| Virgil's Epic Technique |
| PREFACE TO THE 1ST EDITION |
| PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION |
| PREFACE TO THE 3RD EDITION |
| TRANSLATORS' NOTE |
| PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION |
| PART I |
| 1— The Fall of Troy |
| I— The Wooden Horse |
| • | 1— Sources |
| • | 2— Sinon |
| • | 3— Laocoon |
| • | 4— The Horse enters Troy |
| II— The Battle |
| • | 1— Preliminaries |
| • | 2— Hector's Appearance |
| • | 3— Aeneas in the Battle |
| • | 4— Panthus and the Penates |
| • | 5— Coroebus |
| • | 6— On the Citadel |
| • | 7— The Death of Priam |
| III— The Departure |
| • | 1— Helen and Venus |
| • | 2— Vision of the Gods |
| • | 3— Venus' Protection |
| • | 4— Anchises and the Auspicium Maximum |
| • | 5— Creusa |
| • | 6— Conclusion |
| • | Excursus: Virgil, Quintus and Tryphiodorus |
| I— Quintus |
| • | 1— The wooden horse |
| • | 2— Sinon |
| • | 3— Laocoon |
| • | 4— Aeneas' Departure |
| • | 5— The Night Battle |
| • | 6— Aeneas and the Storm at Sea |
| II— Tryphiodorus |
| • | 1— Helen |
| • | 2— Sinon |
| 2— The Wanderings of Aeneas |
| • | 1— Unity of the Narrative: Foundations of Cities |
| • | 2— Relationship to the other Books |
| • | 3— Juno and Venus |
| • | 4— Compression of the Material |
| • | 5— Poetic Re-shaping |
| 3— Dido |
| • | 1— Scene setting: Love |
| • | 2— Dido's Guilt: Anna: Passion |
| • | 3— Dido's Journey Towards Death: Her Character: Conclusion |
| 4— The Games |
| • | 1— Introduction and Motivation |
| • | 2— Composition |
| • | 3— Characters |
| • | 4— Structure of the Action |
| • | 5— The Supernatural |
| • | 6— Atmosphere |
| 5— Aeneas in Latium |
| I— General Survey |
| • | 1— Condensation of the Material |
| • | 2— Expansion |
| • | 3— Arrangement |
| II— Allecto |
| • | 1— Allecto Personifying Discord |
| • | 2— Amata |
| • | 3— Turnus |
| • | 4— Ascanius: War Breaks Out |
| III— The Battles |
| • | 1— Types of Battle-Scenes |
| • | 2— Differences between Homeric and Roman battles. Cavalry. Chariots. |
| • | 3— Weapons |
| • | 4— Wounds, Death and Spoils |
| • | 5— Characters |
| • | 6— Structure |
| PART II |
| 1— The Creative Method |
| • | I— The Sources |
| • | II— The Models |
| • | III— Virgil's Personal Contribution |
| • | IV— Virgil's Working Methods |
| 2— Invention |
| I— Mortals |
| a— Characters |
| • | 1— Generic Characteristics |
| • | 2— Aeneas |
| • | 3— Individuals and the Ideal |
| • | b— The Action |
| • | c— Emotions |
| II— The Supernatural[en31]II— The Supernatural |
| • | Introduction: Theologia Physica, Civilis, Fabularis [Theology – Physical, Civic and Mythical] |
| • | 1— Jupiter and Fate |
| • | 2— The Gods and the Action |
| • | 3— Communication of Fatum |
| • | 4— Symbolic Scenes Featuring Gods |
| • | 5— Ways in Which the Gods Appear |
| • | 6— Dreams |
| • | 7— Omens |
| • | 8— Presentation of Scenes Featuring Gods |
| III— The Action |
| a— The Structure of the Action |
| • | 1— Purposeful Progress |
| • | 2— Strong Openings |
| • | 3— Scenes |
| • | 4— Peripeteia |
| • | 5— Surprise |
| • | 6— Contrast |
| • | 7— Intensification |
| b— Motivation |
| • | 1— Supernatural and Human Motivation |
| • | 2— The Structure of the Action |
| • | 3— Coincidence |
| c— Time and Place |
| • | 2— Description of Place |
| 3— Presentation |
| I— Narration |
| • | 1— The Whole Action and the Detail |
| • | 2— Narrative and Précis |
| • | 3— Ethos |
| • | 4— Subjectivity |
| • | 5— Vividness |
| • | 6— Clarity |
| • | 7— Continuity |
| • | 8— Simultaneous Actions |
| • | 9— Intrusion of a Second Action |
| • | 10— Synchronism in Books 8-10 |
| • | 11— Past Events |
| • | 12— Future Events |
| • | II— Description |
| III— Speeches |
| • | 1— Comparative Brevity of Virgil's Speeches |
| • | 2— Avoidance of Delay |
| • | 3— Speech Used in Characterization |
| • | 4— Instead of Conversation |
| • | 5— Narrative in Speech |
| • | 6— Completeness of the Speeches |
| • | 7— Slanting of Speeches |
| • | 8— Arrangement of Speeches |
| • | 9— Monologues |
| • | 10— Rhetoric |
| 4— Composition |
| • | 1— Unity: Beginning and Ending |
| • | 2— The Whole and the Parts |
| • | 3— Catalogues |
| • | 4— Sequences of Scenes |
| • | 5— Unity of Person |
| • | 6— Unity of Each Book |
| • | 7— Unity of the Whole Work |
| • | 8— Organization of the Whole Work |
| • | 9— Simplification |
| • | 10— Variation |
| • | 11— Enrichment |
| 5— Virgil's Aims |
| • | 1— Astonishment, Pity and Fear |
| • | 2— Moral Purpose |
| • | 3— Scholarly Material |
| • | 4— The Sublime |
| Notes |
| • | PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION |
| • | 1— The Fall of Troy |
| • | 2— The Wanderings of Aeneas |
| • | 3— Dido |
| • | 4— The Games |
| • | 5— Aeneas in Latium |
| • | 1— The Creative Method |
| • | 2— Invention |
| • | 3— Presentation |
| • | 4— Composition |
| • | 5— Virgil's Aims |
| INDEX OF NAMES AND topICS |
| • | A |
| • | B |
| • | C |
| • | D |
| • | E |
| • | F |
| • | G |
| • | H |
| • | I |
| • | J |
| • | L |
| • | M |
| • | N |
| • | O |
| • | P |
| • | Q |
| • | R |
| • | S |
| • | T |
| • | U |
| • | V |
| • | W |