5—
Surprise
A sudden reversal, such as we have just described, will generally mean that one or
all of those concerned are surprised . Such surprise, which results from sudden and
unexpected events, and emphasizes their significance to some extent, plays an im-
portant rôle in Virgil's action, even in places where we can hardly speak of a
peripeteia . Consider how Aeneas' appearance surprises Andromache,[77] Dido,[78]
Acestes,[79] and Evander and his men,[80] or think of Aeneas' own experiences during
the last stages of the sack of Troy: Venus' appearance, his father's refusal, flame-
omens, the heavenly auspice, the sight of the enemy, the loss of Creusa, the vision of
her – it is clear that he tumbles from one surprise to another, and when he finally
327 returns to his household he is also amazed to face a quite different sight from what
he expected.[81] Comparison with Homer again sets this characteristic in a clearer
light. In Iliad 4, when the Trojans advance to fight after the breach of the treaty,
Homer merely says of the Achaeans ![]()
[once more they put on their armour and turned their thoughts to battle]
(Iliad 4.222). How Virgil would have depicted this, one can imagine from a scene in
Book 11 (445ff.). The armistice is over, in Laurentum they must realize that the
fighting will start again, but the scene is described like this:
nuntius ingenti per regia tecta tumultu
ecce ruit magnisque urbem terroribus implet ,
instructos acie Tiberino a flumine Teucros
Tyrrhenamque manum totis descendere campis .
extemplo turbati animi concussaque vulgi
pectora etc.
[and, see, the news now darted swiftly through the palace buildings, spreading
intense excitement and striking keen alarm into the city; the Trojans, marshalled for
battle, and with them the Etruscan contingent, were bearing down on them all over
the plain from the river Tiber. At once the nation was shaken to the heart and thrown
into confusion]. In the Homeric boxing-match when Epeius issues his insolent
challenge, the others all remain silent. 'Only Euryalus went out to meet him . . . . The
son of Tydeus encouraged him to fight' ( Iliad 23.676). When Eryx decides to accept
the challenge (5.400), he throws two powerful caestus [boxing-leathers] into the
ring: obstipuere animi . . . ante omnis stupet ipse Dares [all were astounded . . . but
Dares himself was the most impressed]. A whole group of such events is formed by
the appearances of gods and their subsequent recognition. In Homer, when Ajax
recognizes Poseidon ( Iliad 13.61), Aeneas Apollo (17.333), Priam Hermes (24.468),
no words are wasted on describing the effect. It is unusually explicit when Helen 'is
surprised' when she becomes aware of Aphrodite's presence (3.398). In such cases,
Virgil never forgets to describe to us the terrible astonishment which befalls the
mortal – aspectu obmutuit amens , arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit
(4.279) [he was struck dumb by the vision. He was out of his wits, his hair bristled
with a shiver of fear, and his voice was checked in his throat], or however else it is
expressed.
We mentioned something in section 2 (p. 251f.) which belongs here: the fact that
characters who are to play a significant part in the action enter suddenly and swiftly.
On p. 9f. we looked at Laocoon's entrance from this point of view. There is no
328 better parallel than Camilla's entrance in Book 11, before her aristeia begins. One
might have expected her to take part in the council; she is not mentioned there at all;
Turnus hurries down from the citadel ready for battle (498):
obvia cui Volscorum acie comitante Camilla
o c c u r r i t , portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis
desiluit , quam tota cohors imitata relictis
ad terram defluxit equis
[here quickly Camilla rode up to meet him, her Volscian regiment with her, and hard
by the gates the princess leapt from her horse; and all her band, following her lead,
dismounted, slipping deftly to the ground].[82] We can see the scene. How much more
effective it is than if Camilla and Turnus had already decided on their strategy in the
council-house, and what a bright light it throws on Camilla at the very moment
when she steps to the forefront of the action.