Index
A
Accustomed, love compared to, 79 , 318 n.
See also Love
Adoption, 85 -87
African and Arab contributions to Swahili, 29
Aibu. See Shame
Aida, seclusion of widows, 257 .
See also Death; Marriage
Akong'a, Joshua, xii
"All by all" cultural sharing. See Cultural sharing
Amity, 171 -172
Arab administration, 44
Arabs:
identity, 43 -45;
Swahili relations with, 2 , 9 -10, 36 , 37 .
See also Omani; Swahili; Swahili Arabs; Zanzibari Arabs
Arbiters, 16 -18, 189 -190, 197 -201, 328 n;
defined, 190 ;
See also Cultural change; Sanctioners; Shame
Arens, W., 313 n
Aronoff, Myron, xiii
Azzan, Rashid, xii
B
Balance pattern, 214 -216, 220 -221, 224 , 302 -303, 324 n;
in body functioning, 223 ;
in social relations, 221 -223
Baraza, 317 n
Bena, 180 , 317 , 324 n, 327 n
Benedict, R., 302
Berg, F., 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 -37, 54 , 315 n
Berg, F. and B. Walters, 30 , 36
Berg, Sheila, xiii
Berlin, B. and P. Kay, 102
Body functioning and bodily elements, 213 -217.
See also Balance pattern; Medical treatment; Patterns of culture
Bride wealth, 93
British:
alienation of Swahili land, 39 -40;
different classification for Swahili and Arabs, 45 -46;
Imperial British East Africa Company, 37 -38;
influence on Omani sultan, 37 ;
slaves and, 37 -39;
views of Swahili and Arabs, 38.
See also Mazrui
Busaidi rulers, 35 -37, 42 -43
Bwaan Dumila, xii
Bwiti cult, 138 -139
C
Census, 83 -85
Charter, 263
Children:
adopted versus "natural," 86 .
See also Parents and children
Christianity, 9
Cicourel, A., 274
Clans, 53 -54
Coefficient of cultural sharing:
calculating, 103 -104;
defined, 103
Cohen, Ronald, xiii
Costume of Swahili, 126 -127, 141
Cultural change:
arbiters and, 203 -204;
women and, 266 -267
Cultural conformity:
conflicting standards and, 293 ;
cultural models and, 148 ;
dif-
ferentiated called for by variety of status anyone occupies, 292 ;
double status dependency and, 291 -292;
effective inducements for, 294 ;
relationship terms and, 170 -171;
statuses and, 278 -280;
unshared culture and, 292 -293.
See also Expectations; Status
Cultural development, 4
Cultural distribution, 7 ;
and cultural organization, 325 n;
and limited cultural sharing, 269 ;
shame and, 190 -191, 202 -205, 272 -273;
and social structure, 21 ;
statuses as means for, 117 -118, 273 .
See also Cultural organization; Cultural sharing
Cultural models:
and action, 328 n;
and advertising, 324 n;
as behavioral guides and promoting conformity, 175 -176;
conformity and, 148 ;
general expectations and, 13 -14;
language and, 147 ;
as paradigms, 285 ;
political use of, 328 n;
schemata and, 148 ;
status, role and, 147 .
See also Cultural conformity; Cultural organization; General expectations
Cultural organization:
contrast between intrinsic and extrinsic, 235 -237;
general expectations and, 236 -237, 300 -302;
individual and, 210 , 235 -241;
of medical understandings and social morality, 220 -224;
statuses as base for, 21 -22, 278 -279, 325 n.
See also Cultural conformity; Cultural distribution
Cultural products:
emotionality for men is, in spouse relationship, 266 ;
and "material culture," 329 ;
social as, 308 .
See also Culture
Cultural sharing:
"all by all" sharing, 4 , 122 -123, 283 -284;
comparing Swahili sharing to other societies, 108 -109, 319 n;
continuing use of complete for explanations, 4 , 100 ;
cultural distribution and, 117 ;
culture works despite limits in, 3 -6;
does not by itself explain behavior, 272 ;
experts' sharing as base for pattern, 223 -224;
limited among members of same status, 3 , 14 , 110 -118;
limited even in nuclear family, 98 ;
limited in multiplex relations, 156 ;
measuring, 102 -105;
predictability and, 191 ;
sample for measuring, 104 -105;
of tokens providing poor predictability by itself, 273 ;
users' belief in, 273 ;
within family, 108 -110.
See also Relationships; Social structure; Status; Swahili; Unshared culture
Culture:
delivery required for usefulness, 277 -278;
difference between and behavior, 5 -6;
effects on nonsharers, 126 , 305 -307, 310 ;
general expectations essential to effectiveness of, 296 -297;
as information economy, 274 ;
meaning and, 5 ;
moral force of contingent, 275 ;
See also Cultural development; Cultural distribution; Cultural models; Cultural organization; Cultural products; Social structure; Status and culture; Unshared culture
"Culture loaded" language, 140 , 147 , 314 n
D
D'Andrade, R., 7 , 147 , 148 , 209 , 227
Death, different effects of spouse loss on women and men, 257 -258.
See also Husbands; Wives
Divorce, 93 -94, 255 -258, 326 n.
See also Husbands; Marriage; Wives
Double contingency, 155 , 175 , 282 -283
Douglas, M., 220
Drunkenness, 257
Duruma:
allied with Three Tribes, 34 .
See also Mijikenda
E
Eastman, C., xiii , 140 , 173 , 313 n
Equivalence structure, 122 , 156 , 282
Ethnic statuses and community membership, 50 -52
Ethnocentrism, 148 -149
Ethnographic overview, 2 -3
Evaluation, 150 -152, 180 , 188 , 326 n;
and cultural dynamics, 284 , 287 ;
and cultural models, 175 -176, 285 -287;
different weights and transitivity of, 286 -287;
differing concern within different communities, 288 -289, 329 n;
embedded in statuses, 274 ;
part of different types of understandings in, 276 ;
relationships and effects of, 287 ;
as source of continuing socialization, 287 -288;
status agreement vital for, in relationships, 275 -280;
without sharing relevant values, 276 .
See also Expectations; Shame; Status; Unshared culture
Evans-Pritchard, E., 220 , 239
Evil eye, 174 -175, 322 n, 323 n-324n
Eyes of the grown people, 197 -198, 322 n
cultural functioning and, 12 , 284 -287;
and cultural transmission, 305 -307;
defined, 8 ;
differences in simplex and multiplex relations, 273 , 296 ;
of evaluation, 151 -152, 328 n;
general, 11 -12;
general and kin, 72 ;
general and unshared culture, 18 -20;
interconnected, 151 -152;
meeting in relationships, 156 ;
in relationships involving men, 265 -266;
roles and variety of judgments, 292 ;
specific, 11 ;
status effectiveness derives
from, 279 ;
transmission in relationships, 23 ;
understandings may be limited in, 307 ;
wives' power and expectations involving men, 266 .
See also Evaluation; Shame; Status
Extrinsic organization of schemata, 235 -241
F
Fakhri. See Honor
and daughters, 127 ;
expectations of, 72 -73;
and sons, 128 -129.
See also Gender differences; Husbands; Parents and children
Fadhla. See Reciprocity
Fernandez, J., 20 , 125 , 138 -139, 140 , 239
Fieldwork:
location and purposes, 1 ;
privacy/secrecy as influence on, x -xi, 193 -194, 324 n;
Fortes, M., 313 n
Frake, C., 7
Freeman-Granville, G., 29 , 33
Friendship, 163 -164
G
Gallenic doctors:
treatment by, 217 -220.
See also Herbal doctors
Garro, L., 237
Geertz, C., 224
Gender differences: 194 ;
in closeness to others, 249 -250;
in marriage and divorce, 255 -258;
quality of social relations, 250 -254;
shame, honor, and, 194 -196.
See also Death; Divorce; Husbands; Marriage; Men; Status; Wives; Women
General expectations:
advice effective because of, 300 ;
cultural organization and, 300 -301;
explained, 12 -13;
few required, 273 ;
judgments based on, 73 -74, 296 , 329 n;
kin relationships and, 74 ;
and legitimacy, 321n;
in medical treatment, 18 -20, 211 , 231 -234, 236 -239;
multiplex relationships and, 297 ;
and operation of cultural patterns, 304 ;
relationship terms and, 163 ;
similarity to legitimacy, 321 n;
See also Kinship; Multiplex statuses; Nia ; Unshared culture
Generation gap:
cultural sharing and, 134 -135;
measuring, 130 -133;
two types of data, 132 -134.
See also Guides; Tokens; and Tokens and guides
Generations:
respect for senior, 65 ;
stages of life, 65
Gluckman, M.:
conflict and unity, 50 -52, 316 n;
types of relationships, 149 -150
Gluckman, M., J. Mitchell, J. Barnes, 50 , 328 n
Goodenough, W., 5 -6, 8 , 9 , 14 , 117 , 314 n
Guides, 13 ;
culture must provide, 281 -282;
See Tokens; Tokens and guides
H
Hadhrami:
live in Swahili section, 77 ;
from part of Yemen, 29 ;
recent immigrants, 40
Hallowell, A., 275
Haya. See Modesty and consideration of others
Herbal doctors, xii , 212 -213.
See also Gallenic doctors
Hierarchy as value, 168 -169
History of Swahili:
British and Busaidi period, 35 -40;
contemporary, 25 -28;
ivory trade, 38 ;
Portuguese period, 30 -35.
See also Slaves; Swahili
Holland, D., 3 , 64 , 100 , 117 , 154 , 269 , 294 -295, 325 n
Holland, D. and D. Skinner, 147
Holy, L. and M. Stuchlik, 328 n
Honor, 158 -162;
insults and, 173 -175;
shame and, 182
Horney, K., 136
Horton, M., 28
Household:
criteria for inclusion in cultural sharing, 103 ;
fundamental group, 61 .
See also Nuclear family
Husbands, 72 -73;
power of, 259 -261,
relations with wives, 245 -246, 261 -262.
See also Death; Divorce; Marriage; Men; Women
Hutchins, E., 274
I
Ideal understandings, 188
Identifying understandings, 8 -9, 14 , 15 -16, 101 , 152 -155;
general sharing of, 175 ;
multiplex relationships and, 298 , 329 n.
See also Expectations; Salience understandings; Status
Illness, 18 ;
some causes of, 322 n, 323 n, 324 n.
See also Medical treatment
Imperial British East Africa Company. See British
Importation of understandings, 238 -239, 298 -300
Indians, 27
Insults, 172 -175.
See also Honor
Intentions. See Nia
Interaction:
limited sharing, 143 ;
predictability and, 143 -144;
roles as basis for, 146 -147.
See also Predictability; Role; Tokens; Unshared culture
Islam, 316n, 320n;
attendance at mosques, 57 -58;
Ibathi canon of, 43 ;
religious courts, 55 -56, 65 ;
religious schools, 56 ;
Shafi canon of, 29 ;
Swahili affiliation, 8 -9, 29 .
See also Parents and children, parental blessing; Separation of women and men
J
Jobs, as goal for men, 87
Judgment, 191 -193.
See also Status
K
Kahn, Kamal, xii
Keesing, R., 6 , 7 , 8 , 14 , 64 , 117 , 147 , 227 , 239 , 285 , 313 n, 314 n
Kilindini Tribe, 31 , 34 , 315 n.
See also Three Tribes
Kimvita. See Swahili , dialect of Mombasa community
Kindy, H., 38 , 44 , 45 , 315 n
Kinship:
cannot be denied, 59 ;
factor in marriage, 88 , 89 -90;
nature of relations in, 252 -254;
parents' siblings, 69 -70;
siblings and cousins, 70 -71;
See also Expectations; Fathers; General expectations; Mothers; Neighbors; Parents and children; Patrilineal descent lines
Kinship terms. See Kinship
Knappert, J., 34
Kufu. See Marriage, equal standing of partners' families
L
Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson, 284 -285
Lambert, H., 33
Love:
basis of successful marriages, 93 ;
contrasted with "accustomed," 79 ;
differently manifested to wives and sons, 74 ;
significance of husband's for wife's prestige, 244 -246;
in spouse relationship, 266 .
See also Kinship; Sons; Wives
M
Malindi, 30
Malinowski, B., 137 -138, 263 , 265
Marriage:
equal standing of partners' families, 91 ;
feelings and funds in, 254 -255;
as goal for women, 87 ;
proposals of accepted and rejected, 91 -92;
sex in, 326 n-327n;
significance for men and women, 255 -258.
See also Divorce; Husbands; Love; Wives
Martin, E., 26
Mathew, G., 28
and rebellion against British, 38
Mazrui, Kasim el, 65
Mazrui, Mohammed Suleman, xii
Matabibu. See Gallenic doctors; Herbal doctors
Medical treatment:
choosing with limited understandings, 228 -236;
cost of and government provision, 323 n;
culture guidance in getting, 18 -19;
diagnosis and treatment, 217 -220;
experts' understandings about, 213 -217, 324 n, 325 n;
religiously derived, 324 n;
traditional Swahili, 19 , 217 -220, 323 n;
types available, 229 -231, 324 n;
unshared understandings about, 210 -211, 225 -228, 324 n.
See also Body functioning; General expectations
Men:
activities of, 95 -97;
concern about shame, 194 ;
emotional restrictions of, 252 -254, 258 -259, 309 -310;
jobs for, 97 ;
less openly competitive than women, 248 ;
social relations of, 97 -98, 243 -245, 249 -250, 309 -310;
social structure and, 265 -267, 309 ;
See also Gender differences; Parents and children; Wives; Women
See also Nyika
Mitchell, J., 314 n
Modesty and consideration of others, 167 -168
Mombasa, 314 n;
See also History of Swahili
Mothers, 65 -69, 72 -73, 252 -254, 329 n.
See also Gender differences; Parents and children; Wives; Women
Multiplex statuses and relationships, 149 -152, 290 ;
accepting advice within, 231 -234, 303 ;
cultural organization and, 303 -304;
defined, 149 -150;
difficulty in name, 321 n;
evaluation in, 290 ;
flexibility of expectations, 155 ;
general expectations vital to, 296 -297;
hypothesis concerning central role of, 306 -307;
interpretation vital to judgments in, 296 ;
judgments in, affect behavior most, 295 -296;
role of in plans of action, 235 -241, 295 ;
role of in social structure, 304 ;
role of in unshared culture's influence, 211 .
See also Cultural organization; Expectations; Unshared culture
Murphy, Michael, xiii
Muslim. See Islam
Muungwana , 47 .
See also Nobles
Muyaka (poet), 34
See also Nine Tribes
Mwenye Karama, xii
N
Neighborhoods, 10 , 79 -83, 267 .
See also Kibokoni; Kuze; Mjua Kale; Mkanyageni
Neighbors, 76 -77;
general expectations and, 74 -75;
and kin, 78 ;
relations with non-Swahili, 77 -78.
See also General expectations; Status
Nia (Intentions), 74 , 297 -298.
See also General expectations; Kinship; Marriage
list of member tribes, 32 .
See also History of Swahili; Old Town; Three Tribes; Twelve Tribes
Nobles, 47 , 51 , 90 -91, 158 -159
Nuclear family, 52 ;
center of members' lives, 97 -98, 99 ;
cultural sharing within, 62 , 63 , 100 ;
increased importance of, 242 -243;
joint activities, 94 -97;
relation to household group and community as whole, 61 -62.
See also Fathers; Kinship; Marriage; Mothers; Parents and children
Nurse, D. and T. Spear, 28 , 314 n
Nyika, 44 .
See also Mijikenda
O
Old Town, 27 ;
description, 28 ;
increased crime in 1980s, 57
Omani:
ancient immigration of, 29 ;
families in Twelve Tribes, 36 ;
Swahili resentment of, 46 .
See also Arabs
Oliver, R. and G. Mathew, 315 n
Opler, M., 224
Organization of diversity, 272 , 319 n
P
Parents and children, 252 -254, 318 n;
parental blessing (radhi ), 69 , 318 n;
relations between, 65 -69, 127 -128, 326 n;
relations between adoptive, 320 n.
See also Kinship; Men; Women
Parsons, T., 142 , 155 , 282 , 283 , 307 , 314 n
Pate Island, 29
Patrilinear descent lines:
foreigners belong to wives, 32 ;
general ignorance of membership in, 64 ;
partial base for tribes, 31 -32, 53 -54;
ritual functions of, 317 n
Patterns of culture:
common element, 239 , 301 -303;
defined, 210 -211;
extrinsic organization of medical, 235 -241;
influences of on those not sharing, 211 , 224 ;
intrinsic organization of balance pattern, 211 -212;
processes based on, 240 -241.
See also Cultural organization; Unshared culture
Pelto, J. and G. Pelto, 64 , 125
Phatic communion, 137 -138
Piers, G. and M. Singer, 179 , 288
Pitt-Rivers, J., 307
Poetry, Swahili, 29 -30
Political offices:
during colonial period, 321 n;
sheikh and Wazee , 32 ;
Politics of nuclear family, 243 -244, 318 n
Pollnac, R., 125
Poole, Fitz, xiii
See also History of Swahili
Pouwells, R., 30 , 33 , 37 , 64 , 315 n
Predictability:
different basis in simplex and multiplex relationships, 273 ;
incomplete sharing and, 142 -144, 191 ;
necessary but not sufficient for relationships, 322 n;
See also Expectations; Interaction; Unshared culture
Prins, A., 29 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 314 n, 315 n
Procedural understandings, 284
Proverbs, ix , xi , 41 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 69 , 77 , 124 , 125 , 145 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 165 , 166 , 168 , 177 , 183 -184, 185 , 209 , 222 , 237 , 242 , 248 , 311 ;
collecting and interpreting, 315 n-316n, 327 n
Q
Queen Mwana Mkisi, 29
R
Radhi. See Parents and children
Reciprocity, 163
Relationships:
both types depend on evaluations, 274 -275;
cultural sharing in, 118 -122;
cultural transmission and, 306 -307;
differs according to status types, 149 -152;
essential to cultural functioning and dependent on status agreement, 275 ;
intrinsic merit and connection with other, 307 -308;
judged by nonparticipants as well as participants, 293 ;
predictability essential to, 278 ;
type of expectations differs in multiplex and simplex, 273 ;
uncertainties about standards in, 292 .
See also Evaluation; Expectations; Multiplex statuses; Simplex statuses; Status
Relationship terms:
conformity encouraged by, 161 -165;
cultural elements in, 156 -157;
as cultural models, 175 -176, 284 -287;
emotion and value laden, 158 ;
failure to meet expectations and, 171 ;
shared understandings and, 156 -157;
similar to other symbols as models, 314 n;
study of, 157 ;
twenty-nine examined, 157 -175
Religion. See Islam
Rituals:
decline in performance, 41 -42, 57 ,
58 ;
men's dance competitions, 46 -47, 51 -52;
source of tokens, 245 , 328 n;
women's dance competitions, 47 -48, 316 n;
women's pride in, 42 .
See also Two-section community; Women
Role:
and explanation for limited cultural sharing in statuses, 294 ;
greatest pressures for conformity in, 294 ;
variety of in every status, 292 .
See also Interaction
S
Salience understandings, 10 -11, 102 , 196 , 304 , 314 n;
defined, 8
Salim, A., 28 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 56 , 313 n
Sanctioners, 17 -18, 189 -190, 191 -193, 195 -196, 201 , 291 -292, 309 -310;
defined, 189 -190.
See also Arbiters; Shame
Sanday, P., 125
Sankoff, G., 125
Schema, 19 ;
cultural rather than idiosyncratic, 235 -239;
extrinsic and intrinsic, 211 , 235 -237, 239 -241, 300 -301;
provided by evaluation, 288
Schwartz, T., 125 , 148 , 269 , 271
Secrecy, 317 n;
conflicting judgments and, 293 ;
culturally constituted means of limiting shame, 202 , 290 -291;
honor and, 182
Separation of women and men, 65 , 127 ;
role in wives' power, 243 -246
Shame, 185 -187, 188 , 288 , 322 n;
cultural diversity and, 207 -208;
defined, 180 -181;
diversity of standards for, 194 -197, 204 -205;
double status relativity, 178 , 289 -292;
influence on men's social relations, 258 ;
overview, 16 -17;
secrecy and avoidance of, 193 -194, 201 -202;
status and limited sharing, 177 -178;
status-centered view of, 185 , 192 -196;
two types of, 289 -290;
uniform judgment, 178 -179.
See also Arbiters; Gender differences; Sanctioners
Shaming agents, 178 .
See also Arbiters; Sanctioners
Shared beliefs and values:
neither necessary nor sufficient to explain behavior, 272 -273;
uncritical invocation to explain culture's effectiveness, 3 , 268 -271
Sharifs, 30
Shungmwaya, 315 n
Simplex statuses and relationships, 149 -152, 290 ;
as connected to multiplex, 277 ;
defined, 149 -150;
difficulty in name, 321 n;
transmit understandings in, 303 -304.
See also Cultural sharing; Evaluation;
Expectations; Multiplex statuses; Status
Sister, 74
end of, for Swahili, 39 ;
term for co-, 318 n.
See also British; History of Swahili
Social pool:
definition, 75 ;
of men, women, 76
Social relationships. See Relationships
Social structure:
based in, but has separate effects, 265 -267, 304 -309;
as a cultural product, 308 , 314 n;
defined, 304 ;
role in wives' power, 263 , 265 -267, 308 -309;
shame and, 185 ;
statuses and, 305 -308;
transmission of culture and, 236 -239, 306 -308
Sons: showing love for, 74
Specific expectations, 75 ;
relationship terms and, 165 ;
require little interpretation, 296 ;
transmission of understandings in, 303 ;
widely shared by those in simplex relationships, 273 .
See also Expectations; General expectations; Simplex statuses
Spiro, M., xiii , 7 , 179 , 271 , 327 n
Status:
action arm of culture, 145 -146;
agreement on standards and, 192 , 275 ;
assignment to, 152 -155, 283 , 289 -290;
as basis for judging in shame, 16 -17, 190 -197, 276 -280, 289 -290;
components distribute cultural elements, 273 ;
components of, 8 -12;
and cultural organization, 301 , 325 n;
and culture, 6 -12, 145 -147, 274 ;
defined, 7 -8, 101 -102, 314 n;
as delivery system for other cultural elements, 273 -274, 277 -278;
essential for cultural guidance, 273 ;
establish situations, 327 n-328n;
four kinds of, 149 -151;
functions of, 150 -156;
gender based, 247 -249;
interdependence of, 278 -279;
judgment and, 191 -193, 291 -292;
may not be named, 111 -112, 320 -321n;
multiple occupancy, 10 -11, 267 , 313 -314n;
multiple occupancy and evaluation, 328 n;
one "spilling into" others, 203 , 305 -306;
relation to behavior, 6 , 7 -8, 279 , 305 -308;
sharing culture within, 110 -118, 123 -124, 294 ;
in social structure, 265 -266.
See also Cultural sharing; Evaluation; Expectations; Identifying understandings; Role; Social structure
Stroebel, M., 45 -46, 52 , 57 , 316 n, 325 n
Suleiman, Thabit and Miriam, xii
Sunni. See Islam
continuing effectiveness of culture of, 268 -270, 293 ;
criteria for being a member of group, 8 -9, 26 -27;
dialect of Mombasa
economic condition following World War I, 56 -57;
medical treatment, 18 , 213 -231;
Mombasa community only, 313 n;
other Mombasans' view of, 82 ;
thanks to, 311 ;
traditional but not homogeneous, 108 .
See also Cultural sharing; History of Swahili
Swahili Arabs:
claimed identity with Omani Arabs, 44 ;
defined, 42 ;
identifying traits, 43 -44;
status of in Swahili community, 52 .
See also Arabs; Two-section community; Zanzibari Arabs
Swartz, Audrey, xii
Swartz, M., 29 , 35 , 58 , 101 , 104 , 118 , 120 , 127 , 157 , 269 , 288 , 301 , 313 n, 317 n, 319 n, 321 n, 327 n
Swartz, M. and D. Jordan, 275 , 306 , 307 , 313 n
Swartz, M., V. Turner, A. Tudin, 321 n
T
Tangana Tribe, 32 .
See also Three Tribes
Thoden van Velzen, H. U. E., xiii
Theneshara Taifa.
See also Twelve Tribes
Three Tribes, 316 n;
conflict with Swahili Arabs, 45 ;
help overthrow Mazrui, 35 ;
list of member tribes, 32 .
See also History of Swahili; Nine Tribes; Old Town; Twelve Tribes
Tokens:
basis for predictability, 143 -144;
can be guides as well, 141 ;
dangers of, 280 -282;
limited usefulness of, 281 -282;
mistaken for guides, 320 n;
need not be conscious, 141 ;
smooth social relations, 271 ;
statuses and, 279 -280;
use between Swahili generations, 139 -140;
use in Fang society, 139 .
See also Guides; Ritual; Tokens and guides
Tokens and guides:
distinction between, 141 -142;
functions of, 12 -13;
sharing and, 12 -13
Trusts, 65
Turner, V., 314 n
Tuzin, D., xiii , 280 -281, 329 n
Arab identity and membership in, 45 ;
decline of community, 41 ;
does not refer to "tribes," 315 n;
early history, 315 n.
See also Nine Tribes; Three Tribes; Two-section community
Two-section community:
beginning of, 30 -35;
conflicts and reconciliations, 34 -35, 316 n;
current state of, 49 -50;
dance competitions, 46 -48, 316 n;
decline of both conflict and solidarity, 34 ;
membership in, and ethnic status, 52 -53;
no vernacular term for, 55 ;
unity through opposition, 42 , 48 -49.
See also British; Ethnic statuses; Rituals; Swahili Arabs; Zanzibari Arabs
U
Understandings:
and cultural organization, 325 n;
descriptive and evaluative defined, 275 ;
effects of different types of, 275 -276;
expectations and, 307 ;
many are implicit, 328 n;
need not agree with or share, to be judged by, 292 , 303 ;
not only guide for behavior, 310 ;
shared are culture's elements, 5 -6, 269 ;
similarity to orientations, 283 ;
three types are basis of statuses and social structure, 273 -274.
See also Cultural distribution; Status
Unshared culture:
connected to conformity, 278 ;
cultural diversity promoted by shame, 207 ;
difficulties posed by for most anthropological explanations, 268 -269;
effects on nonsharing group members, 269 , 271 -273, 275 -283;
functions of, 272 ;
general expectations and, 18 -20;
influence on the nonsharers, 228 -241;
between medical experts and patients, 224 -229, 237 , 241 ;
not a bar to accepting advice, 234 -235;
not indicative of Swahil decline, 269 ;
predictability and, 143 ;
shame and role in lessening effects of, 207 -208;
social structure and, 21 -22, 265 -267.
See also Cultural sharing; Interaction; Tokens
Utenzi. See Poetry
V
Values. See Ideal understandings
W
Wakfs. See Trusts
Wallace, A., 120 , 156 , 272 , 282 , 283 , 319 -320n
Wamiji (older women of standing), 47
Waungwana. See Nobles
Wealth: factor in arranging marriage, 91
Willis, R., 227
Wives, 72 ;
control of money, 245 ;
emotional relations with husbands and others, 259 -260;
happiness of, 262 ;
hypothesis explaining power of, 242 , 262 -267, 308 -311;
importance of expectations in husband-wife role, 266 ;
independence from husbands, 266 -267;
satisfying expectations of, 74 , 245 ;
secret, 190 , 316 n-317n, 327 n;
significance for husbands, 98 , 265 -266.
See also Husbands; Love; Mothers; Women
Women:
ascribed nonrationality as a basis for power, 266 ;
changes in statuses of, 305 ;
consulted regarding own marriage, 90 ;
elderly, 318n;
emotional freedom of, 194 , 250 -254, 262 -263, 325 n-326n;
number interviewed, 319 n;
others using possessions of, 164 ;
separation from males, 95 -97,
social relations of, 97 , 244 -246, 249 -250, 252 -254, 326 n;
sources of prestige for, 244 -246;
understandings about, 261 -262, 263 -265, 321 n;
views of men, 263 ;
virginity of, 319 n.
See also Divorce; Husbands; Marriage; Men; Mothers; Parents and children; Wives
Y
Yahya Ali Omar, xii , 132 , 315 n
Yarubi rulers, 32 -34
Yemen. See Hadhrami
Z
Zanzibari Arabs, defined, 42 .
See also Arabs; Swahili Arabs
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