4—
Instead of Conversation
After this, we can understand why Virgil avoids long exchanges of speech and reply
even where they would seem to belong to the nature of the subject. Many another
poet would have written the farewell scene between Aeneas and Dido in the form of
an increasingly emotional dialogue, and the gradual rise in excitement on Dido's
part, contrasting with Aeneas' unchanging, calm resolve, would have been ex-
tremely effective. One might perhaps have expected something of the sort from
Virgil, all the more because it would have had a genuinely dramatic effect, and
Virgil favours this so often in other places. But quite apart from the question of
whether such a verbal exchange (something like that between Agamemnon and
Achilles in Iliad 1, or the repeated exchanges between Telemachus and the suitors)
would have matched his ideal of heroic dignity, any such conversation would have
led to a development, or at least a gradual revelation of the psychological position,
which does not even exist for Virgil: his aim is to present two emotional states in as
interesting and complete a way as possible, and this purpose is served by Dido's two
interconnected speeches before and after her rejection much better than it would
have been by an extended conversation. In the assemblies, both those of the gods
and those of men, a single exchange of speech and the reply to it is Virgil's norm: an
altercatio [debate] with its rapid to and fro of statement and rebuttal, accusations
and justification, would also be stylised by a historian into a connected account of
the arguments on each side: this gives the reader a clearer picture – and that is what
the historian is aiming at, not at an exact reproduction of reality –, and it is only in a
lengthy oratio [speech] that a speaker's skill is displayed in its full splendour. But
413 Virgil did sometimes feel the need to explain why a realistic conversation was not
included. When Aeneas listens to Dido's first speech right through in silence, with-
out protesting, that is not from mere politeness; he needs time to recover, because he
has been violently affected but must keep up an appearance of calm: obnixus curam
sub corde premebat , t a n d e m pauca refert (4.332) [he strained to master the
agony within him, and at last he spoke, shortly]. One might feel surprised that
Turnus the impetuous does not interrupt Latinus' speech, which contains sugges-
tions which are almost insulting: that is why Virgil makes Latinus explicitly silence
him (12.25, see p. 181 n. 7 above), and Turnus' reply is introduced with the words
ut primum fari potuit , sic institit ore (47) [as soon as he could speak, he began to
say . . . ]. These concessions to realism show that Virgil did stop to consider what he
was doing when he selected the forms which suited his style.
Whether Virgil found classical models in narrative poetry for his treatment of
conversation I do not know. He would not have found anything like it in Apollonius:
the third book of the Argonautica , for example, has long conversations between
Hera, Athena and Aphrodite (lines 10-110), between Medea and Chalciope (674-
738), and between Medea and Jason (974-1144). Apollonius' polar opposite,
Theocritus, transfers the semi-dramatic form to heroic narrative in his Idylls and
presents the conversation between Pollux and Amycus in the form of a dramatic
stichomythia (12). Virgil himself was still using short fragments of conversation
when he wrote the Aristaeus story in the Georgics (353, 358, 380, 445), but they are
outweighed by long monologues. It is possible that the intensification of the pathetic
and rhetorical element in neo-Hellenistic poetry combined with a corresponding
development of the form of conversation such as we find in the Aeneid ; it may have
developed from the connected pathetic monologue, which for its part had found a
favourable medium for its development in narrative elegy. In Catullus 64, direct
speech occurs only three times: Ariadne's lament, the message sent by Aegeus
(which Theseus does not answer) and the song of the Parcae. The writer of the Ciris
does not present the conversation between Scylla and her nurse in the way that
realism would require, in the form of short, repeated utterances and responses, but
very much in Virgil's manner (and perhaps actually modelled on Virgil): a single
414 long address from Carme (224-49), a single answer from Scylla (257-82) and a
concluding speech from Carme (286-339). I have just mentioned another literary
source which might be considered as a model for Virgil: the historians, in whose
writings one might in fact find the closest parallels to Virgil's assembly speeches
and ceremonial addresses.