Equatorial Countercurrent, 635, 636, 711

       4. Gulf Stream, 676

26. Circulation (water movements), biological significance of, 273–274

27. Clay minerals, 988–990

    1. base exchange, 988, 990

    2. flocculation, 958, 990

    3. groups of, 989

    4. origin, 990

28. Cl-ratio, 167

29. Coccolith ooze, 973

30. Coccolithophoridae, 301

31. Coelenterata:

    1. reproduction, 319–320

    2. synopsis, 306

32. Collection of:

    1. bacteria, 383

    2. benthos, 374

    3. nekton, 376

    4. plankton, 376–383

33. Color of animals, 824–830

    1. changes, 825–827

    2. of deep-sea animals, 826–829

    3. of surface oceanic animals, 827

    4. protective, 826

34. Color of sediments, 967–969

    1. continental shelf, 1023

    2. deep-sea, 978, 979

35. Color of the sea, 88, 89

36. Color of water, biological causes of, 289, 783–784

37. Compensation depth, 779

    1. in various areas, 780

38. Compensation point, 778

39. Composition of foraminiferal tests, 991

40. Composition of marine organisms:

    1. average, 230

    2. body fluids, 232

    3. concentration of elements, 233

    4. elements reported, 228, 229

    5. ratios O: C: N: P, 236, 237

    6. skeletal material, 231

41. Composition of river water, 214–216

42. Composition of sea water, 165–174

    1. constancy, 165–168

    2. influenced by exchange with atmosphere, 212, 213

    3. influenced by freezing, 216–219

    4. influenced by rivers, 213–216

    5. tables, 166, 173, 176, 177

43. Composition of sediments, 971, 972

44. Compressibility, 68

45. Concentrations, 158

    1. conservative, 158

    2. non-conservative, 159

    3. units for reporting, 169, 171

46. Conductivity :

    1. electrical, 71, 72

    2. thermal (see also Eddy conductivity), 60, 61

47. Continental shelf:

    1. average inclination, 21

    2. extension, 20, 21

    3. formation, 24, 25, 1019

    4. sediments on, 1018–1023

48. Continental slope, inclination of, 22

49. Continuity, equation of, 423–426

    1. used for finding layer of no motion, 457

50. Convergence, 419, 420

    1. caused by winds, 500–503

    2. regions of, 139, 140

    3. vertical motion derived from, 425

51. Copepoda (see also Calanus):

    1. as food for fish, 892, 907

    2. as food of whales, 905

    3. as grazers, 772, 901

    4. food of, 901

    5. reproduction, 322, 323, 903

    6. synopsis, 309

---

― 1065 ―

52. Coral-reefs:

    1. formation of, 854–855

    2. organisms of, 855

53. Corals:

    1. reproduction of, 319

    2. systematic position of, 306

54. “Core method,” 146

55. Cores of sediments:

    1. apparatus for obtaining, 345–347

    2. compaction, 1037

    3. relation between water content and particle size, 994

    4. stratification in, 1038, 1039

56. Coring apparatus, 345–347

57. Corioli's force, 433–438

    1. importance to ocean currents, 390

    2. importance to waves, 520

58. Cotidal lines, 557

    1. charts, 563

    2. semidiurnal tide of Atlantic Ocean, 581, 582

59. Crinoidea:

    1. bathymetric distribution, 807

    2. synopsis, 312

60. Ctenophora, 307, 320, 890

61. Current meters, 366–373

62. Currents (see also Circulation, Tidal currents, and Wind currents):

    1. absolute, 455–457

    2. accuracy of computed, 393, 394, 453–455

    3. computation, 391, 447–452

    4. derived from ships' logs, 427, 428

    5. derived from tongue-like distributions, 503–507

    6. effect of bottom friction, 499, 500

    7. effect of bottom topography, 466–469

       1. Antarctic Circumpolar, 616

       2. North Atlantic, 681

       3. North Equatorial, Atlantic, 671, 672

    8. importance to distribution of sediments, 965, 966, 1042, 1043

    9. in stratified water, 444–447

    10. related to the distribution of density, 389–395, 447–451

    11. relative, 391, 442, 447–451

    12. representations, 428–430

    13. slope, 442, 458

    14. sorting of shallow water sediments by, 1017–1019

    15. transportation of particles along bottom by, 959–966

    16. transportation of settling particles by, 959

    17. units used, 363

    18. vertical convection, 510, 511

    19. wavelike pattern in South Atlantic, 630

63. Cyclic salt, 213, 214

D

1. Davidson Current, 725

2. Dead water, 587

3. Deeps, 20

   1. of the oceans, 29

4. Deep-sea anchoring, 361, 362

5. Deep-sea benthos, 805–810

   1. characteristics, 807

   2. early discoveries, 805

   3. food of, 808

   4. horizontal distribution, 810

6. Deep-sea environmental system, 275–276

7. Deep water (see also under specific geographic regions):

   1. circulation, 745–755

   2. formation, 138, 139

8. Denmark Strait, flow through, 652–655

9. Density, 56, 57

   1. computation, 57

   2. direct determinations, 53

   3. general distribution, 137–140

   4. maximum, 66, 68

10. Density currents, 41

11. Deposition of sediments (see Sedimentation), 960

12. Depth of frictional resistance, 396, 493

13. “Desert quartz” in sediments, 955

14. Detritus feeders and scavengers, 892–895

15. Development of animals (see also Life cycles):

    1. direct, 318

    2. indirect, 318

    3. of deep-sea animals, 318

16. Diatomaceous ooze, relation of to organic production, 942

17. Diatom ooze (see Pelagic sediments)

18. Diatoms:

    1. as primary producers, 287, 296

    2. auxospores, 298, 763

    3. control by grazing, 771–772, 901–902

    4. geographical types, 791, 793

    5. methods of flotation, 764–765

    6. number in the open sea, 763

    7. number of important planktonic species, 762

    8. nutrient absorption, 782–783

    9. nutrient requirement, 768, 782–783

    10. on whales, 299, 881

    11. “persistent” culture of, 780

    12. reproduction, 297–299

    13. resting spores, 299, 762–763

    14. sinking, 772, 781, 893

        1. importance of viscosity, 794

    15. structure, 295–297

    16. systrophe in, 779, 781

    17. temperature requirements, 770, 792–794

    ---

    ― 1066 ―

    18. tychopelagic forms in the plankton, 762

19. Diffusion (see also Eddy diffusivity), 69

20. Dimensions used in mechanics, 400–402

21. Dinoflagellates:

    1. distribution, 762

    2. methods of flotation, 765–766

    3. number of important species in the plankton, 762

    4. nutritional requirements, 299, 385

    5. rate of production, 790, 930

    6. reproduction, 300

    7. structure, 299–300

    8. systematic position, 304

    9. temperature requirements, 385, 762

22. Diurnal migrations, 836–839

23. Divergence, 420

    1. caused by wind, 500–503

    2. near Antarctic continent, 620

    3. near the equator, 635, 711

    4. regions of, 140

    5. vertical motion derived from, 425

24. Dolomite, 952, 998, 1027

25. Dredge, 374, 375

26. Drift bottles, 364, 365

27. Drift of plants, 791–792

28. Dynamic computations, 392, 408–411

    1. example, 4

29. Dynamic equilibrium, principle of, 160–163

30. Dynamic meter, 392, 403

E

1. Earth, size of, 9

2. Earthquake waves (see also Tsunamis), 543, 544

3. Earth's rotation:

   1. angular velocity, 433

   2. deflecting force, 390, 433–438

4. East Greenland Current, 659, 660

5. East Indian Archipelago, basins and water of 736–739

6. Echinodermata:

   1. reproduction, 324, 325, 326

   2. synopsis, 311–312

7. Echo sounding (see also Sonic soundings), 76

8. Ecological groups of animals (see Animal population)

9. Eddy conductivity, 92

   1. computation from temperature observations, 135–137

10. Eddy conductivity of the air, 114

11. Eddy diffusion:

    1. importance to transportation of sediments along bottom, 962–966

    2. lateral, dispersal of suspended material by, 959

12. Eddy diffusivity, 93

    1. effect of stability on, 476, 477

    2. importance to tongue-like distributions, 504, 507

    3. lateral, 92, 93

       1. importance to sedimentation, 959

       2. importance to tongue-like distributions, 506–507

       3. numerical values, 483, 485

    4. numerical values, 481, 483, 484

13. Eddy viscosity, 91, 473, 474

    1. influence of stability on, 476

    2. numerical values, 481, 482

    3. related to lateral mixing, 474, 475

       1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 621

       2. Equatorial Countercurrent, 634

       3. numerical values, 485

14. Eel grass:

    1. as primary producer, 303, 893, 936–937

    2. structure and reproduction, 302–303

15. Eels:

    1. dispersal of larvae, 861–862

    2. homoiosmotic condition, 271

    3. migrations, 811

16. Ekman current meter, 367, 368

17. Ekman spiral, 493

18. Ekman water bottle, 354

19. Elasmobranchs, 312

    1. osmotic pressure of body fluids, 271

20. Electric conductivity, 71, 72

21. Elements derived from earth's crust, 219–222

22. Elements present in marine organisms, 228, 229

    1. concentration of, 233

23. Elements present in sea water, 174

    1. table, 176, 177

24. El Niño, 704, 705

    1. effect on fauna, 274

25. Emerita:

    1. dispersal of larvae, 859–860

    2. feeding habits, 895

26. Endemic populations, maintenance of, 863–865

27. Energy equation, 441, 486

28. Environment, marine:

    1. antiquity, 281–284

    2. characteristics, 268

    3. classification, 275–280

    4. extent, 274

29. Environmental factors (see Light, Currents, Oxygen, Salinity, and Temperature)

30. Equatorial Countercurrent:

    1. Atlantic, 633–637

    2. Indian Ocean, 696

    3. Pacific, 709–712

31. Equatorial currents (see North and South Equatorial Currents)

---

― 1067 ―

32. Equiscalar curves, 155

33. Equiscalar surfaces, 154, 155

34. Equivalent diameters of sedimentary debris, 958

    1. compared to true dimensions, 982

    2. statistical terms derived from, 970, 971

    3. used for classifying sediments, 957, 974

35. Eroding velocity of ocean currents, 961

36. Erosion by currents, 41, 960–962

37. Euphausiids:

    1. as food of whales, 904, 906–907

    2. reproduction, 323

    3. synopsis, 310

38. Euphotic zone, 774

39. Eurybathic animals, 806–807

40. Evaporation:

    1. annual variation, 122

    2. average annual, 120

    3. computation of, 119, 120

    4. diurnal variation, 122, 124

    5. from the Black Sea, 650

    6. from the Mediterranean Sea, 647

    7. in different latitudes, 120, 121

       1. table, 123

    8. latent heat of, 62

    9. observations of, 119

    10. process of, 115–119

41. Extraterrestrial material in sediments, 952

F

1. Faeroe-Shetland Channel, flow through, 652–655

2. Falkland Current, 628, 630

3. Faunal areas (see Zoogeography)

4. Feeding mechanisms, 886–898

5. Filter feeders, 377, 886–892

   1. rate of filtering, 901–902, 930

6. Fishes (see also under specific fishes):

   1. deep-sea fishes:

      1. adaptations, 828–835, 897

      2. food of, 896–897

   2. dispersal of eggs and larvae, 861, 865

   3. feeding habits, 884, 890, 892

   4. migrations, 811

   5. osmotic regulations, 271

   6. reproduction, 325

   7. synopsis, 312

   8. visual depths, 831–833

   9. year classes, 326–328

7. Floating adaptations:

   1. in animals, 818, 821–823

   2. in diatoms, 764–765

   3. in dinoflagellates, 765–766

8. Flocculation of fine sediments, 958

9. Florida Current, 672, 673–675

   1. compared with Kuroshio, 720

10. Fluorine, 180

11. Fog, advection, 118

12. Foraminifera:

    1. in deep-sea sediments, 983–985

    2. reproduction, 319

    3. synopsis, 304–305

13. Foraminiferal number, 985

14. Foraminiferal tests, composition of, 991

15. Forel scale, 88

16. Freezing point of sea water, 65–67

17. Friction:

    1. boundary, 478–481

    2. general terms, 469, 470

    3. simplified terms, 475

18. Frictional forces, 469

    1. in presence of turbulence, 474–476

19. Frictional stresses (see also Wind stress), 68, 69

    1. due to lateral turbulence, 474

       1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 621

       2. Equatorial Countercurrent, 634

       3. importance to dynamics of ocean currents, 489

    2. due to vertical turbulence, 471–474

20. Fucus, 286, 291

    1. reproduction, 293

    2. zone, 277

G

1. Geochemistry:

   1. importance of sediments to, 947

   2. of the ocean waters, 219–222

2. Geopotential, 403

   1. anomaly, 409

   2. topography, 404

      1. illustrated, 454, 726

      2. of isobaric surfaces, 412–413

3. Glacier ice (see Icebergs)

4. Glauconite, 1035, 1036

   1. factors important to formation, 997

   2. frequency of occurrence, 987

5. Globigerina ooze (see Pelagic sediments), 305

6. Gradient, 156

7. Grazers of the sea, 884–886, 901–903

8. Grazing as a control of diatoms, 901–902

9. Gulf of California, 730–732

   1. lamination in sediments, 1040

10. Gulf of Mexico:

    1. bottom topography, 35

    2. currents, 642

    3. oxygen content, 641

    4. water masses, 639–642

11. Gulf Stream, 672, 675–680

12. Gulf Stream System, 672

13. Gulfweed (see Sargassum)

H

1. Halosphaera, 301, 302

2. Heat:

   1. conducted through ocean bottom, 110

   2. exchange, ocean-atmosphere, 114, 115

      1. off Norwegian coast, 656

   3. specific, 61, 62

   4. transformed from kinetic energy, 110

   5. transported by ocean currents, 99

3. Helium, 189

4. Herring, numbers correlated with copepods, 892, 906, 907

5. Histogram, 970, 980

6. Holoplankton:

   1. characteristic types of, 816, 817

   2. dispersal of, 862–863

   3. numbers of species of, 868

7. Hydrogen-ion (seepH):

   1. related to organisms, 268, 770

8. Hydrogen sulphide, 187

   1. amounts in sea water, 189

   2. at bottom of basins, 1028

   3. exclusion of animals by, 871, 872

   4. importance to precipitation of iron, 952, 1032

   5. in Black Sea, 651, 917

   6. in sediments, 995

9. Hydrometers, 53

10. Hypoplankton, 814

11. Hypsographic curve, 19

I

1. Ice (see Sea ice)

2. Icebergs:

   1. in the Antarctic, 624, 625

   2. in the Arctic, 667, 668

   3. prediction of drift, 668

   4. transporting sedimentary debris, 953, 1043

3. Indian Ocean:

   1. boundaries, 11

   2. currents, 695–697

   3. oxygen distribution, 697, 698

   4. water masses, 690–695

4. Indicator species, 791–792, 793, 847, 849, 862–863, 865–867

5. Individual population succession, 384

6. Individual time change, 157

7. Inertia, circle of, 437

   1. motion in, 438, 439

8. Inorganic precipitates in sediments, 951, 952

9. Insects, 310

10. Insular shelf, formation of, 24

11. Internal waves, 586

    1. comparison between theory and observations, 597–600

    2. currents associated with, 588–590, 594

    3. effect of Corioli's force, 595, 596

    4. effect on results of dynamic computation, 601, 602

    5. importance to mixing, 601

    6. long, 587

    7. observations, 591–595

    8. short, 586

    9. standing, 600, 601

    10. where density varies continuously, 589–591

12. Interstitial water, 995

13. Intertidal zone, 276

    1. animals of, 276, 840, 844

14. Iodine, 183

15. Ionic activity, 203–205

16. Ionic product, 205

    1. of calcium carbonate, 205–207, 999

17. Irminger Current, 682

18. Irminger Sea, water masses of, 682, 683

19. Iron, 183

    1. as a limiting factor for diatoms, 769

    2. in red clay, 1031, 1032

    3. precipitation of, 952, 1031, 1032

20. Isentropic surfaces, 415, 416

21. Isobaric surfaces, 390, 440

    1. absolute topography, 456, 457

    2. inclination, 410–412, 440

    3. relative topography, 412, 413, 452–455

       1. illustrated, 454, 726

22. Isobaths, 16

23. Isotopes in sea water, 47, 49

J

1. Japan Current (see Kuroshio)

2. Japan Sea, 734, 735

3. Jellyfish (see Medusae)

K

1. Kelp, 287

   1. habitats, 287, 291, 293

   2. structure and reproduction, 292, 293

2. Knot, 363

3. Kuroshio, 719, 720, 721

   1. annual variation of temperature, 131, 132

      1. eddy conductivity derived from, 136, 137

4. Kuroshio Countercurrent, 719

5. Kuroshio Extension, 719, 721, 722

6. Kuroshio System, 719

L

1. Laboratories on board ship, 339, 340

2. Labrador Current, 665

   1. meeting Gulf Stream, 682

---

― 1069 ―

3. Labrador Sea:

   1. currents, 665, 666

   2. water masses, 663–665

4. Laminar boundary layer, 479

5. Laminar flow, 89, 470

6. Laminarian zone, 277

7. Laminations in sediments:

   1. deep sea, 1038, 1039

   2. shallow water, 1039–1040

8. Larvae (see Zooplankton, temporary)

9. Lateral mixing (see Eddy viscosity and Turbulence)

10. Law of parallel solenoids, 455

11. Layer of no motion, determination of, 456, 457

12. Level, reference, for depths, 10

13. Level surfaces, 390, 402

14. Liebig's law of the minimum, 768, 792

15. Life cycles of animals (see also Reproduction), 283, 319–322

    1. field studies of, 322–323, 845–848, 862–865

16. Life in the sea, development of, 281–284

17. Light:

    1. related to animal ecology, 824–839, 851, 899

    2. related plant production, 774–776, 781–782

18. Limacina, biological studies of, 384

19. Limnoria, 310

    1. food of, 896

    2. reproduction, 317

20. Lithium, 182

21. Littoral system, 276–277

    1. animals of, 800–805

       1. horizontal distribution, 803–805

    2. plants of, 286–295, 302

    3. subdivisions, 275, 276, 286

22. Local change, 157

23. Local sequence, 384

24. Luminescence (see Bioluminescence)

25. Lunar hours, 548

M

1. Magnesium, 175

2. Mammalia:

   1. reproduction, 326

   2. synopsis, 313

3. Manganese, 184

   1. in red clay, 1029, 1030

   2. nodules and concretions, 952, 1028

4. Mechanical analysis of sediments, 958, 970

5. Mediterranean Sea:

   1. bottom topography, 34

   2. currents, 647, 648

   3. formation of bottom water, 645

   4. oxygen content, 648–650

   5. plant nutrients, 245

   6. water masses, 643–646

6. Mediterranean Water, spreading of, 670, 685, 686, 745

7. Medusae:

   1. biological studies on, 320, 820

   2. reproduction, 320

   3. synopsis, 306

8. Meroplankton (see Zooplankton, temporary)

9. Messengers, 354

10. Meter wheel, 338

11. Micro-plants, significance of, 883–884

12. Migrations:

    1. eel, 811, 861–862

    2. from land to sea, 283, 302

    3. from sea to land, 284

    4. salmon, 811

    5. vertical, 835–839

    6. whales, 811, 905

13. Mixing length, 472

    1. near a boundary surface, 479

14. Mollusca:

    1. reproduction of, 324

    2. synopsis of, 310–311

15. Momentum, transport of, 472, 473

16. Mucus feeding, 889, 894

17. Mud flows, 960

N

1. Nannoplankton, 819

2. Nansen water bottle, 353, 354

   1. used for collecting phytoplankton, 382

3. Nathansohn's theory of plant nutrient distribution, 784

4. Nekton, 281, 810–812

   1. biological factors in movements of, 904–907

5. Nemertinea, synopsis of, 307

6. Neon, 189

7. Nereocystis:

   1. reproduction, 292

   2. structure, 292

8. Neritic environmental province, 275, 279, 784

9. Nets, plankton, 376

   1. catching power, 378–379

   2. operation, 380

   3. types, 379

10. Nitrate:

    1. distribution in basins, 245

    2. distribution in oceans, 241–243

       1. related to deep-water circulation, 754

    3. factors influencing distribution, 246

    4. produced on sea bottom, 995

    5. reduction and denitrification, 915

    ---

    ― 1070 ―

    6. regeneration, 254–257

    7. seasonal variation, 252, 253

    8. utilization as a measure of production, 932

11. Nitrate-nitrogen, ratio to phosphate-phosphorus, 236, 243

12. Nitrite:

    1. distribution in oceans, 243

    2. produced on sea bottom, 995

13. Nitrogen, 181

    1. compounds, utilization of by plants, 768

       1. in see water, 252–225

          1. seasonal variation, 252

          2. transformations, 253–255

    2. dissolved:

       1. amounts in sea water, 188

       2. determination, 187

       3. solubility, 188–191

    3. in sediments, 1010, 1011

14. Nitrogen cycle, 913–916

    1. ammonification, 914

    2. in the sea, 255–257

    3. nitrification, 914

    4. nitrogen assimilation, 915

15. Nitrogen fixation, 916

16. Nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in plankton, 236, 768

17. Nitzschia clasterium, 296, 769

    1. photosynthesis, 781, 933

18. Noctiluca, 304

    1. reproduction, 319

19. Normal Water, 51

20. North Atlantic Current, 673, 680–683

21. North Atlantic Ocean:

    1. currents, 671–686

    2. oxygen distribution, 686

    3. water masses, 668–671

22. North Equatorial Current:

    1. Atlantic, 671

    2. Indian Ocean, 696

    3. Pacific, 708, 709, 718, 719

23. North Pacific Current, 719, 722

24. North Pacific Ocean:

    1. currents, 718–728

    2. eastern gyral, 723, 724

    3. oxygen distribution, 728–730, 753

    4. water masses, 712–718

25. North Polar Sea:

    1. bottom topography, 30–32

    2. currents, 661

    3. oxygen content, 662, 663

    4. water masses, 658, 659

26. North Sea:

    1. currents, 660

    2. water masses, 657

27. Norwegian Current, 659, 660

    1. fluctuations, 655, 661, 662

28. Norwegian Sea:

    1. bottom topography, 30–32

    2. currents, 659

    3. inflow of water, 652–656

    4. outflow of water, 652–656

    5. oxygen content, 662

    6. water masses, 656, 657

29. Nursery areas, 315

30. Nutritional relationships, 882–898

    1. micro-animals, significance of, 884–886

    2. micro-plants, significance of, 883

O

1. Obelia, 306

   1. reproduction, 320

2. Ocean currents, ecological relations of:

   1. animals, 858–869

   2. plants, 782–792

3. Oceanic environmental province, 275, 278

   1. animals, 821, 827

   2. plants, 763

4. Oceanographic vessels, 331–333

5. Oceans:

   1. areas, 13, 15

   2. boundaries of subdivisions, 12

   3. mean depths, 13, 15

   4. volumes, 13, 15

6. Oikopleura:

   1. feeding mechanism, 888

   2. systematic position, 312

7. Okhotsk Sea, 733

8. Oozes, ecological importance of, 278

9. Organic constituents in Sediments, 949–951, 983–986

10. Organic environment, 879

11. Organic matter:

    1. dissolved, utilization of, 911–913

    2. in sediments, 951

       1. chemical composition, 1010

       2. decrease with depth in deposit, 1016

       3. distribution, 1013–1017

       4. factors determining amounts, 1012–1013

       5. quantity, 1008–1010

       6. sources, 951, 1011

12. Organic production in the sea, 925–926

    1. commercial, 936–937

    2. cycle of organic matter in the sea, 926

    3. in different regions, 937–944

    4. phytoplankton, 927–934

    5. zooplankton, 934–936

13. Osmotic pressure, function of salinity and temperature, 66, 67

14. Osmotic relationships of body fluids:

    1. fresh-water animals, 269

    2. marine animals, 269, 271, 839

---

― 1071 ―

15. Oxidation-reduction potential, 211, 212

    1. importance to accumulation of iron in sediments, 1032

    2. importance to accumulation of manganese in sediments, 1031

    3. in sediments, 995–997

16. Oxygen;

    1. as an environmental factor, 869–873, 903, 913, 917

    2. in organic matter in sediments, 1011

    3. production and consumption of, as index of organic production, 933–934

    4. production by plants, 767, 777, 933

17. Oxygen, dissolved:

    1. depletion in interstitial water, 995

    2. depletion in relation to nutrient content, 237

    3. determination, 187

    4. relation to pH distribution, 209

    5. solubility, 189–191

18. Oxygen consumption, bacterial, as a measure of organic carbon, 250

19. Oxygen content (see under specific geographic regions):

    1. oceanic deep-water, 746, 748, 752–754

20. Oxygen distribution (see under specific geographic regions):

    1. conditions for stationary, 161, 162

    2. related to deep-water circulation, 754

21. Oyashio, 721, 733

    1. meeting Kuroshio Extension, 722

22. Oysters, reproduction of, 316, 324, 846–847, 857

P

1. Pacific Ocean (see also North Pacific and South Pacific):

   1. boundaries, 11

   2. equatorial region, 706–712

      1. currents, 708–712

      2. oxygen content, 710, 711

      3. phosphate, 710, 711

      4. silicate, 710, 711

      5. water masses, 706–708

   3. oxygen distribution, 728–730, 753

2. Palagonite, 1027

   1. frequency of occurrence, 987

3. Pelagic environment and its subdivisions 278

4. Pelagic sediments (deposits), 972

   1. areas covered by, 977

   2. average percentage of calcium carbonate, 1006

   3. chemical composition, 991, 992

   4. classification, 972–973

   5. color, 978, 979

   6. content of organic matter, 1015

   7. depth range, 978

   8. distribution, 974–978

   9. inorganic constituents, 986–990

   10. iron content, 992, 1030–1032

   11. manganese content, 992, 1028–1031

   12. minerals, 986–990

   13. organic constituents, 983–986

   14. phosphorus content, 992, 1032

   15. radium content, 1034, 1035

   16. rate of deposition, 1038, 1039

   17. texture, 979–982

5. Pendulum day, 437

6. Permeability of sediments, 994

7. Persian Gulf, 690

8. Peru Current, 701–705

   1. comparison with California Current, 703

   2. organic production in, 942

9. Petroleum formation in marine sediments, 947, 1009

   1. possible role of bacteria, 996

10. Pettersson-Nansen water bottle, 352

11. Phaeocystis, 301

12. Phillipsite, 1027

    1. frequency of occurrence, 987

13. pH of sea water, 193

    1. determination, 193, 194

    2. distribution, 208–210

    3. role in carbon dioxide system, 195–202

14. Phosphate:

    1. as a limiting factor, 768, 788

    2. distribution:

       1. factors influencing, 246, 247

       2. in basins, 245, 246

       3. in oceans, 239–241

          1. related to deep-water circulation, 754

       4. in South Atlantic, 786–788

    3. regeneration, 260–261

       1. in isolated areas, 932

    4. seasonal variation, 258

    5. utilization of, by plants, 768, 931–932

15. Phosphate-phosphorus, ratio to nitrate-nitrogen, 236, 243

16. Phosphorescence (see Bioluminescence)

17. Phosphorite nodules, 952, 1032, 1033

18. Phosphorus, 182

    1. in red clay, 1030, 1032, 1033

    2. organic, in sea water, 257

19. Phosphorus cycle in the sea, 260–261, 916

20. Phosphorus-nitrogen ratio in plankton, 236

21. Photosynthesis of phytoplankton, 774

    1. energy and illumination, 776

    2. experiments, 777–782, 933

       1. assimilation, 777

22. Photosynthesis ratio to respiration, 933

---

― 1072 ―

23. Physalia:

    1. reproduction, 320

    2. systematic position, 306

24. Phytoplankton (see also Plankton):

    1. collection and analysis, 382–383

    2. number of important species in, 762

    3. photosynthesis, 774–782

    4. relation to zooplankton, 898–904

25. Phytoplankton production, 923–934

    1. factors of (see Diatoms and Dino-flagellates)

    2. index of:

       1. direct census, 927

       2. oxygen production and consumption, 933–934

       3. plant nutrient consumption, 931–933

       4. plant pigment units, 928

26. Pigments extracted from mud, 969

27. Plankton (see also Phytoplankton and Zooplankton), 281

    1. adaptations, 821–823

    2. collecting methods, 376–383

    3. equivalents, 929

    4. macro-, micro-, and nannoplankton, 819

    5. neritic, 820

    6. oceanic, 821

28. Plankton and filter feeders, 886–892

29. Plant nutrients, 235

    1. and vertical circulation of water, 782–790

       1. convection, 790

       2. regions of divergence and convergence, 787, 788

       3. stabilization, 789

       4. turbulence, 787–789

       5. upwelling, 785–786

    2. factors influencing distribution, 235, 236

    3. renewal in surface layers:

       1. Antarctic region, 620

       2. Equatorial Countercurrent, Atlantic, 636

       3. Equatorial Countercurrent, Pacific, 712

       4. North Atlantic, 682

       5. off coast of California, 725

       6. off coast of Peru, 702

       7. off west coast of South Africa, 628

    4. storage in the sea, 784–785

    5. winter maxima and summer minima, 939

30. Plants (see also Algae and Eel grass):

    1. higher plants, 302–303

    2. major producers in the sea, 287

    3. Thallophyta, 288–302

31. Platyhelminthes, 307

32. Pleurobrachia, 307, 890

33. Polymerization of water, 47

34. Population, 162

35. Porosity of sediments, 993, 994

36. Portuguese man-of-war (see Physalia)

37. Potassium, 179

38. Potential temperature (see Temperature)

39. Pressure (see also Isobaric surfaces):

    1. as an ecological factor, 273

    2. field of, 405

    3. internal field, 408

    4. total field, 413

    5. units, 55, 170

40. Pressure gradient, 405

41. Preying animals, 896–898

42. Primary food of the sea, 882, 883

43. Production (see Organic production and Phytoplankton production), 162

    1. importance of, to organic matter in sediments, 1011, 1015

44. Projections, map, 10

45. Protozoa:

    1. reproduction, 319

    2. synopsis, 304–305

46. Pteropod ooze (see Pelagic sediments)

R

1. Radiation:

   1. absorption in pure water, 80, 81

      1. illustrated, 105, 106

   2. absorption in sea water (see Radiation, extinction coefficients)

   3. effective back, 111–113

   4. extinction coefficients, 82, 84, 85

      1. cause, 87, 88

      2. influence of sun's altitude on, 86, 87

      3. of total energy, 106, 107

   5. from sun and sky, 101–104

   6. heating due to absorption of, 108–110

   7. long-wave, 98

   8. measurements of extinction, 82, 83

   9. nocturnal (see Radiation, effective back)

   10. reflection from ice and snow, 113

   11. reflection from sea surface, 104

   12. scattering, 87

   13. short-wave, 98

   14. solar constant, 102

   15. “surface loss,” 106

2. Radioacoustic ranging, 341

3. Radioactive elements, 184

   1. in sediments, 1033–1035

4. Radiolaria:

   1. reproduction, 319

   2. systematic position, 305

5. Radiolarian ooze (see Pelagic sediments):

   1. areas covered by, 977

   2. color, 979

   3. depth range, 978

   4. distribution, 975, 976

   ---

   ― 1073 ―

   5. inorganic constituents, 984, 986–988

   6. organic constituents, 983, 986

   7. radium content, 1034

6. Radium, 184

   1. in sediments, 1033–1035

7. Red clay (see Pelagic sediments):

   1. areas covered by, 977

   2. chemical composition, 991, 992

   3. color, 979

   4. content of organic matter, 1015

   5. depth range, 978

   6. distribution, 975, 976

   7. inorganic constituents, 984, 986–988

   8. iron content, 1030–1032

   9. manganese content, 1029, 1030

   10. organic constituents, 983, 984

   11. phosphorus content, 1030, 1032, 1033

   12. radium content, 1034

   13. rate of sedimentation, 1039

   14. texture, 980–982

8. Red Sea:

   1. currents, 687–690

   2. oxygen content, 688

   3. water masses, 687, 688

9. Red Sea water, spreading of, 693, 695, 745

10. Reducing capacity, 212

    1. in sediments, 996

11. Red water, 89

12. Refractive index, 70, 71

13. Relative relief, 19

14. Reproduction (see also Life cycles):

    1. related to temperature, 846–849

    2. types, 315

15. Reproductive distribution, 315

16. Resting spores in diatoms, 299

17. Rip currents, 537

    1. importance to beach sediments, 1017, 1018

18. River water, composition of, 214–216

19. Rotifera, synopsis of, 307

20. Roughness length, 479

    1. of sea bottom, 480

    2. of sea surface, 491

21. Rubidium, 182

S

1. Sagitta:

   1. as indicator species, 863

   2. reproduction, 322

   3. systematic position, 308

2. Salinity, 50

   1. as an ecological factor, 770, 839–843

   2. averape surface values, 123, 124

   3. determination, 50–54

   4. origin, 219

   5. periodic variations at surface, 126

   6. range in oceans, 55

   7. units for expressing, 51, 54

3. Salmon:

   1. migration, 811

   2. transplantations, 850

4. Salpa, systematic position of, 312

5. Sardine:

   1. feeding mechanism, 890

   2. quantity fished, 896

6. Sargassum, 293, 883

   1. reproduction, 293

7. Saturation coefficients for dissolved gases, 190, 191

8. Scalar fields, 154–156

9. Sea cucumbers:

   1. consumption of detritus by, 894

   2. reproduction, 325, 326

   3. synopsis, 311

10. Sea ice:

    1. influence of freezing on composition of sea water, 216–219

    2. in the Antarctic, 623, 624

    3. in the Arctic, 666, 667

       1. amount influenced by currents, 662

    4. physical properties, 72–74

    5. salinity, 71, 12

    6. transporting sedimentary debris, 954, 1043

11. Sea level:

    1. ideal, 9

    2. mean, 10, 561

       1. slope:

          1. along North American east coast, 677

          2. in Caribbean Sea, 641, 678

          3. near the equator, Atlantic, 634

          4. near the equator, Pacific, 709

       2. variations, 458–460

12. Seals, synopsis of, 313

13. Sea water:

    1. artificial, 185, 186

    2. relation to body fluid, 269

14. Sedimentation, 946

    1. rate of, 1036–1041

       1. estimated by stratigraphic method, 1038–1040

       2. estimated by supply method, 1040–1041

15. Seechi disk, 82

16. Seiches, 538–542

    1. importance to transportation of sediments, 965

    2. on open coasts, 542

17. Settling velocity of sedimentary debris, 956–959

    1. importance to transportation along bottom, 962–966

    ---

    ― 1074 ―

    2. size-grade distribution derived from, 970

18. Sharks (see Elasmobranchs)

19. Shorelines, 42–44

    1. classification, 43

20. Silicate:

    1. as a limiting factor, 769

    2. distribution in oceans, 244–245

       1. related to deep-water circulation, 754

    3. factors influencing distribution, 246

    4. seasonal variation, 261, 262

    5. utilization by plants, 769

21. Siliceous material in sediments (see Diatom ooze and Radiolarian ooze):

    1. organisms contributing to, 950

22. Siliceous oozes (see also Pelagic sediments), 973

    1. areas covered by, 977, 978

23. Siliceous sediments:

    1. diatoms in, 296

    2. radiolaria in, 305

24. Silicoflagellates, 302

25. Silicon, 180

    1. cycle in the sea, 262, 263

26. Sill depth, 25, 147

    1. importance to character of basin water, 150

       1. Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, 640

       2. East Indian Archipelago, 736–738

    2. of basins in adjacent seas, 37, 38, 738

27. Size-grade distribution in sediments, 970, 971

    1. represented by cumulative curves, 970, 981

    2. represented by histograms, 970, 980

    3. statistical terms, 970, 971

28. Skeletal structures of marine organisms:

    1. as constituents of sediments, 949

    2. composition, 231

29. Sliming of the sea, 290, 291

30. Snakes, synopsis of, 313

31. Sodium, 175

32. Solar constant, 102

33. Solubility:

    1. calcium carbonate, 205–208

    2. gases, 190, 191

    3. salts, 210–211

34. Solubility product, 205

35. Sonic soundings:

    1. equipment, 342, 343

    2. importance to knowledge of bottom topography, 16

36. Sound energy, absorption of, 78

37. Soundings:

    1. available for charts of bottom topography, 14–16

    2. methods, 342–344

38. Sounding velocity, 79

39. Sound waves:

    1. velocity in sea water, 76, 77, 79

    2. wave length, 77, 78

40. South Atlantic Ocean:

    1. currents, 627–630

    2. oxygen distribution, 630, 631

    3. water masses, 625–627

41. South Equatorial Current:

    1. Atlantic, 628, 633

    2. Indian Ocean, 696

    3. Pacific, 708, 709

42. South Pacific Ocean:

    1. currents, 701–706

    2. oxygen distribution, 728–730

    3. water masses, 698–701

43. Specific heat, 61, 62

44. Specific humidity, 116

45. Specific volume, 57

    1. anomaly, 57, 58

       1. computation, 58

46. Sphere depth, mean, 19, 20

47. Sponges:

    1. reproduction, 319

    2. synopsis, 306

48. Stability, 416–418

    1. influence on turbulence, 91, 92, 476

49. Stagnant water:

    1. destruction of organic matter in, 1012

    2. development, 1026

50. Standard depths of observation, 357

51. Starfish:

    1. bathymetric distribution, 807

    2. synopsis, 311

52. Stationary distribution, 157

53. Stationary velocity field, 423

54. Sterile distribution, 315, 847

55. Strait of Bab el Mandeb, currents of, 688–690

56. Strait of Gibraltar, currents of, 646–648

57. Stratosphere, oceanic, 141

58. Stream lines, 426

59. Strontium, 179

60. Strontium carbonate in radiolarians, 991

61. Submarine canyons (see Canyons)

62. Submarine geology, topics of, 22

63. Submarine topography (see Bottom topography)

64. Subtropical Convergence, 140

    1. in Southern Oceans, 606

    2. sinking of water in region of:

       1. Indian Ocean, 691

       2. North Atlantic, 670

       3. North Pacific, 714

       4. South Atlantic, 626

    ---

    ― 1075 ―

    3. South Pacific, 700, 701

65. Sues Canal, flow through, 688, 689

66. Sulphur, 178

    1. cycle of, 917

67. Surface tension, 70

68. Suspended particles, 958

    1. importance to extinction of radiation, 88

69. Suspension of sedimentary debris near bottom, 962–965

70. Symbiosis, 881–882

T

1. Temperature:

   1. adiabatic changes, 63–65

   2. annual variation:

      1. at surface, 129, 130

      2. in surface layers, 131–133

         1. theory, 135–137

   3. as an ecological factor, 770, 792–795, 843–858

   4. average surface values, 127

   5. difference, sea-surface minus air, 128, 129

   6. diurnal variation:

      1. at surface, 133, 134

      2. in surface layer, 135

   7. measurements, 347–352

   8. potential, 64

      1. at depths exceeding 4000 m, 747, 749

      2. basin water, 149

      3. bottom water, 749

      4. Caribbean Sea, 640, 641

      5. China Sea and Sulu Sea, 735

      6. Gulf of Mexico, 641

      7. Mediterranean Sea, 644

      8. Mindanao Trench, 739

   9. range, in oceans, 55

2. Temperature-salinity diagram, 142

   1. illustrating water masses of:

      1. all oceans, 741

      2. equatorial region, Atlantic, 631

      3. equatorial region, Pacific, 707

      4. Indian Ocean, 692

      5. North Atlantic, 669

      6. North Pacific, 713

      7. South Atlantic, 626

      8. South Pacific, 699, 700

      9. Subantarctic region, 612

   2. used for checking data, 358

3. Teredo:

   1. depredations by, 841

   2. diet, 896

4. Terrigenous materials in sedments, 948, 949

5. Terrigenous mud, radium content of, 1034

6. Terrigenous sediments, 972–974

   1. average percentage of calcium carbonate, 1006

   2. classification, 973, 974

   3. distribution, 972, 975, 976

   4. rate of deposition, 1039, 1040

7. Texture of sediment:

   1. beach, 1019–1022

   2. bearing on content of organic matter, 1016

   3. continental shelf, 1020–1022

   4. deep sea. 979–982

8. Texture of sediments, 969–971

9. Thermal conductivity (see also Eddy conductivity), 60, 61

10. Thermal expansion, 60

11. Thermometers, 347–352

    1. protected reversing, 349, 350

    2. unprotected reversing, 350, 351

12. Thorium, 184

13. Tidal currents:

    1. Atlantic Ocean, 584, 585

    2. effect of friction, 577–580

    3. influence of bottom topography, 567, 568

    4. in sounds, 568, 569

    5. rotary, 570

       1. due to earth's rotation, 571–573

       2. due to interference, 570

    6. theory, 564

14. Tidal energy, 569

15. Tide-producing forces, 545–550

16. “Tide rips,” 716

17. Tides:

    1. analysis and prediction, 564

    2. Atlantic Ocean, 581

    3. character, 558

    4. cooscillating, 553

    5. effect of Corioli's force, 555

    6. effect of friction, 574

    7. importance to shallow-water sediments, 1017

    8. independent, 554

    9. meteorological, 559

    10. observations, 359–361

    11. partial, 549, 558

    12. theories, 550–552

18. Tintinnoinea, systematic position of, 305

19. Trajectories, 426

20. Transparency, 85

21. Transport, volume of, 462–465

    1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 615–617

    2. by wind currents, 498

    3. North Atlantic, 683–685

    4. North Pacific, 727, 728

    5. South Atlantic, 628, 629

---

― 1076 ―

22. Transport across the equator:

    1. Atlantic, 637, 685

    2. Pacific, 752

23. Transportation of particles along bottom, 959–966

    1. effect on shape, size, and composition, 966–967

24. Transportation of particles by currents, 959

25. Transportation of sediments to the sea, 953–956

    1. by ice, 953

    2. by organisms, 954

    3. by winds, 954–955

    4. importance to character of Sediments, 1043

26. Transport of heat by ocean currents, 99

27. Trawls: beam, otter, and ring, 375, 376

28. Tripping mechanism, 380

29. Tropical convergences, 140

30. Tropical submergence, 849

31. Troposphere, oceanic, 141

32. Tsunamis (see also Earthquake waves), 543

    1. contributing to formation of submarine canyons, 42

    2. importance to transportation of sediments, 965

33. Tunicates, bathymetric distribution of, 807

34. Turbulence (see also Eddy viscosity and Eddy diffusion), 90–93, 471

    1. horizontal, 477, 478

    2. importance to transportation of sediments, 960, 962–965

    3. influence of stability on, 92, 476, 477

    4. transport of momentum, 472, 473

U

1. Ulva, 286, 290

2. Undertow, 537

3. Units, fundamental, 400

4. Upwelling:

   1. effect on annual variation of tempcrature, 131, 132

   2. effect on content of plant nutrient in surface layer, 246, 247

   3. importance to organic matter in sediments, 1044

   4. off coast of California, 724, 725

   5. off coast of Peru, 702, 703

   6. off Somali coast, 696

   7. off west coast of North Africa, 671

   8. off west coast of South Africa, 627, 628

   9. process, 140, 501

5. Urnormal-1937, 51

V

1. Vapor pressure over sea water, 66, 115, 116

2. Vector diagrams, 421

3. Vector fields, 418–420

4. Velella, 306, 320

5. Vertebrata, synopsis of, 312

6. Viscosity (see also Eddy viscosity):

   1. dynamic, 69, 469, 470

   2. kinematic, 470

7. Volcanic material in sediments, 949

   1. transportation to sea by winds, 955

W

1. Wake Stream, 676

2. Water mass, 143

   1. formation, 143–146

3. Water masses of the oceans (see also under geographic regions), 739–745

4. Water type, 143

5. Wave of translation, 537

6. Waves (see also Internal waves and Wind waves):

   1. caused by earthquakes, 543

      1. contributing to formation of sub-marine canyons, 42

   2. characteristics, 516–521

   3. destructive, 542

   4. effect of Corioli's force on, 520

   5. “tidal,” 542

7. Whales:

   1. biological factors in movements, 904–905

   2. diatoms on, 299, 881

   3. feeding habits, 892

   4. feeding mechanisms, 314, 891–892

   5. food of, 273, 904–907

   6. migrations, 811

   7. rate of growth, 906

   8. rate of metabolism, 935

   9. reproduction and growth, 326

   10. sounding of, 273

   11. systematic position of, 314

8. Winches, 333–335

9. Wind currents, 492

   1. Antarctic Ocean, 617

   2. general character, 395–397

   3. in shallow water, 496

   4. secondary effect of, 500

   5. transport by, 498

   6. velocity, 494

10. Wind drift of ice, 623, 666

11. Wind factor, 494

12. Wind stress, 489–491

---

― 1077 ―

13. Wind waves:

    1. breakers, 536

       1. effect on beaches, 1017

    2. dissipation, 536

    3. energy, 533

    4. forms and characteristics, 523–527

    5. growth, 533

    6. height, 532, 535

    7. importance to beach sediments, 1017–1019

    8. interference, 529

    9. origin, 522

    10. particle velocity, 528

    11. short-crested, 531

14. Wire ropes, 335–338

15. Wood-boring organisms, 317, 841, 895–896

16. Wyville Thompson Ridge as a faunal barrier, 810, 849

X

1. X-ray methods in sediment studies, 947, 988

Y

1. Year classes, 326–328

2. Yellow Sea, 735

Z

1. Zoogeography:

   1. barriers:

      1. East Pacific, 803

      2. land, 803

      3. Wyville Thompson Ridge, 810, 849

   2. faunal areas, 273, 799–810

2. Zooplankton (see also Plankton), 812–823

   1. adaptations, 821–823

   2. collection and analysis, 378–382

   3. neritic and oceanic, 820–821

   4. permanent, 816–819

   5. production, 934–936

   6. relation to physical-chemical environment, 823

   7. relation to phytoplankton, 898–904

   8. temporary, 814–815

3. Zostera (see Eel grass)