The Way the World is
  Preface

 collapse section1  Ethnographic and Theoretical Introduction
 •The Ethnographic Focus
 •Incomplete Sharing and Cultural "Explanations"
 •"Molecular" Processes and the Enduring Myth of Complete Sharing
 •Culture and "Culture"
 •"Status": Culture's Action Arm
 •Culture and Its Distribution
 collapse sectionStatus: The Action Arm of Culture
 •Identifiers
 •Salience Understandings
 •Specific and General Expectations
 collapse sectionGeneral Expectations, Cultural Sharing, and the Effectiveness of Statuses
 •"Tokens" and "Guides"
 •"Cultural Models" and General Expectations
 •Identifiers, General Expectations, and More on Models
 •"Shame" and Its Agents
 •"Role" as a Part of Status
 •General Expectations and the Effects of Unshared Culture
 •Cultural Distribution and Social Structure
 •The Organization of Culture by Statuses
 collapse section2  Akher Zamani  Mombasa Swahili History and Contemporary Society
 •The Swahili in Contemporary Mombasa
 •Contemporary Old Town and Mombasa
 collapse sectionOld Mombasa
 •Beginning: 1000–1500
 •The Coming of the Two-Section Community: 1500–1836
 •The Busaidi and the British: 1837–1964
 collapse section3  The Brotherhood of Coconuts  Unity, Conflict, and Narrowing Loyalties
 •Introduction
 •Asserting Arab Ethnicity and Its Effect on the Community
 collapse sectionNew Community Divisions
 •"Natives" and "Nonnatives"
 •Section Competitions
 •Unity Through Competition and Its End
 •National Politics and Its Indirect, Profound Influence
 •Current State of the Community and the Section System
 •"Ethnic" Status and the Destruction of the Two-Section System
 •Marriage and Community in Contemporary Mombasa
 •"Clans" and Other Designations Wrongly or Rarely Used
 •Residence
 •Outside Contacts and Community Importance
 •Diminished Prosperity
 •Less Expensive Life-Crises Rituals
 collapse section4  He Who Eats with You  Kinship, Family, and Neighborhood
 •Kin, Household, and Nuclear Family
 collapse sectionSwahili Kinship
 •Parents and Children
 •Mother's Siblings and Father's Siblings
 •Siblings and Cousins
 •Matrilateral Association and Affection
 •Generational Kin Term Uses
 •Kin and Expectations
 •The Importance of General Expectations
 collapse sectionMutual Choice in Forming a Social "Pool"
 •Neighbors
 •Relations with Non-Swahili Neighbors
 •"One Character,"  "Accustomedness," and "Love":  The Emotional States Understood as Usual in Close Relationships
 •Inclusive Neighborhoods: Old Town Sections
 •Residence Choice and Household Location
 collapse section"Adoption"
 •The Lives of Adopted Children and of "Natural" Children
 collapse sectionMarriage for Women, Jobs for Men
 •Arranged First Marriages
 •Selecting the Families of Those Who are to Marry
 •Rejecting or Not Extending Proposals
 •The Basis for Successful Marriages
 •Bride Wealth
 •Divorce
 collapse sectionNuclear Family Life
 •Family Activity
 •The Division of Activity by Gender in the Family and Generally
 •Employment
 •The Central Place of the Nuclear Family
 collapse section5  Understanding is Like Hair  Limited Cultural Sharing and the Inappropriateness of "All by All" and "Some by Some" Models for Swahili Culture
 •Introduction
 •"Status"
 •Measuring Cultural Sharing
 •The Limits in the Amount of Family Culture Shared by Family Members and Community Members from Different Families
 •Are the Swahili a "Homogeneous Society"?
 •Extent of Sharing within the Family Versus Extent of Total Group Sharing
 •Less Sharing Among Members of the Same Named Statuses than Among Fellow Family Members with Different Family Statuses
 •"Family Member" as a Status
 •Status Membership and the Sharing of Status Culture
 •Relationships: Do Participants Share Their Culture More?
 •Neither "All by All" Nor, without Modification, "Some by Some"
 •Dealing with the Fact of Diversity
 collapse section6  Close One of Your Eyes  Concealing Differences Between the Generations and the Uses of "Tokens"
 •Introduction
 •Differences Between Younger and Older Men and Women
 collapse sectionDifferences Between Age Groupings, Uniformity within Them
 •Attempting to Measure Generation Gap Differences
 •The Survey Study of Generational Differences in Sharing Understandings Concerning the Generation Gap
 •Apparent Differences Between Culture and Behavior
 •"Phatic Communion," Interpersonal Relations, and Questionnaires
 •"Tokens" and "Guides"
 •Sharing, Nonsharing, and Social Life: Predictability
 collapse section7  Liking Only Those in Your Eye  Relationship Terms, Statuses, and Cultural Models
 •Status, Culture's Action Arm
 •Role, a Subunit of Status
 •Cultural Models, Language, and Statuses
 collapse sectionFour Kinds of Statuses
 •Simplex and Multiplex Relationships and the Statuses Involved
 •Two Functions of Statuses
 •Statuses, Expectations, and Evaluations
 •Who is a What?
 •Expectations and Double Contingency
 collapse section"Relationship Terms" and Shared Understandings
 •Investigating Terms Concerning Expectations and Relationships
 •Honor and Deference: How Terms Encourage Conformity
 •Unfavorable Terms and Understandings Mainly about the Young
 •Expectations in Specific Relationships
 •Effects of Relationship Terms through Contrast
 collapse sectionThe Virtues of Reserving Special Treatment for Those in Special Relationships
 •Liking Only Those in Your Eye
 •Being Accustomed
 •Broad Personal Traits, Broad Expectations, and Hierarchy
 •Respect and Reciprocity
 •Hierarchy as a General Understanding Supported by the Use of a Variety of Terms
 •Terms and Conformity
 collapse sectionSome General Understandings of the World and Relationships
 •Characterizations of Conflict Bringers
 •Insults, Conflict, and Secrecy/Privacy
 •Insults, Honor, and Expectations
 •The Part of Relationship Terms in Cultural Dynamics: Cultural Models
 collapse section8  Tongues are Spears  Shame and Differentiated Conformity
 collapse sectionShame, Status, and Limited Sharing
 •Double Status Relativity and, Also, Uniform Judgment
 •"Shame"
 •The Power of "Aibu"
 •Secrecy and Shame
 •Recognizing Aibu: Different Ideals and Different Agents
 •Some Universal Bases for Aibu
 •Aibu without Personal Belief in Having Erred
 •Aibu and Significant Others: Arbiters and Sanctioners
 •The Distribution of Culture
 •Statuses as the Basis for Judgment
 •Status Differences and Privacy
 •Self-Reinforcing "Fear"
 •Aibu as a Social and Psychological Process
 collapse sectionCultural Change, Shame, and Cultural Distribution
 •Arbiters and Cultural Change
 collapse sectionShame, Behavior, and the Distribution of Culture
 •Balancing Shame and Contrary Forces: A Little Case
 •Shame as a Support for Cultural Diversity
 collapse section9  Leaning on the Cow's Fat Hump  Medical Choices, Unshared Culture, and General Expectations
 •Cultural Organization
 •Limited Sharing of Vital Understandings and Organization
 •A Cultural Pattern: An Intrinsic Organization
 collapse sectionExpert Understanding of Body Functioning and Illness
 •Body Functioning and the Bodily Elements
 •The Classification of Food and Drink in the Balance System
 collapse sectionExpert Understandings of the Causes of Illness
 •Diagnosis and Treatment
 •Morality, Illness, and Organization
 •Balance as a Desideratum in Social Relations
 •Balance in Understandings about the Body and about Social Relations
 •Patterns, Nonsharing, and Cultural Organization
 •Laymen's Understandings about Illness and Body Functioning
 •Cultural Organization and Guidance: Choice without Understandings
 •Illness and Treatment
 •Medical Care and Advisers
 •Advice in Multiplex Relations with General Expectations
 •Advisers' Understandings and Experience
 •Social Relationships and Plans of Action: Cultural But Extrinsically Organized
 collapse sectionGeneral Expectations and Cultural Organizations: It isn't What You Know
 •Why Advice is Followed
 •Illness, Nonsharing and "Patterns"
 •Conclusion and Summary
 collapse section10  A Wife is Clothes  Family Politics, Cultural Organization, and Social Structure
 collapse sectionPower in Marriage
 •Women's Social Relations and Prestige
 •Gender Statuses and Salience Understandings
 •Gender Statuses and Differences Between Them
 •Comparing Men's and Women's Social Relations
 •Wedding Ceremonies and the Gender Statuses
 •Relations with Close Kin: Warmth for Women, Restrictions for Men
 •The Spouse Relationship: Feelings and Funds
 •Divorce, Death, and Gender Differences in the Significance of Marriage
 •Husbands, Wives, Love, and Marriage
 •The Real Power of the Husband/Father
 •The Husband/Father's Real Need for Warmth and Emotional Support
 •Women's Happiness and Wives' Power
 •Understandings about Women, Social Structure, and Wives' Power
 •Social Structure's Strictures: More on Unshared Culture
 collapse section11  The Dynamics of Swahili Culture  A Status-Centered View
 •Invoking "Shared Beliefs and Values"—and Why Not
 •How Cultural Elements Affect Those Who Do Not Share Them: Statuses, Cultural Distribution, and Prediction
 •Statuses: Bringing Culture to Bear on Everyday Concerns for Sharers and Nonsharers Alike
 •Evaluation as the Foundation of Social Life, Status as the Foundation of Evaluation
 •How Unshared Evaluative Understandings Serve to Affect Behavior
 •Statuses as a Source of Morality When Understandings Differ
 •Broader Consequences of Social Relationships
 •"Delivery Systems" and Cultural Guidance for Life's Problems
 •Limited Sharing within Statuses and the Sources of Statuses' Effectiveness: The Issues
 •Conformity and Status Effectiveness: Universal Sharing and the Role of Tokens
 •When Tokens are Not Guides But Have Manifest Results
 •Divergent Understandings and Double Contingency
 •The Necessity for "Common Standards" and the Question of Sharing
 •Universal Sharing and the Importance of Relationships: "I Know You!"
 •Relationship Terms and Cultural Models
 •The Importance of Positive Assessments: A Universal Lesson and Ubiquitous Source of Cultural Conformity
 •Cultural Conformity: Bases for Shame and Guilt
 •Conformity to Communitywide and Status-Specific Understandings
 •Statuses and Cultural Conformity
 •Judging and Sharing: Conformity Independent of Consensus
 •Limiting Cultural Diversity with Cultural Models
 •Multiplex Relationships, Conformity, and General Expectations
 •General Expectations, Cultural Sharing, and the Scope of Multiplex Relationships
 collapse sectionSharing Identifying Understandings
 •Importation in Swahili Medical Treatment: It isn't What You Know
 •Cultural Organization and General Expectations
 collapse section"Patterns" or Common Element Organizations
 •A "Pattern" and How It Can Be Effective Given Limited Sharing
 •Transmission by Simplex Relationships and Its Limits
 •Social Structure as an Independent Influence on Behavior
 •The Social Structural Importance of Multiplex Relationships and Their General Expectations
 •Social Structure as an Independent Influence on Behavior
 •Culture and "Cultural Products"
 •Wives' Power De Nihilo: Social Structure's Effects Independent from Culture
 •Social Structure's Effect: Blocking and Channeling
 •Hakuna Refu Lisilo Ncha : Nothing is So Long that it has No End

 collapse sectionNotes
 •1 Ethnographic and Theoretical Introduction
 •2 Akher Zamani Mombasa Swahili History and Contemporary Society
 •3 The Brotherhood of Coconuts Unity, Conflict, and Narrowing Loyalties
 •4 He Who Eats with You Kinship, Family, and Neighborhood
 •5 Understanding is Like Hair Limited Cultural Sharing and the Inappropriateness of "All by All" and "Some by Some" Models for Swahili Culture
 •6 Close One of Your Eyes Concealing Differences Between the Generations and the Uses of "Tokens"
 •7 Liking Only Those in Your Eye Relationship Terms, Statuses, and Cultural Models
 •8 Tongues are Spears Shame and Differentiated Conformity
 •9 Leaning on the Cow's Fat Hump Medical Choices, Unshared Culture, and General Expectations
 •10 A Wife is Clothes Family Politics, Cultural Organization, and Social Structure
 •11 The Dynamics of Swahili Culture A Status-Centered View
  References
 collapse sectionIndex
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •Y
 •Z
collapse section Collapse All | Expand All expand section