5—
Vividness
Apparently closely related to these subjective expressions of feeling, but really quite
different, is the striving to use every possible means to draw the reader towards the
action, or even right into it. Virgil's aim is not like Homer's, who wanted the listener
to experience the action as something past and gone, so that he could remain
independent and survey it from a distance; the more successfully he produces the
illusion in us that we are actually present at the events, the more perfectly Virgil
believes that he has reached his goal. An external feature of his narrative, but a very
characteristic one, is the overwhelming use of the historical present. It is not simply
a convenient replacement for the ponderous forms of the past tenses:[19] it is intended
to paint the happenings for us as truly taking place now. The present tense is also
retained when the protagonist has to make a decision: quid faciat? [what is he to
do?] he says then, or quid agat? , as if we ourselves had to decide how to advise
him.[20] The frequently interpolated ecce! [Look! Lo! Behold!][21] shakes us out of the
comfortable relaxed attitude of someone listening to past history, and forces our
fantasy to imagine that the events are taking place now. Apostrophe was already
used by Homer quite often, but not to arouse pathos; Virgil goes very much further
when he – and the listener with him – steps as it were right up to the corpse of Pallas
and addresses it: o dolor atque decus magnum rediture parenti! haec te prima dies
bello dedit , haec eadem aufert (10.507) [O Pallas, the bitter pain, and the high pride,
which you will bring to your father when you return to him! This day first gave you
to war, and the same day steals you away]. This brings the past into the present; the
parallel to this occurs during the Parade of Heroes when Anchises, overcome with
emotion, sees the future as present, cries to Caesar proice tela manu [fling your
weapons from your hands], and calls for flowers to strew on the grave of Marcellus
(6.835, 883): that is a vision which would not be surprising in a prophet; but the poet
is also a vates : he does not only narrate; sometimes, when he is swept away by the
story, he has visions.
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