3—
Speech Used in Characterization
This brings us to another of Virgil's artistic tendencies which causes speech to be
used sparingly. Conversation, whether it runs on without any real result, or is
directed to some sort of end with a greater or lesser degree of purposefulness,
seldom actually furthers the action of an epic: anything required for that could be
presented more concisely in other ways. The purpose of conversation is to bring the
411 characters nearer to the reader by depicting relationships, and by developing, estab-
lishing and altering these relationships before the reader's eyes. Conversation is the
best means of showing traits, individual qualities, and the differences between
people. However, Virgil is not primarily interested in these two advantages: they do
not suit the way in which he sees people and wants us to see them. He does not feel
the need to use conversation to represent the individual traits and emotions of his
characters; he has hardly observed anything of the sort himself, but does not feel that
this leaves a gap in his epic which needs filling with borrowed material. His under-
standing of psychology is enough for him to present clearly what does concern him:
individual morals and emotions. Moreover, it is remarkable how 'atomistic', so to
speak, is the world of men which Virgil depicts in his epic. Homer shows us
countless relationships between his characters; Virgil's characters almost all stand
alone. Even in the case of the greatest relationship of all, how little we are told of the
inner relationship of Aeneas towards Dido! Virgil prepares their love most carefully,
as we have seen, and because of this preparation the reader's imagination can, on
this one occasion, create a well-differentiated picture of this love; but the poet
himself shied away from doing so: as soon as the pair are united, he leaves them to
their fate, and does not bring them before us again until they separate. The mutual
relationships between Aeneas and his men are totally summed up in the one word,
pietas [dutifulness]; just once (12.435ff.) in the whole poem do we hear Aeneas
speak to his son, who has accompanied him on all his journeys: and it is to com-
mend virtus [manly character]. How little Creusa's farewell words (2.776) tell us
about the relationship between her and her husband: nothing, except that he is her
dulcis coniunx [sweet husband], she is his dilecta Creusa [beloved Creusa], and they
shared a love for their son ( nati serva communis amorem [guard the love of the son
whom we share]) – that is more or less what an inscription on a Roman tomb would
say about any parents. Virgil makes no attempt to establish relationships for Aeneas
with Latinus and Lavinia, or Turnus with Amata: and yet the beginning of a friend-
ship could have given him an advantage over Homer here. Finally, towards the
companions who accompany the hero throughout the whole story, Aeneas does
show his pietas in general, but it makes no difference whether it is Achates, Misenus
or Palinurus whom he has with him. It is only towards Pallas that, for one moment
412 (11.45), he feels a special responsibility; but the many opportunities which Book 8
supplies to prepare for this moment or to develop it, are neglected, and the farewell
speech to the dead youth dwells almost exclusively on his feeling of sympathy for
the surviving father. I do not need to extend this observation to cover all the other
characters in the Aeneid : it is clear enough, why elaborate conversational inter-
changes could hardly be of any value to Virgil.