1. Mircea Eliade, Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return (New York, 1959), 88-89; Calvin Martin, "Time and the American Indian," and Richard Drinnon, "The Metaphysics of Dancing Tribes," both in The American Indian and the Problem of History , ed. Calvin Martin (New York, 1987), 192-220 and 109-11. [BACK]

2. Sherburne E Cook, The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976), 99; Marvin Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture (New York, 1975), 126-30; A. L. Kroeber, Handbook of the California Indians (Washington, D.C., 1925), 652; Marshall Sahlins, "The Original Affluent Society," in Stone Age Economics (Chicago, 1974), 1-32. [BACK]

3. Statement "de un particular," Prov. Int. Tom. 23, Wright Collection, Archivo General de México (henceforth AGM). [BACK]

4. Fray Junipero Serra to Carlos Francisco de Croix, August 22, 1778, in Writings of Junipero Serra , ed. Antoine Tibesar (Washington, D.C., 1966), 3:252-53; Eulalia Pérez, "Una Vieja y Sus Recuerdos" (1877), Bancroft Library, 6; Padre Calzada is quoted in C. Alan Hutchinson, ''The Mexican Government and the Mission Indians of Upper California, 1821-1835," The Americas 21 (April 1965), 340-41. [BACK]

5. José del Carmen Lugo, "Life of a Rancher," Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 32 (September 1950), 227; Pablo Tac, "Conversion of the San Luiseños of Alta California," ed. Ninna Hewes and Gordon Hewes, The Americas 9 (July 1952); Fermín Lasuén, Writings of Fermín Lasuén , ed. and trans. Finbar Kenneally (Washington, D.C., 1965), 2:202; E. B. Webb, Indian Life at the Old Missions (Los Angeles, 1952), 149. [BACK]

6. Juan Bojores, "Recuerdo sobre la Historia de California" (1877), Bancroft Library, 9; Bucareli to Arriaga, Mexico City, January 27, 1773, in Anza's California Expeditions , ed. and trans. Herbert Eugene Bolton (Berkeley, 1930), 5:53; Serra to Bucareli, August 17, 1775, in Serra, Writings , 2:306; the San Gabriel padres are quoted in Webb, Indian Life , 43. [BACK]

7. Gil y Taboada and Zalvidea are quoted in Webb, Indian Life , 47; Pérez, "Una Vieja," 20; the responses to the "Contestación" are in Cook, Conflict , 143-44; Lorenzo Asisara's narrative is in José María Amador, "Memorias sobre la Historia de California" (1877), transcript by Thomas Savage, Bancroft Library. [BACK]

8. Webb, Indian Life , 32-38 (the padres from San Luis Rey are quoted on page 36); Lasuén, Writings , 2:202, 207. [BACK]

9. This discussion derives from John Berger, "Why Look at Animals," in his About Looking (New York, 1980), 1-13; Barry H. Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York, 1978), 98-113; Stanley Diamond, In Search of the Primitive: A Critique of Civilization (New Brunswick, 1981), 8-9; Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women: Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco, 1982), 99-215; The Little Flowers of St. Francis , ed. and trans. Raphael Brown (Garden City, N.J., 1958), 88-91, 321-22. [BACK]

10. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York, 1934), 31-33, 107-12; Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York, 1979), 135-56; Fray Antonio Peyri to Juan Bandini, December 25, 1828, Stearns Papers, Huntington Library. [BACK]

11. Mumford, Technics and Civilization , 33-36; Lasuén, Writings , 2:202. [BACK]

12. Padre Venegas is quoted in Alexander Forbes, California: A History of Upper and Lower (London, 1839), 184. [BACK]

13. Lasuén to Fray Antonio Nogueyra, January 21, 1797, in Lasuén, Writings , 2:6; Serra to Lasuén, January 12, 1780, in Serra, Writings , 3:418. [BACK]

14. Pérez, "Una Vieja," 16; Apolinaria Lorenzana, "Memorias de La Beata" (1878), Bancroft Library, 7-8; "Font's Complete Diary of the Second Anza Expedition," in Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions , 4:181-82; José del Carmen Lugo, "Vida de un Ranchero" (1877), Bancroft Library, 100; Carlos N. Híjar, ''California in 1834: Recollections" (1877), Bancroft Library, 33; Amador, "Memorias," 90; Hubert H. Bancroft, California Pastoral, 1769-1848 (San Francisco, 1888), 232; Webb, Indian Life , 27-28; Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, The Spanish Period (Chicago, 1926), 306; Antonia Castañeda, "Comparative Frontiers: The Migration of Women to Alta California and New Zealand," in Western Women: Their Land, Their Lives , ed. Lillian Schlissel, Vicki Ruiz, and Janice J. Monk (Albuquerque, 1988), 290. [BACK]

15. "Diary of Juan Bautista de Anza," in Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions , 2:205; "Garcés' Diary from Tubac to San Gabriel," in Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions , 2:347; "Font's Complete Diary," in Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions , 4:178; Robert Archibald, The Economic Aspects of the California Missions (Washington, D.C., 1978), 11; Webb, Indian Life , 40-41, 168-71; Cook, Conflict , 142. [BACK]

16. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (1884: San Francisco, 1963), 1:613-16; Lugo, "Life of a Rancher," 225-26; Archibald, Economic Aspects , 145; Webb, Indian Life , 100, 130-31; Lasuén to Don José Arguello, November 20, 1792, to Don Diego de Borica, January 26, 1796, and January 29, 1796, in Lasuén, Writings , 1:258-59, 369-71; Amador, "Memorias," 194. [BACK]

17. Bancroft, History of California , 1:591-92; Lasuén, Writings , 2:207; Sanchez, Spanish Period , 305; Cook, Conflict , 91-94; J. F. G. de la Pérouse, A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1787, and 1788 (London, 1807), 2:197. [BACK]

18. Archibald, Economic Aspects , 11, 159; Zephyrin Engelhardt, San Gabriel Mission and the Beginnings of Los Angeles (San Gabriel, 1927), 58, 71-74; Lugo, "Vida de un Ranchero," 98-99, 113; Bancroft, History of California , 1:617-18; J. M. Guinn, Historical and Biographical Record of Southern California (Chicago, 1902), 41. [BACK]

19. Bancroft, History of California , 1:387-88, 577; Archibald, Economic Aspects , 179; Guinn, Historical and Biographical Record , 50. [BACK]

20. The following table, compiled from data in Archibald, Economic Aspects , 154-79, compares the number of cattle and the number of Indians living in the California missions.

21. The San Gabriel padres are quoted in Webb, Indian Life , 41; Pérez, "Una Vieja," 18; Lugo, "Vida de un Ranchero," 100; Amador, ''Memorias," 188; Híjar, "California in 1834," 34; la Pérouse, Voyage Round the World , 2:197; Cook, Conflict , 40-48; Richard Sutch, ''The Care and Feeding of Slaves," in Paul A. David, Herbert G. Gutman, Richard Sutch, Peter Temin, and Gavin Wright, Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study on the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery (New York, 1976), 261-67; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1984), 31-32. [BACK]

22. Archibald, Economic Aspects , 103-4; Engelhardt, San Gabriel Mission , 94-95; Fray José María de Zalvidea to de la Guerra y Noriega, San Gabriel Mission, October 18, 1815, José de la Guerra y Noriega Papers, Huntington Library; Bancroft, History of California , 1:614. [BACK]

23. Archibald, Economic Aspects , 130-32; Hutchinson, "Mexican Government," 335; Tomás Almaguer, "Interpreting Chicano History: The World-System Approach to Nineteenth-Century California," Review 4 (Winter 1981), 473-77 (Shaler is quoted on page 475). [BACK]

24. Archibald, Economic Aspects , 130, 185; Bancroft, History of California , 2:195, 3:89-90; Juan Bandini to Eustace Barron, December 8, 1828, Stearns Papers, Box 4; Lugo, "Life of a Rancher," 229-30. [BACK]

25. Archibald, Economic Aspects , 63-65; Lugo, "Vida de un Ranchero," 78. [BACK]

26. Cook, Conflict , 58-61, 70. [BACK]

27. William Mason, "Indian-Mexican Cultural Exchange in the Los Angeles Area, 1781-1834," Aztlán 15, no. 1 (Spring 1984), 136-37; Bancroft, History of California , 2:323-24, 345; Irving Berdine Richman, California Under Spain and Mexico, 1535-1847 (Boston, 1911), 219-20. [BACK]

28. The story of Quintana and his neophytes relies largely on the recollection of Amador, "Memorias," 67-77, which includes the narrative of the neophyte Lorenzo Asisara; Bancroft, California Pastoral , 596; José María Estudillo to Fray Marcelino Marquinez, October 15, 1812, California Historical Documents Collection, Huntington Library; Zephyrin Engelhardt, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs, Mich., 1897), 376; Bancroft, History of California , 2:387-89; Foucault, Discipline and Punish , 60-65. [BACK]

29. Amador, "Memorias," 74. [BACK]

30. Ibid.; Ripoll to Father President Vicente Francisco Sarría, Santa Barbara, May 5, 1824, in "Fray Antonio Ripoll's Description of the Chumash Revolt at Santa Barbara in 1824," ed. and trans. Maynard Geiger, Southern California Quarterly 52 (December 1970), 354; "Testimony, June 1, 1824," de la Guerra Documents, quoted in Cook, Conflict , 108; Bancroft, History of California , 2:527-37; Webb, Indian Life , 51; Angustias de la Guerra Ord, Occurrences in Hispanic California , ed. and trans. Francis Price and William H. Ellison (Washington, D.C., 1956), 7-9. [BACK]

31. Bancroft, History of California , 2:527. [BACK]