4— The Games
146
1.
It would require much more convincing arguments to prove that Virgil even
for a moment contemplated such a gross misjudgment as those advanced by Kettner
('Das fünfte Buch des Aeneis',
Zeitschr
.
für
den
Gymnasialw
. 33 [1879] 641-53; his
views, which develop those of Conrad and Ribbeck, are criticized by Schaper), who
actually believes that the essential content of Book 5 - the games, and the burning of
the ships - originally formed a separate book which contained the end of Aeneas'
narrative, and that Book 6 followed immediately on from Book 4. Furthermore,
Aeneas could not have narrated the burning of the ships in the form in which it now
stands, with Iris' speech in her own words - that would have been a serious infringe-
ment of the technical conventions of first-person narrative which Virgil always
strictly observes - and yet one phrase of Iris' (
septima
post
Troiae
excidium
iam
vertitur
aestas
[5.626] [it is now the close of the seventh summer since Troy's
overthrow] compared with 1.755:
nam
te
iam
septima
portat
. . .
aestas
[for it is now
the seventh summer of your travels]: on which see the section on 'Time and Place'
below Part II, ch. 2.III.c) constitutes one of Kettner's main arguments for what he
believes to be the original setting of the narrative. Two other objections have already
been met by H.T. Plüss (
Vergil
und
die
epische
Kunst
, Leipzig [1884] 160 n. 1, 165
n. 1). There is another passage which might be of some importance in this connec-
tion: at 6.338 there is a reference to Palinurus
qui
Libyco
nuper
cursu
. . .
exciderat
continue
puppi
[who had lately fallen from the ship's stern during the voyage from Libya]. It
has been suggested that this can only have been written when Virgil intended that
147 the Trojans should sail direct from Carthage to Cumae, without stopping again in
Sicily. For my part, I agree with the view of Conrad, that the version of the Pa-
linurus scene in Book 6 shows that Virgil wrote Book 5 later; not because the
narratives of Books 5 and 6 are not entirely consistent with each other (that would
not in itself entail any conclusion about the chronology) but because the account in
Book 6 does not presuppose that Palinurus' death has already been mentioned in
Book 5. Virgil wrote Book 6 without taking into account what would have to be
included in Book 5, just as he introduced the
prodigia
in Books 7 and 8 as some-
thing completely new, without thinking of the preparation for them which he
subsequently provided in Book 3. We must always bear in mind that Virgil origin-
ally composed his books to be recited separately. When Virgil, as Suetonius tells us
(p. 61, 17ff. Reifferscheid; cf. Serv. on 6.861), first recited Books 2, 4 and 6 to
Augustus and his family, his audience would have known about Aeneas' visit to
Libya, but not about his visit to Sicily: hence
Libyco
cursu
[on the journey from
Libya]. [BACK]
2.
It is easy to see how important it is from an artistic point of view that Aeneas,
despite his original intention, is forced by the storm to take refuge in Sicily, and how
much clumsier it would have been if he had had to say to Palinurus at the beginning
of Book 5: 'Steer towards Drepanum; I would like to celebrate funeral-games in
honour of my father'. Virgil avoided anything as awkward as this; instead he took
care to introduce the idea gradually. From the point of view of narrative it is just as
important that Aeneas, who must have been anxious to complete his journey as
quickly as possible after the long delay at Carthage, does not interrupt the voyage of
his own free will. Finally, it would be impossible to improve on the way that the
storm is motivated: after Dido's warning of the winter storms and her prophecy of
the dangers of the sea it would have been artistically impossible for Aeneas to be
148 given a smooth voyage to Cumae. [BACK]
149 3. Dion. Hal. 1.52. [BACK]
4.
Augustus did not permit women to watch boxing matches at any rate: Suet.
Aug
. 49. [BACK]
150
5.
Virgil places the foot-race (which Homer brings in after the boxing and
wrestling matches) first among the contests on dry land. Leo,
Deutsche
Litt
.
Zeitung
24 (1903) 595, points out that by making this change, Virgil is putting the foot-race
152 in the position that it occupied in the Olympic Games and those modelled on them. [BACK]
154 6. H.T. Plüss, Neues Schweizer Museum VI (1867) 41. [BACK]
7.
In Book 9 Virgil introduces Nisus and Euryalus with a great amount of detail,
without reminding the reader that they have already appeared. This is perhaps the
most striking example of a technique which we often find him using: see Part II, ch.
3.1.6 'Exposition of the characters'. I no longer believe that this shows that Virgil
had not yet conceived, or at least not yet completed, the scene in Book 5 when he
was writing Book 9; at any rate, another motif from Book 5, the
matres
[mothers]
who stay behind in Acestes' city, had already reached its final form when he wrote
the episode in Book 9: see 9.216ff., 285, 492. [BACK]
8. 353ff. His words are intended to be lighthearted, but they conceal a number of continue
rhetorical tricks:
si
tanta
sunt
praemia
victis
[if there are such prizes for the losers] -
but not for all -
et
te
lapsorum
miseret
[and you have pity on those who fall] - but
only the competitor who fell because he was tripped;
ni
me
quae
Salium
fortuna
inimica
tulisset
[except that I was involved in the same bad luck as Salius] - but in a
very different way. [BACK]
155
9.
This had already occurred at Sulla's victory celebrations, Asconius (ed. A.C.
Clark 93) but it seems to have been so incompatible with contemporary Roman
156
mores
that Cicero was able to pour bitter scorn on his rival Antonius for partici-
pating in them (
In
Toga
Candida
fr. 14.26 Müller). [BACK]
10.
Tac.
Ann
. 14.20:
quid
superesse
,
nisi
ut
corpora
quoque
nudent
[
proceres
Romani
]
et
caestus
adsumant
easque
pugnas
pro
militia
et
armis
meditentur
[this
was the limit, unless they (the Roman nobility) were to strip and put on boxing
gloves and practise this type of fighting instead of warfare and military training]. [BACK]
157
11.
Recent critics (who however cannot appeal to the authority of Heyne, who
concludes his discussion [III
4
857]
absolvendus
itaque
in
hoc
Maro
crimine
neglecti
temporum
ordinis
[therefore Virgil should be acquitted of the charge of neglecting
chronology in this episode]) have suggested that Virgil had no definite idea of Iulus'
age and had only the vaguest conception of his character generally. In fact, at the
time of the fall of Troy, Ascanius is a small boy; his mother can still just manage to
pick him up, but he is quite capable of walking a considerable distance; we may
158 therefore conclude that Virgil thought of him as between four and five years old. If
we calculate that the Trojans spend exactly seven years wandering over the seas, then in
Carthage he will be between eleven and twelve years old, and in Latium one year
older. Is there any detail that actually contradicts this scheme? Can a boy, the son of
a hero, not ride at this age? Can he not be taken hunting (always under careful
supervision, of course, since he is a royal child; the poet also mentions a guardian in
passing at 5.546 and 9.649)? Can he not wish that he might encounter a boar? Can
he not shoot an enemy (with divine help, as Virgil is careful to point out)? Or is he
too old for a lady like Dido to decently take him on her lap? I must say that I see
nothing whatever in all this that is incompatible with poetic truth. 'But', it may be
objected, 'if he attends the council of leaders in Book 9 and gives instructions
himself to the messenger who is sent to his father, he must surely be wiser than his
years'. Precisely: that is just what Virgil himself says:
ante
annos
animumque
gerens
curamque
virilem
(9.311) [he bore beyond his years the mind and responsibility of a
man]. Virgil had seen for himself how a nineteen-year-old could put the most experi-
enced and mature to shame when it was a matter of presence of mind and common
sense. [BACK]
12.
Iulus, says Jupiter, will found Alba Longa and move the royal capital to that
site, where it will remain for three hundred years
gente
sub
Hectorea
[under a
dynasty of Hector's kin], as Virgil puts it, avoiding any such phrase as
sub
Iuli
gente
[under a dynasty descended from Iulus]. Iulus never appears in Virgil as the ancestor
of the Alban kings, though admittedly he never expressly denies him that rôle either.
Virgil follows that geneaology which we may assume was regarded as the standard
one during the reign of Augustus, since Verrius Flaccus, too, amongst others (Festus
340 = Lindsay [Teubner] 460), argued for it. According to this version, the Alban
kings were descended from Silvius, the son of Aeneas and Lavinia (
Silvius
. . .
unde
continue
genus
Longa
nostrum
dominabitur
Alba
[6.766] [Silvius . . . founder of our dynasty
which shall rule from Alba Longa];
unde
is of course not temporal but goes closely
with
genus
), not from Iulus, who did in fact found Alba but was not the ancestor of
the genealogical line of Alban kings. Virgil does not mention that Iulus (or his son
of the same name) had to give place to Silvius, or why he did so, or what compensa-
tion they received (though there is a hidden allusion for the well-informed reader at
12.189ff.; see E. Norden,
Neue
Jahrbücher
7 [1901] 281), nor does he need to. We
know how the official version of the legend came to accept this account (Schwegler,
Röm
.
Gesch
. I 337); but this somewhat artificial fabrication, which on any interpre-
tation would imply that Iulus was displaced, was quite unsuitable for Virgil's poem,
and if Iulus is 'suppressed' in the parade of heroes in Book 6 (to use A. Gercke's
phrase,
Neue
Jahrbücher
7 [1901] 110), that is because he can hardly be mentioned
together with Silvius without at least some reference to their relationship: on a
practical level this silence is justified by the fact that it is both impossible and
unnecessary for Iulus to be shown to his father in the underworld. Furthermore, to
159 the best of my knowledge, the Iulii are
never
said to be descendants of the Alban
kings, nor therefore of Romulus (who ever heard of a son of Romulus?). Ovid, who
says that the family of Silvius was descended from Iulus (
Fasti
4.39ff.) clearly
assumed that this was through a collateral line, as his expression
unde
(i.e. a
Iulo
)
domus
Teucros
Iulia
tangit
avos
[through whom (i.e. Iulus) the Julian house goes
back to Trojan ancestors] makes clear; again, he never calls Romulus the ancestor of
Augustus, although he not only had plenty of opportunity to do so in the
Fasti
, but
also plenty of inducement on account of the well-known tradition that traced Au-
gustus' ancestry back to the founder of Rome. One member of the Julian family,
Proculus, appears in the Romulus legend; but he is not related to the kings, only
[a trusted friend] to Romulus; Plutarch,
Romulus
28. [BACK]
13. Cf. also Norden op. cit. in the previous note, 263. [BACK]
162
14.
The spectators are also referred to in the following passages: during the foot
race (338, 343), during the boxing match (369, 385, 450), during the archery contest
(491, 529) and finally during the
lusus
Troiae
(555, 575f.): this means that the vivid
picture of the excited and interested crowd of spectators is maintained throughout.
However, in this respect; Virgil has done no more than his Homeric model: cf.
Iliad
23.728, 766, 784, 815, 822, 840, 847, 869, 881. [BACK]
164
15.
Perhaps he was influenced by critics of Homer. The scholia on 23.857 say
[scholars have marked this passage as
spurious because it would be better if Achilles did not say this beforehand, as though
he knew in advance what was going to happen by chance]. [BACK]
16.
According to H. Georgii,
Die
antike
Aeneiskritik
259, Virgil only wished to
surpass his predecessor in the number, four instead of two: 'though the result
amounts to no more than a miss for the first competitor and a shot in the air together
with a miracle for the fourth'. As though the important thing there was the number
of shots, rather than the increase in excitement from the first competitor to the
second to the third, and then the unexpected shot by which the third is surpassed by
the fourth. Georgii thinks that it is ridiculous, childish and absurd, that Acestes
shoots into the air,
ostientans
artem
arcumque
sonantem
(521) [proving that he
continue
might have skill yet, and could make a strong bow twang]; but the Virgiliomastix
who denied the possibility of
artem
in
vacuo
aere
ostentare
[showing off ones skills
by shooting into thin air] had already been refuted by the ancient experts (Servius'
periti
):
posse
ex
ipso
sagittariorum
gestu
artis
peritiam
indicari
[it is possible to
assess the technical skill of archers simply on the basis of their bodily posture];
against
arcum
sonantem
[make a strong bow twang] even the Virgiliomastix had no
objection, for, as every child knows, you can shoot higher with a good bow than
with a feeble one. [BACK]
165
17.
It has been attacked by Plüss,
Virgil
und
die
epische
Kunst
125ff.; however, I
cannot agree with his own interpretation, either in general or in detail; what he
regards as a matter of minor importance, its connection with Acestes and Sicily
(135f.) seems to me (as it did to Ribbeck,
Gesch
,
d
.
röm
.
Dichtung
. II 96) the only
thing that really matters. [BACK]
166
18.
nec
maximus
omen
abnuit
Aeneas
(530-1) [but their exalted prince Aeneas
accepted the omen]: that does not mean that he relates it to himself; just as the other
spectators recognize it as a divine sign - hence
superos
precati
[they sent up a
prayer to the holy gods] - so does Aeneas; it is he who is celebrating the games, and
is, as we might say, the presiding magistrate of the games, and in that capacity there
was no need for him to give the sign an official interpretation; and he could have
ignored it in deciding the outcome of the contest. [BACK]
167
19.
Contrast the frequency with which the title of king which is absent in Book 5
is used in, for example, Book 8 of Evander: 53, 102, 126, 185f. etc. When Virgil was
writing Book 1, he envisaged a Sicilian kingdom ruled by Acestes, and Sicilian
towns (549, 558): this shows that at that stage he had not yet planned the way in
which events develop in Book 5 as we now have it. [BACK]
20.
As Virgil says explicitly,
gaza
l a
e
t
u
s
agresti
excipit
(40) [he gave them a
joyous welcome with his
rustic
treasure]; Acestes' outward appearance,
horridus
in
iaculis
et
pelle
Libystidis
ursae
(37) [looking wild in his African bearskin and with
his cluster of javelins] is in keeping with this. The
comites
Acestae
(301) [comrades
of Acestes] are
adsueti
silvis
[from woodland homes]. According to Dion. Hal. 1.9
this is how the aborigines of the very earliest times used to live:
[on the mountains, without city walls, in
villages, and scattered]. [BACK]
21.
The obvious model for this passage, Calchas' interpretation of the omen at
Aulis, should be enough to prevent us from taking these words to mean 'it was only
later that the seers discovered the meaning', i.e. after the
exitus
ingens
[great out-
come] had taken place.
Sera
omina
is the Homeric
(
Iliad
2.324), which Cicero too (
De
Div
. 2.30.64) translates as
portenta
sera
. Inter-
pretation
ex
eventu
[after the event] is certainly not the business of the
vates
; anyone
can do that; conversely,
vates
canunt
is the technical term for prophecy, and in
particular for the interpretation of an omen by seers who are summoned for that
specific purpose: see e.g. Livy 1.45.5; 55.6; 2.42.10; 5.15.4; 7.6.3 etc. Virgil's
hysteron proteron
docuit
. . .
cecinere
does not constitute an obstacle to this interpreta-
tion; the poet mentions first what matters most to him. Similarly, we should take
magno
futurum
augurio
monstrum
(522-3) as 'which
was
to
prove extremely signifi-
cant'; this does not refer to any later repetition of the omen.
break [BACK]
169 22. I refer the reader to Plüss 148f. for a good discussion of this. [BACK]
170 23. 34, 40, 58, 100, 107, 210, 236, 283, 304, 515, 531, 577. break [BACK]