7—
Continuity
To keep the listener's attention, the poet has to concern himself with the continuity
of the narrative ; he must not let the thread snap too often. When that happens, when
the narrative makes a leap, to start again in a different place, at a different time, with
different characters, this is a strain on the imagination, which has to build up a new
picture, instead of continuing to develop an existing one. This is most easily avoided
in first-person narratives, though not always; when the author is narrating, and the
narrative is not restricted to the adventures of one person or one group of people, it
is often necessary to jump and make a fresh start, the more often the more the action
spreads out. In ancient epic, the action is divided between heaven and earth, which
in itself gives rise to frequent changes of standpoint. To make this easier, the poet
has two devices which he can use to advantage. Firstly, as far as possible, he will
avoid abrupt transitions; instead, he will build bridges to lead the listener easily from
one thing to another. Secondly, he will not break off during a 'cliff-hanger', as a
novelist does to win the reader's excited attention, but pause only when he reaches
at least a temporary conclusion, or a passage where the further development can
easily be imagined.
After continuity of narrative, a second important consideration is continuity of
action . The poet wants to create the illusion in us that we are 'living' the story; to
this end, since things in real life continually develop and time does not stand still, he
must do the same in the narrative and lead us ever onward; he must not let the action
come to a halt while he recapitulates past events, and he will achieve the desired
380 effect all the more surely if events follow closely upon each other, so that he does
not have to skip over long intervals where nothing happens.[24]
A bridge is particularly necessary when there is a rapid succession of changes of
scene and participants. Virgil has invented several particular devices to fill this need.
In Book 4 there is a danger that between the union of Aeneas and Dido and their
separation there could be a gap, since the poet does not want to give a detailed
account of their life together; to fill the gap he decides to describe the impression
made by the unexpected marriage on those around them – that will be used again
later as a motive for Dido's suicide; then Aeneas has to be reminded by Jupiter of
his duty; that must be preceded by a scene in heaven. In order to join all this together
in one continuous narrative, Virgil introduces the figure of Fama , describes her
nature (visually, with concrete symbols), reports what she is broadcasting among the
people and how she visits Iarbas. There is a pause while he is introduced, then the
action strides forward: rumore accensus amaro (203) [bitterly angry at what he
heard] he addresses his defiant prayer to Jupiter; the latter listens to it, turns his gaze
on Carthage, and sends Mercury to Aeneas; this creates a continuous narrative with
no breaks. In Book 7 the problem is to describe how the dry tinder of war-lust
catches fire in three different places and finally flares up in one huge blaze. It would
seem inevitable that the narrative would have to jump about, but Virgil introduces
Allecto, who hurries from place to place on night-dark wings and, scheming, kindles
rage first in the house of Latinus, then in Ardea and finally over the whole country.
381 Matters are more complicated in the narration of the storm at sea, because it has two
parallel actions – the mortals' and the gods' – and one of these consists of several
separate parts. The analogous scene in the Odyssey , which was Virgil's model, is
available for comparison. It falls into two parts: in the first Poseidon leads the
action, in the second Athena leads the counter-action; the narrative starts with
Odysseus, then passes to Poseidon; but his action is interrupted by Leucothea's
intervention, during which we lose sight of Poseidon completely; like Leucothea,
Athena is not set in any kind of relationship to Poseidon; she intervenes several
times in the second part of the action, but without becoming visible, which would
have implied that she was present all through. Virgil, unlike Homer, has chosen to
narrate from the standpoint of the gods, and has thus been able to preserve the unity
of the scene. We can distinguish three parts in the action: preparation of the storm;
storm; pacification. In the first part the action is directed by Juno (Virgil starts with
her, and only mentions the Trojans in passing at first, p. 298 above), in the third
Neptune is in charge; to lead from the first to the third, the winds are introduced as
persons (p. 44 above), and the poet takes time to describe them during Juno's action,
so that the listener's attention is directed towards them; they are the real heroes of
the second part; what happens on earth is described only as a result of their action:
that is why 102ff. specifies what Aquilo, Notus and Eurus do. They then provide the
transition to Neptune, who notices emissam hiemem [that a storm had been un-
leashed] (125, cf. vicit hiems [122] [the storm prevailed], calls the winds to come to
him and sends them home; then he remains upon the scene and, with his helpers,
wipes out the traces of Aeolus' rampage.