1. Despite its significance to labor history, there exists only one published article on the Oxnard sugar beet workers' strike of 1903, John Murray's first-hand account. See John Murray, ''A Foretaste of the Orient,'' International Socialist Review , 4 (August 1903), 72-79. For brief references to the Oxnard strike and its significance to the labor movement, see the following Federal Writers' Project reports: Oriental Labor Unions and Strikes — California Agriculture (Oakland, 1939?), typewritten, 11-13; Unionization of Migratory Labor, 1903-1930 (Oakland, 193-?), typewritten, 3-4. For discussions of the Oxnard strike within the context of minority labor history, see Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "The First Steps: Chicano Labor Conflict and Organizing, 1900-1920," AztIan: Chicano Journal of the Social Sciences and Arts , 3 (1972), 13-49; Karl Yoneda, "100 Years of Japanese Labor History in the U.S.A.," in Amy Tachiki, Eddie Wong, and Franklin Odo, eds., Roots: An Asian American Reader (Los Angeles, 1971), 150-158. [BACK]

2. Torsten Magnuson, "History of the Beet Sugar Industry in California," Historical Society of Southern California, Annual Publication 11, Part 1 (1918), 76; Dan Gutleben, "The Oxnard Beet Sugar Factory, Oxnard, California," unpublished manuscript in Ventura County Historical Museum Library; Elizabeth Ritter, History of Ventura County, California (Los Angeles, 1940), 141; Thomas J. Osborne, "Claus Spreckels and the Oxnard Brothers: Pioneer Developers of California's Beet Sugar Industry, 1890-1900," Southern California Historical Quarterly , 54 (1972), 119; Sol N. Sheridan, Ventura County, California (San Francisco, 1909), 48; Oxnard Courier , Jan. 4, 1902, Feb. 21, 1903. [BACK]

3. Oxnard Courier , Sept. 11, 1903; William T. Dagodag, "A Social Geography of La Colonia: A Mexican-American Settlement in the City of Oxnard, California" (MA essay, San Fernando Valley State College, 1967), 5. [BACK]

4. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 22, 1902, April 4, 1902. [BACK]

5. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 23, 1906. [BACK]

6. Transcript of interview with Mrs. Reginald Shand, Moorpark, California, Aug. 25, 1960, in Thomas R. Bard Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; W. W. Brown, "The Journal of W. W. Brown: 1901-1902," Ventura County Historical Society Quarterly , 15 (Oct. 1969), 15. [BACK]

7. Oxnard Courier , Feb. 11, 1910; W. H. Hutchinson, Oil, Land, and Politics: The California Career of Thomas Robert Bard (Norman, OK, 1956, 2 vols.), II, 96; Vera Bloom, "Oxnard: A Social History of the Early Years," Ventura County Historical Society Quarterly , 4 (Feb. 1956), 19. [BACK]

8. Bloom, "Oxnard," 19. [BACK]

9. For a detailed quantitative study of this racial and class stratification, based on data drawn from the federal manuscript census schedules, see Tomás Almaguer, "Class, Race, and Capitalist Development: The Social Transformation of a Southern California County, 1848-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1979). [BACK]

10. Oxnard Courier , Oct. 11, 1902. [BACK]

11. Almaguer, "Class, Race, and Capitalist Development," 247. [BACK]

12. Nanka Nikkeijin Shogyo Kaigisho, Nan Kashu Nihonjinshi [hereafter referred to as History of the Japanese in Southern California ] (Los Angeles, 1956), 54-55; Kashiwamura Kazusuke, Hoku-Bei Tosa Taidan [hereafter referred to as A Broad Survey of North America ] (Tokyo, 1911), 223-224; Oxnard Courier , Oct. 11, 1903. [BACK]

13. Oxnard Courier , Feb. 28, 1903; A Broad Survey of North America , 223; History of the Japanese in Southern California , 54-55. [BACK]

14. See, for example, U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Immigration, Abstract of the Report on Japanese and Other Races in the Pacific and Rocky Mountain States (Washington, DC, 1911), 53-55; Varden Fuller, The Supply of Agricultural Labor as a Factor in the Evolution of Farm Organization in California Agriculture , U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, Seventy-Sixth Congress, 3rd Session, Hearings . . . Pursuant to Senate Resolution 266, Part 54, Agricultural Labor in California (Washington, DC, 1940), 831; Masukazu Iwata, "The Japanese Immigrant in California Agriculture," Agricultural History , 36 (1962), 27; Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese in the United States: A Critical Study of the Problems of the Japanese Immigrants and Their Children (Stanford, 1932), 176-177; Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (New York, 1968), 8-9; H. A. Millis, The Japanese Problem in the United States: An Investigation for the Commission on Relations with Japan, Appointed by the Federal Council of The Churches of Christ in America (New York, 1915), 111-112. [BACK]

15. A Broad Survey of North America , 224; Oxnard Courier , Feb. 28, 1903. [BACK]

16. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 27, 1902, Feb. 28, 1903. [BACK]

17. Ibid., Feb. 7, 14, 1903; San Francisco Examiner , Mar. 27, 1903. [BACK]

18. History of the Japanese in Southern California , 53; A Broad Survey of North America , 225; Oxnard Courier , Mar. 27, 1903; Ventura Free Press , Mar. 6, 1903; Ventura Weekly Democrat , Feb. 27, 1903. [BACK]

19. A Broad Survey of North America , 223-225. Also see History of the Japanese in Southern California , 53. [BACK]

20. Yuji Ichioka, "A Buried Past: Early Issei Socialists and the Japanese Community," Amerasia Journal , 1 (July 1971), 3. [BACK]

21. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 7, 14, 1903; Ventura Independent , Mar. 5, 1903; Ventura Free Press , Mar. 7, 27, 1903. [BACK]

22. Los Angeles Herald , Mar. 29, 1903; Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903. [BACK]

23. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 7, 28, 1903. [BACK]

24. Ibid., Mar. 28, 1903. [BACK]

25. Murray, "A Foretaste of the Orient," 73-74. [BACK]

26. Ventura Weekly Democrat , Feb. 27, 1903; Ventura Free Press , Mar. 6, 1903. [BACK]

27. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 7, 1903. [BACK]

28. Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 27, 1903; Ventura Free Press , Mar. 27, 1903; Los Angeles Herald , Mar. 27, 1903. [BACK]

29. Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 1, 1903. [BACK]

30. Ibid., Mar. 24, 26, 27, 1903; Los Angeles Herald , Mar. 24, 1903; Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903; Ventura Free Press , Mar. 27, 1903; Santa Barbara Morning Press , Mar. 24, 1903; San Francisco Call Mar. 24, 25, 1903; San Francisco Examiner , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

31. Los Angeles Times , Mar. 24, 25, 1903. [BACK]

32. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903. [BACK]

33. Ventura Independent , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

34. Los Angeles Herald , Mar. 29, 1903; Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903. Also see Murray, "A Foretaste of the Orient," 76-77. [BACK]

35. Oxnard Courier , April 4, 1903; Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 31, 1903. [BACK]

36. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903. Also see Los Angeles Times , Mar. 24, 1903. [BACK]

37. Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 31, 1903; Los Angeles Times , April 1, 1903; Los Angeles Times and California Mirror , April 4, 1903; Ventura Independent , April 2, 1903. [BACK]

38. Ventura Free Press , Mar. 27, 1903. [BACK]

39. Ibid. [BACK]

40. Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 27, 1903; Los Angeles Times , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

41. Los Angeles Times , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

42. Ibid., Mar. 27, 1903. [BACK]

43. Oxnard Courier , Mar. 28, 1903. [BACK]

44. Oxnard Courier , April 4, 1903. [BACK]

45. Ventura Daily Democrat , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

46. Los Angeles Times , Mar. 27, 1903. [BACK]

47. Ventura Free Press , April 3, 1903; Oxnard Courier , April 4, 1903; Ventura Weekly Free Democrat , April 3, 1903; Oakland Tribune , April 11, 1903. [BACK]

48. Stuart Jamieson, Labor Unionism in American Agriculture , United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 836 (Washington, DC, 1945), 5. [BACK]

49. Oakland Tribune , April 1, 1903. [BACK]

50. San Francisco Examiner , Mar. 26, 1903. [BACK]

51. Oakland Tribune , April 22, 1903. [BACK]

52. Ibid. [BACK]

53. Ibid. [BACK]

54. Proceedings, AFL Convention, 1894 , 25. [BACK]

55. Samuel Gompers to J. M. Lizarras, May 15, 1903, as cited by Murray, "A Foretaste of the Orient," 77-78. [BACK]

56. Los Angeles Citizen , Feb. 7, 1930. [BACK]

57. American Labor Union Journal , June 25, 1903, as cited by Phillip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York, 1947-1965, 4 vols.), IV, 277. [BACK]

58. J. M. Lizarras to Samuel Gompers, June 8, 1903, as cited by Murray, "A Foretaste of the Orient," 78. Also see Foner, History of the Labor Movement , III, 277. [BACK]

59. On Feb. 2, 1906, a new organization called the "Cooperative Contracting Company" placed an advertisement in the Oxnard Courier identifying itself as an alternative to existing contracting companies in Oxnard. While it was not a union, the new company did claim to represent the interests of "Japanese laborers" in Oxnard. Their advertisement read as follows:

We Japanese laborers who have been in Oxnard for years, wish to make contracts for the harvesting of sugar beets direct with the growers. Don't make your agreement with other contractors, because for years we laborers have been depressed by them. Contractors' ill-treatment of laborers is the growers' loss directly. We trust them no more. We can and will do better work than has ever been clone here. [BACK]

60. Jamieson, Labor Unionism , 57-58. Also see Lewis L. Lorwin and Joan A. Flexner, The American Federation of Labor: History, Policies, and Prospects (Washington, DC, 1933), 11; Federal Writers' Project, The Migratory Agricultural Worker and the American Federation of Labor to 1938 Inclusive (Oakland, 1939?), typewritten; Federal Writers' Project, Oriental Labor Unions and Strikes ; Federal Writers' Project, Unionization of Migratory Labor . [BACK]

61. Jamieson, Labor Unionism , 58. [BACK]

62. For two excellent discussions of the role of white labor in the anti-Chinese and anti-Japanese movements, see Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley, 1971); and Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice . [BACK]