1—
The Whole Action and the Detail
A narrator who is striving after clear presentation must try to avoid telling the story
of a large number of people at once. The listener can only identify with a crowd if
they act as a single-minded unit, not as individuals. Otherwise, being faced with a
number of characters will confuse the imagination and blur the picture. Apollonius
often speaks of his Argonauts as a group, who have done this or that, without going
into details. This cannot be avoided if, like Apollonius and Virgil, one has a hero
who is surrounded by a number of followers; but as soon as Virgil reaches such a
passage he makes haste to concentrate on individuals. Apollonius describes, for
example, the funeral feast of Idmon (2.837): 'there they interrupted their journey;
sad at heart they tended the corpse. For three whole days they mourned; on the
following day they embalmed him most excellently, and the people (the Marian-
dyni) together with king Lycus took part in the burial rite; there they slaughtered a
great number of sheep, as is right when someone has died. And a monument has
been raised to this man in that land, with a sign on it, so that even those as yet
unborn will see it, an olive-tree fit for constructing a ship'. Compare this with the
funeral ceremony for Misenus, 6.212ff.; Virgil doubtless had Apollonius' scene in
mind when he wrote it. Virgil, too, begins with a general statement: 'The Trojans
mourned Misenus on the shore, and paid their last respects to his ashes.' But this is
356 followed by a detailed description of the erection of the funeral pyre and an equally
detailed description of the further business, which focusses on individual groups:
p a r s calidos latices . . . expediunt . . . p a r s ingenti subiere feretro . . . [some prepare
warm water . . . some raised the great bier on their shoulders], until we come to
individual people: ossa cado texit C o r y n a e u s , idem etc., at pius A e n e a s
sepulcrum imponit etc. [Corynaeus enclosed the bones in an urn, he also . . . but
Aeneas the true imposed a barrow]. It is the same when they land in Hesperia (6.5):
the young men jump ashore: some of them strike fire from flints, some fetch
kindling from the forest, some look for running water and show others where to find
it. It is the same when they land in Libya. The Trojans go ashore and stretch their
limbs on the beach: Achates lights a fire etc.: then the preparation of the meal: they
dismember the stag, some cut the meat into pieces and stick it on spits, others set
cauldrons to boil etc.
These are accounts of peaceful, everyday activities. The same need to concen-
trate on small groups is more urgent when martial deeds are being portrayed. Here,
if anywhere, Virgil has learned from Homer. In the Iliad , almost without exception,
the narrative moves as quickly as possible from speaking about a group to speaking
about individuals. A general description was unavoidable when the Italic peoples
rose up in arms (7.623). This begins with only one line to sum up the whole
situation: ardet inexcita Ausonia atque immobilis ante [Italy, the quiet land which
no alarm could rouse before, was ablaze]; then, as in the previous examples, the
action divides: pars pedes ire parat campis , pars arduus altis pulverulentus equis
furit [some made ready to march on foot across her plains, some galloped madly in
clouds of dust, riding high on tall horses] (where the epithets set individuals before
us, and the detail gives us a precise picture instead of a general statement like 'they
prepared to fight on horseback'); then five cities are named, which are manufactur-
ing new weapons, and this is described in great detail; finally, when the signal to
advance sounds, we come to individuals: hic galeam tectis trepidus rapit etc. [one
man seizes a helmet from his house with trembling hands], and this is followed by a
list of individually named leaders. Or we may then look at the first assault of the
enemy on the camp (9.25): only one line of general description, then we are shown
individuals; then only one line about the Trojans collectively, then direct speech
from Caicus, calling to arms. Or the situation of the beleaguered Trojans, 10.120ff.:
it is important for us to remember the position, and so more space is devoted to
describing it; however, it is not a general description but a kind of catalogue of the
leaders, which we do not really expect to find here, and which probably would not
357 have come here if the poet had not had this particular purpose. Virgil does the same
thing in the battle-scenes; it is significant that the general description is by far the
longest in the cavalry battle, 11.597-635 (in which there is only one single duel) and
868ff.: the men storm up and chase back in such a compact group that they appear to
be a single unit. But here (624ff.), as in similar cases[1] the very short general description
is backed up by a most appropriate simile; here, too, Homer had shown the way –
remember the three consecutive similes in Iliad 2 when the armies advance.