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Tables for Computing Geopotential Distances between Isobaric Surfaces
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Bibliography

Bjerknes, V., and J. W. Sandström. 1910. “Dynamic meteorology and hydrography” . Pt. I, Statics. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. no. 88, 146 pp. + tables. 1910. UC-eLinks

Knudsen, Martin. 1901. Hydrographical tables. Copenhagen. G. E. C. Gad. 63 pp. 1901. UC-eLinks

Sverdrup, H. U.1933. Vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Berechnung der Druckund Massenverteilung im Meere. Geofysiske Publikasjoner, v. 10, no. 1, 9 pp. 1933. Oslo. UC-eLinks

― 1053 ―
SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SEA WATER OF SALINITY 35 ‰ AND TEMPERATURE 0°C, AND AT STATED PRESSURE, α35,0,p, EXPRESSED IN cm3/g OR m3/ton

(From Bjerknes and Sandström, 1910)

Pressure (decibars) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0 0.97264 0.97219 0.97174 0.97129 0.97084 0.97040 0.96995 0.96951 0.96907 0.96863
1000 0.96819 0.96775 0.96732 0.96688 0.96645 0.96602 0.96559 0.96516 0.96473 0.96430
2000 0.96388 0.96345 0.96303 0.96261 0.96219 0.96177 0.96136 0.96094 0.96053 0.96011
3000 0.95970 0.95929 0.95888 0.95848 0.95807 0.95766 0.95726 0.95686 0.95646 0.95606
4000 0.95566 0.95526 0.95486 0.95447 0.95407 0.95368 0.95329 0.95289 0.95251 0.95212
5000 0.95173 0.95134 0.95096 0.95057 0.95019 0.94981 0.94943 0.94905 0.94867 0.94829
6000 0.94791 0.94754 0.94717 0.94679 0.94642 0.94605 0.94568 0.94531 0.94494 0.94457
7000 0.94421 0.94384 0.94348 0.94312 0.94275 0.94239 0.94203 0.94167 0.94132 0.94096
8000 0.94060 0.94025 0.93989 0.93954 0.93919 0.93883 0.93848 0.93813 0.93778 0.93744
9000 0.93709 0.93674 0.93640 0.93605 0.93571 0.93537 0.93503 0.93469 0.93434 0.93401
― 1054 ―
GEOPOTENTIAL DISTANCES FROM THE SEA SURFACE TO STATED ISOBARIC SURFACES IN SEA WATER OF SALINITY 35 ‰ AND TEMPERATURE 0°C, D35,0,p, EXPRESSED IN DYNAMIC METERS

(From Bjerknes and Sandstrom. 1910. expanded by ms data)

p (decibars) D35,0,p (dynamic meters) p (decibars) D35,0,p (dynamic meters)
    10     9.7262   1200 1163.9534
    20   19.4520   1400 1357.3295
    30   29.1773   1600 1550.5327
    40   38.9021   1800 1743.5639
    50   48.6265   2000 1936.4246
    75   72.9356   2500 2417.8360
  100   97. 2417   3000 2898.2041
  150 145.8457   3500 3377.5445
  200 194.4382   4000 3855.8733
  300 291.5898   4500 4333. 2053
  400 388.6965   5000 4809.5559
  500 485.7584   6000 5759.3685
  600 582.7759   8000 7647.8173
  800 776.6777 10000 9522.0255
1000 970.4032
― 1055 ―
105Δs,ϑ AS FUNCTION OF σt

(From Sverdrup. 1933)

σt .00 01 0.2 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10
23.0 .487.8 486.8 485.9 484.9 484.0 483.0 482.0 481.1 480.1 479.2 478.2
.1 478.2 477.2 476.3 475.4 474.4 473.4 472.5 471.6 470.6 469.6 468.7
.2 468.7 467.7 466.8 465.8 464.9 463.9 462.9 462.0 461.0 460.1 459.1
.3 459.1 458.1 457.2 456.3 455.3 454.3 453.4 452.5 451.5 450.5 449.6
.4 449.6 448.6 447.7 446.7 445.8 444.8 443.8 442.9 441.9 441.0 440.0
.5 440.0 439.0 438.1 437.2 436.2 435.2 434.3 433.4 432.4 431.4 430.5
.6 430.5 429.5 428.6 427.6 426.7 425.7 424.7 423.8 422.8 421.9 420.9
.7 420.9 419.9 419.0 418.1 417.1 416.1 415:2 414.3 413.3 412.3 411.4
.8 411.4 410.4 409.5 408.5 407.6 406:6 405.6 404.7 403.7 402.8 401.8
.9 401.8 400.8 399.9 398.9 398.0 397.0 396.0 395.1 394.1 393.2 392.2
24.0 392.2 391.2 390.3 389.4 388.4 387.4 386.5 385.6 384.6 383.6 382.7
.1 382.7 381.7 380.8 379.9 378.9 377.9 377.0 376.1 375.1 374.1 373.2
.2 373.2 372.2 371.3 370.3 369.4 368.4 367.4 366.5 365.5 364.6 363.6
.3 363.6 362.6 361.7 360.8 359.8 358.8 357.9 357.0 356.0 355.0 354.1
.4 354.1 353.1 352.2 351.3 350.3 349.3 348.4 347.5 346.5 345.5 344.6
.5 344.6 343.6 342.7 341.8 340.8 339.8 338.9 338.0 337.0 336.0 335.1
.6 335.1 334.1 333.2 332.2 331.3 330.3 329.3 328.4 327.4 326.5 325.5
.7 325.5 324.5 323.6 322.7 321.7 320.7 319.8 318.9 317.9 316.9 316.0
.8 316.0 315.0 314.1 313.2 312.2 311.2 310.3 309.4 308.4 307.4 306.5
.9 306.5 305.5 304.6 303.7 302.7 301.7 300.8 299.9 298.9 297.9 297.0
25.0 297.0 296.0 295.1 294.1 293.2 292.2 291.2 290.3 289.3 288.4 287.4
.1 287.4 286.4 285.5 284.6 283.6 282.6 281.7 280.8 279.8 278.8 277.9
.2 277.9 276.9 276.0 275.1 274.1 273.1 272.2 271.3 270.3 269.3 268.4
.3 268.4 267.4 266.5 265.6 264.6 263.6 262.7 261.8 260.8 259.8 258.9
.4 258.9 257.9 257.0 256.1 255.1 254.1 253.2 252.3 251.3 250.3 249.4
.5 249.4 248.4 247.5 246.6 245.6 244.6 243.7 242.8 241.8 240.8 239.9
.6 239.9 238.9 238.0 237.1 236.1 235.1 234.2 233.3 232.3 231.3 230.4
.7 230.4 229.4 228.5 227.6 226.6 225.6 224.7 223.8 222.8 221.8 220.9
.8 220.9 219.9 219.0 218.1 217.1 216.1 215.2 214.3 213.3 212.3 211.4
.9 211.4 210.4 209.5 208.6 207.6 208.6 205.7 204.8 203.8 202.8 201.9
26.0 201.9 200.9 200.0 199.1 198.1 197.1 196.2 195.3 194.3 193.3 192.4
.1 192.4 191.4 190.5 189.6 188.6 187.6 186.7 185.8 184.8 183.8 182.9
.2 182.9 181.9 181.0 180.1 179.1 178.1 177.2 176.3 175.3 174.3 173.4
.3 173.4 172.4 171.5 170.6 169.6 168.6 167.6 166.8 165.8 164.8 163.9
.4 163.9 162.9 162.0 161.1 160.1 159.1 158.2 157.3 156.3 155.3 154.4
.5 154.4 153.5 152.5 151.6 150.6 149.7 148.7 147.8 146.8 145.9 144.9
.6 144.9 144.0 143.0 142.1 141.1 140.2 139.2 138.3 137.3 136.4 135.4
.7 135.4 134.5 133.5 132.6 131.6 130.7 129.7 128.8 127.8 126.9 125.9
.8 125.9 125.0 124.0 123.1 122.1 121.2 120.3 119.3 118.4 117.4 116.5
.9 116.5 115.5 114.6 113.6 112.7 111.7 110.8 109.8 108.9 107.9 107.0
27.0 107.0 106.0 105.1 104.1 103.2 102.2 101.3 100.3 99.4 98.4 97.5
.1 97.5 96.6 95.6 94.7 93.7 92.8 91.8 90.9 89.9 89.0 88.0
.2 88.0 87.1 86.1 85.2 84.2 83.3 82.3 81.4 80.4 79.5 78.5
.3 78.5 77.6 76.6 75.7 74.8 73.8 72.9 71.9 71.0 70.0 69.1
.4 69.1 68.1 67.2 66.8 65.3 64.3 63.4 62.4 61.5 60.5 59.6
.5 59.6 58.7 57.7 56.8 55.8 54.9 53.9 53.0 52.0 51.1 50.1
.6 50.1 49.2 48.2 47.3 46.3 45.4 44.5 43.5 42.6 41.6 40.7
.7 40.7 39.7 38.8 37.8 36.9 35.9 35.0 34.0 33.1 32.1 31.2
.8 31.2 30.2 29.3 28.3 27.4 26.4 25.5 24.6 23.6 22.7 21.7
.9 21.7 20.8 19.8 18.9 17.9 17.0 16.0 15.1 14.1 13.2 12.3
28.0 12.3 11.3 10.4 9.4 8.5 7.5 6.6 5.6 4.7 3.7
― 1056 ―
105δs,p AS FUNCTION OF SALINITY AND PRESSURE

(From Sverdrup. 1933)

Pressure (decibars) Salinity ‰
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100 −0.8 −0.6 −0.5 −0.3 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7
200 −1.5 −1.2 −0.9 −0.6 −0.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
300 −2.3 −1.8 −1.4 −0.9 −0.5 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.2
400 −3.0 −2.4 −1.8 −1.2 −0.6 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0
500 −3.8 −3.0 −2.3 −1.5 −0.8 0.0 0.8 1.5 2.2 3.0 3.7
600 −4.5 −3.6 −2.7 −1.8 −0.9 0.0 0.9 1.8 2.6 3.6 4.4
700 −5.3 −4.2 −3.2 −2.1 −1.1 0.0 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.1
800 −6.0 −4.8 −3.6 −2,4 −1.2 0.0 1.2 2.3 3.5 4.7 5.9
900 −6.8 −5.4 −4.1 −2.7 −1.4 0.0 1.4 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.6
1000 −7.5 −6.0 −4.5 −3.0 −1.5 0.0 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.3
1100 −3.3 −1.7 0.0 1.7 3.2 4.8 6.5 8.0
1200 −3.6 −1.8 0.0 1.8 3.5 5.2 7.0 8.7
1300 −3.9 −1.9 0.0 1.9 3.8 5.7 7.6 9.4
1400 −4.1 −2.1 0.0 2.1 4.1 6.1 8.1 10.1
1500 −4.4 −2.2 0.0 2.2 4.4 6.5 8.7 10.8
1600 −4.7 −2.3 0.0 2.3 4.7 6.9 9.3 11.5
1700 −4.9 −2.5 0.0 2.5 4.9 7.3 9.8 12.2
1800 −5.2 −2.6 0.0 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.9 12.9
1900 −5.5 −2.7 0.0 2.7 5.5 8.2 10.9 13.6
2000 −5.8 −2.9 0.0 2.9 5.8 8.6 11.5 14.3
2500 −7.2 −3.6 0.0 3.6 7.1 10.7 14.2 17.7
3000 −8.5 −4.3 0.0 4.2 8.5 12.7 16.8 21.0
3500 −9.9 −4.9 0.0 4.9 9.7 14.6 19.4 24.2
4000 −11.1 −5.6 0.0 5.5 11.0 16.5 22.0 27.4
― 1057 ―
105δs,p AS FUNCTION OF SALINITY AND PRESSURE

(From Sverdrup. 1933)

Pressure (decibars) Salinity ‰
34.4 34.6 34.8 35.0 35.2
  2000 −1.7 −1.2 −0.6 0.0 0.6
  2500 −2.2 −1.4 −0.7. 0.0 0.7
  3000 −2.6 −1.7 −0.9 0.0 0.8
  3500 −2.9 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.1
  4000 −3.4 −2.2 −1.1 0.0 1.1
  4500 −3.7 −2.5 −1.2 0.0
  5000 −4.1 −2.7 −1.4 0.0
  5500 −4.4 −3.0 −1.5 0.0
  6000 −4.8 −3.2 −1.6 0.0
  6500 −5.1 −3.4 −1.7 0.0
  7000 −5.5 −3.6 −1.8 0.0
  7500 −5.8 −3.8 −1.9 0.0
  8000 −6.1 −4.1 −2.0 0.0
  8500 −6.4 −4.3 −2.1 0.0
  9000 −6.7 −4.5 −2.2 0.0
  9500 −7.0 −4.6 −2.3 0.0
10000 −7.3 −4.8 −2.4 0.0
― 1058 ―
105δϑ,s AS FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(From Sverdrup. 1933)

Pressure (decibars) Temperature °C
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30
      0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  100 −0.6 −0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.2
  200 −1.1 −0.6 0.0 0.6 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.3 5.8 7.0 7.8 8.4
  300 −1.7 0.9 0.0 0.8 1.6 2.3 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.5 8.8 10.4 11.6 12.5
  400 −2.2 −1.1 0.0 1.1 2.1 3.0 4.0 4.9 5.7 6.4 7.2 7.9 8.6 11.7 13.9 15.5 16.7
  500 −2.8 −1.4 0.0 1.4 2.6 3.8 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.0 9.0 9.9 10.8 14.6 17.4 19.4 20.9
  600 −3.3 −1.7 0.0 1.6 3.1 4.6 6.0 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.8 11.9 12.9 17.4 20.8 23.2 24.9
  700 −3.9 −2.0 0.0 1.9 3.7 5.3 6.9 8.4 9.8 11.2 12.5 13.8 15.0 20.2 24.1 27.0 29.0
  800 −4.4 −2.2 0.0 2.1 4.2 6.1 7.9 9.6 11.2 12.8 14.3 15.7 17.1 23.1 27.5 30.7 33.0
  900 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.4 4.7 6.8 8.8 10.7 12.6 14.3 16.0 17.6 19.2 25.9 30.8 34.5 37.1
1000 −5.5 −2.8 0.0 2.7 5.3 7.6 9.8 11.9 14.0 15.9 17.7 19.5 21.3 28.7 34.2 38.3 41.1
1100 −6.0 −3.1 0.0 3.0 5.8 8.3 10.7 13.0 15.3 17.4 19.4 21.4 23.3 31.4 37.5
1200 −6.5 −3.3 0.0 3.2 6.3 9.1 11.6 14.1 16.6 18.9 21.1 23.3 25.4 34.1 40.7
1300 −7.1 −3.6 0.0 3.5 6.8 9.8 12.6 15.3 17.9 20.4 22.8 25.1 27.4 36.9 44.0
1400 −7.6 −3.8 0.0 3.7 7.3 10.6 13.5 16.4 19.4 21.9 24.5 27.0 29.5 39.6 47.2
1500 −8.1 −4.1 0.0 4.0 7.8 11.3 14.4 17.5 20.5 23.4 26.2 28.9 31.5 42.3 50.5
1600 −8.6 −4.3 0.0 4.2 8.2 12.0 15.4 18.6 21.8 24.9 27.8 30.7 33.5 44.9 53.6
1700 −9.1 −4.6 0.0 4.5 8.7 12.7 16.3 19.7 23.1 26.3 29.5 32.5 35.4 47.6 56.8
1800 −9.6 −4.8 0.0 4.7 9.2 13.4 17.2 20.8 24.3 27.8 31.1 34.3 37.4 50.2 59.9
1900 −10.1 −5.1 0.0 5.0 9.7 14.1 18.1 21.9 25.6 29.2 32.7 36.1 39.3 52.9 63.1
2000 −10.6 −5.3 0.0 5.2 10.1 14.7 19.0 23.0 26.9 30.7 34.4 37.9 41.3 55.5 66.2
2500 −13.1 −6.5 0.0 6.3 12.3 18.1 23.4 28.3 33.1 37.7 42.2 46.6 50.7 68.2
3000 −15.4 −7.6 0.0 7.4 14.4 21.2 27.6 33.4 39.1 44.6 49.9 55.0 59.8 80.4
3500 −17.7 −8.7 0.0 8.4 16.4 24.2 31.5 38.3 44.9 51.2 57.3 63.1 68.6 92.2
4000 −19.9 −9.9 0.0 9.5 18.4 27.0 35.2 43.0 50.5 57.6 64.4 70.9 77.1
― 1059 ―
105δϑ,p AS FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(From Sverdrup. 1933)

Pressure (decibars) Temperature °C
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
  2000 −5.3 −2.6 0.0 2.6 5.2 7.7 10.1 12.4 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.0 23.0
  2500 −6.5 −3.2 0.0 3.2 6.3 9.3 12.3 15.2 18.1 20.8 23.4 25.9 28.3
  3000 −7.6 −3.7 0.0 3.7 7.4 11.0 14.4 17.8 21.2 24.5 27.6 30.6 33.4
  3500 −8.7 −4.3 0.0 4.2 8.4 12.5 16.4 20.3 24.2 28.0 31.7
  4000 −9.9 −4.9 0.0 4.8 9.5 14.0 18.4 22.7 27.0 31.3 35.6
  4500 −11.0 −5.4 0.0 5.3 10.4 15.4 20.3 25.0 29.6
  5000 −12.0 −5.9 0.0 5.7 11.2 16.7 22.1 27.2 32.1
  5500 −13.0 −6.4 0.0 6.1 12.1 18.0 23.9
  6000 −13.9 −6.9 0.0 6.5 12.9 19.3 25.6
  6500 −14.8 −7.3 0.0 6.9 13.7 20.5 27.3
  7000 −15.7 −7.8 0.0 7.4 14.6 21.7 28.9
  7500 −16.6 −8.2 0.0 7.8 15.4 23.0 30.5
  8000 −17.4 −8.6 0.0 8.2 16.1 24.1 32.0
  8500 −18.2 −9.0 0.0 8.6 17.0 25.3 33.5
  9000 −18.9 −9.3 0.0 9.0 17.8 26.4 34.9
  9500 −19.6 −9.7 0.0 9.4 18.6 27.5 36.2
10000 −20.3 −10.0 0.0 9.8 19.4 28.6 37.5
― 1060 ―
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