Index

A

Acts of Francesco I (Giambologna), 149

Acts of Pilate, apocryphal, 77 -78, 212 n48

Adoration of the Magi (Botticelli), 103

Aediculae:

in Altar of Liberty, 31 ;

in Del Monte Chapel, 36 ;

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 , 31 , 35 , 38 , 41 , 47 ;

in later emulations of Grimaldi Chapel, 38 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28 -29, 28-29 , 31 , 35

Aesthetic theory:

and critique of cultural-center theory, 148 ;

methodology of, 5 ;

and paragone debate, 4 , 109 , 217 n19;

and relationship of painting and sculpture, 4 , 35 -36, 43 -44, 88 , 95 , 108 , 109 , 149 , 217 n23;

subject matter distinguished from technique in, 1 , 4 ;

and virtù , 93 , 216 n9.

See also Viewers' relation to image

Alberghi , in Genoa, 6

Alberti, Leon Battista, 89 , 95 , 103

Aldobrandini tomb, 204 n8

Alessi, Galeazzo, 9 , 23 , 148 , 190 n17, 210 n41

Algardi, Alessandro, 88

Allegory of Prince Francesco de' Medici (Giambologna), 90 , 91 , 127

Altar of Liberty (Giambologna), in Lucca, 14 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 32 , 91

Altarpieces, design of, 43 -44

Altar walls:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 47 -48, 201 n37;

in Salviati Chapel, 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 202 n46;

in Soccorso Chapel, 46

Ambrose, Saint, 70 , 77 , 78 -79, 212 n49

Ammanati, Bartolommeo, 35 , 139

Andrea del Sarto, 60 , 95 -99, 216 n15, 219 n38

Angels. See Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's six angels for

Anjou family, royal tomb of, 55 , 203 n5

Annales ecclesiastici (Baronius), 76

Annas, depictions of, 133 , 134 , 211 n42

Anselm, Saint, 57

Apollo (Giambologna), 91 , 92 , 195 n12, 217 n20

Apostles' Creed, 71 , 77

Apostolic visitations, 13 , 40 , 63 , 80 , 191 n26, 201 n36

Aquinas, Thomas, 40 , 61

Architectural design:

of Del Monte Chapel, 35 -36;

of Immacolata Chapel, 198 n24;

of Lercari Chapel, 36 -37;

and paintings combined with sculptural niches, 35 -36;

of Pinelli Chapel, 198 n24;

of Senarega Chapel, 198 n24

Architectural design, by Giambologna:

and Altar of Liberty, 27 , 31 ;

and Grimaldi Chapel, 27 -28, 31 -32, 31 , 35 , 196 n16, 196 -97n17, 198 n24;

and Salviati Chapel, 27 -29, 31 -33, 35 , 35 , 196 -97n17, 198 n24;

and Soccorso Chapel, 27 , 31

Arch of Constantine, in Rome, 16

Arch of Titus, in Rome, 122 -23

Aristotle, 40 , 59

Askew, Pamela, 216 n15

Assumption of Saint John (Donatello), 126 , 127

Athelwold, Saint, 67

Augustine, Saint, 78 , 204 n9

Avery, Charles, 1 , 4 , 211 n42, 218 n26

B

Bacchus (Giambologna), 195 n12

Baldinucci, Filippo, 14 , 16 , 18 , 138

Il Bambaia. See Busti, Agostino

Banco di San Giorgio, in Genoa, 9 , 10 , 23

The Banquet of Herod (Andrea del Sarto), 97 , 98

The Baptism of Christ (Francavilla), 220 n43

Baptistery, in Florence, 115 , 118-19

Barabbas, 77 , 78

Baronius, Cesare, 76 , 77 , 79 -80, 212 n49

Bartoccio, Bartolomeo, 83 -84

Basso tomb, in Santa Maria del Popolo, 51 , 55 , 203 n7

Baths of Pozzuoli (Macchietti), 103 , 104

Baxandall, Michael, 216 n9

Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, in Munich, Giambologna's Passion cycle reliefs at, 178 -80, 186

Bellarmine, Robert, 68

Belloni, Vittorio, 194 n3

Benedetto da Maiano, 43 -44, 45

Bernini, Pietro, 18 , 19 , 88 , 149 , 204 n8, 219 n33

Bernstein, JoAnne, 206 n4

Biblia Pauperum , 48

Birago Chapel, in Milan, 64 , 206 -7n5

Bisschop, Cornelis, 202 n39

Boccanegra, Simone, 8

Boggiano, Giovanni Giorgio, 58 , 82

Book of Regensburg , 54

Bordoni, Gerolamo, 11

Borghini, Raffaello, 1 , 14 , 16 , 93 , 104 , 108 , 138 , 188 n3

Borman, Jan, the Younger, 177

Borromeo, Carlo, 66 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 175 , 208 n29;

on sacred art, 80 , 94 , 213 n58, 216 n11

Bossio, Francesco, 40 , 63 , 66 , 80 , 191 n26, 201 n36

Botticelli, Sandro, 103

Brea, Lodovico, 176

Breviarium Romanum , 69

Brilliant, Richard, 89

Bronze, aesthetic appeal of, 25 -26, 59

Bronze casting, in Guglielmo della

Porta's workshop, 18 , 138 , 193 n35

Bronzino, 61 , 104 , 107 , 109 , 217 n23

Buddhist art, 89

Burckhardt, Jakob, 187 n1

Bury, Michael, 62 , 194 n3, 197 n19, 201 n37, 202 n45

Busti, Agostino, 64

C

Caiaphas, depictions of, 75 , 210 -11n42

Caimi, Bernardino, 73 -74

Calvin, John, 68

Camaino, Tino di, 55

Cambiaso, Luca, 26 -27, 39 , 54 , 191 -92n28, 198 n23, 200 n33, 209 n30, 219 n39;

Giambologna's relations with, 88 , 133 -34, 135 ;

Giambologna's work compared with, 61 , 133 -37, 198 n24

Canavesio, Giovanni, 176

Canonical Office, 48

Cappellino, Giovanni Domenico, 198 n24

The Capture of Christ (Francavilla), 220 n43

Carracci, Annibale, 219 n33

Carroll, Margaret D., 188 n3

Castello, Bernardo, 59 , 191 -92n28

Castello, Giovanni Battista, 191 -92n28, 198 n23

Castelnuovo, Enrico, 148

Catechism of 1566, 48 , 57 , 69 , 71

Catherine, Saint, depictions of, 191 -92n28

Catholic Reformation:

and founding of Jesuit order, 54 ;

and Grimaldi Chapel, 6 , 19 , 65 , 68 , 79 , 87 , 88 , 135 , 145 ;

and narrative art, 19 , 87 , 213 n58;

and representation of virtues, 57 ;

and salvation doctrine, 53 -54;

and Salviati Chapel, 19 ;

and view of Pontius Pilate, 65 , 76 , 79 .

See also Council of Trent

Cavalori, Mirabello, 103

Cellini, Benvenuto, 4 , 93 , 108 , 109 , 127 -29, 188 n3, 217 n23

Chapel of Saint Antoninus, in Florence, (Salviati Chapel), 27

Chapel of Saint John the Baptist, in Genoa, 23 , 37 , 59

Chapel of the Holy Cross, in Genoa, (Grimaldi Chapel), 44 , 59

Charity (Giambologna), in Grimaldi Chapel, 21 , 51 -52, 60

Charity (Giambologna), in Santissima Annunziata, 58 -60

Charles V, 65 , 139 , 174

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 48

The Cheese and the Worms (Ginzburg), 215 n72

Chigi Chapel, in Rome, 197 n21

Christ at Emmaus (Santi di Tito), 143

Christ before Annas (Lucas van Leyden), 133 , 134

Christ before Caiaphas , in Corpus Domini cycle, 75

Christ before Caiaphas , in Gonfalone cycle, 75

Christ before Pilate , in Corpus Domini cycle, 71 , 75 , 134

Christ before Pilate (Giambologna), 21 , 40 , 48 , 80 , 210 -11n42;

diagonal groups in, 100 ;

other versions of, 179 , 180 , 181, 184 , 185 ;

spatial construction in, 101 -3;

tripartite compositional scheme of, 95 , 97 -98, 100 ;

vanishing area in, 127

Christ Crowned with Thorns (Giambologna), 21 , 48 , 76 , 100 , 138 ;

other versions of, 179 , 182

Christ in Limbo (Bronzino), 104 , 107

Ciboria, 70 , 175 , 208 n29

Cicero, 57

Civitale, Matteo, 23

Clark, Kenneth, 148

Clement XII, 73

Colleoni, Bartolommeo, 49 , 64

Colleoni Chapel, in Bergamo, 49 , 49 , 64 , 206 n4

Colloquy of Regensburg, 65

Column of Trajan, in Rome, 15 -16

Commissions:

of Cellini's work, 128 ;

of Danti's work, 131 ;

and Genoese engagement of nonlocal artists, 22 -23;

of Giambologna's work (see also Contract), 9 , 10 , 18 , 27 , 133 ;

of Lomi's work, 39

Como, cathedral of, 176

Confraternities, 70 , 96 , 147 , 208 n24, 214 nn63-64, 217 n16

Contarini, Gasparo, 204 n9

Contract, for Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel work, 21 , 25 , 38 -41, 43 , 75 , 133 , 193 -94n2, 197 n17, 201 n37;

Luca Grimaldi's negotiations for, 10 , 19 , 22 -27, 84 ;

Passion cycle reliefs specified in, 21 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 63 ;

text of, 151 -55;

Virtues specified in, 21 , 38 , 48 , 63

Contract, for Giambologna's Soccorso Chapel work, 43 , 166 -73, 200 n13

Contrapposto , 60 , 61 , 124 , 127 , 217 n21

The Conversion of the Proconsul (Raphael), 96

Cope, Maurice E., 174

Cordier, Nicola, 204 n8

Corinthians, book of, 49 -50

Corpus Domini silver casket, in San Lorenzo, Genoa, 70 , 71 , 75 , 133 -34, 135 , 175 , 209 nn29-30

Corte, Niccolò da, 139

Cortesi, Lattanzio, 195 n12

Cosimo I:

and Bronzino's Innocence , 61 ;

and Cellini's Perseus Freeing Andromeda , 128 ;

colored marble favored by, 197 n20;

and Danti's Moses and the Brazen Serpent , 131 ;

and Giambologna's Equestrian Monument , 3 , 4 , 149 ;

and Pierino da Vinci's Cosimo I as Patron of Pisa , 129 , 130 , 131

Cosimo III, 149

Council of Trent:

and burial reforms, 201 n36;

and catechism of 1566, 48 , 57 , 69 ;

and Christ's Passion, 48 , 54 , 57 , 69 , 76 , 135 ;

and church renovation, 13 ;

church schism recognized by, 54 ;

and clerical reform, 65 -66;

and Colloquy of Regensburg, 65 ;

and doctrine of good works, 54 -55, 62 , 72 ;

and doctrine of justification, 50 , 55 -56, 62 , 65 , 68 , 72 ;

and doctrine of Transubstantiation, 68 ;

and narrative art, 43 , 80 , 94 , 147 , 213 n58, 216 n11;

and provincial synods, 66 ;

and Sacrament of the Eucharist, 65 , 68 -70;

and sacrament of penance, 56 ;

and standard missal, 69 ;

and synods, 66 , 80 , 94 ;

and veneration of relics, 40 , 65 ;

and virtues, 48 , 50 , 54 -57, 62 , 202 n40

Crucifix, by Giambologna, in Grimaldi Chapel, 21 , 40 -41, 63 , 194 n3

The Crucifixion , in Colleoni Chapel, 64

The Crucifixion (Francavilla), 220 n43

Crypts, 23 , 45 -46, 202 n37

Cyprian, Saint, 68

D

Dadoes:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 , 33 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28-29 , 29 , 33

Danti, Vincenzo, 130 , 131

David (Bernini), 149

David, Niccolò di, 67

The Decollation of the Baptist (Andrea del Sarto), 97 , 99

Dehejia, Vidya, 89

De Hieroglyphica (Valeriano), 62

Della Porta, Gian Giacomo, 139

Della Porta, Guglielmo:

Aldobrandini tomb commissioned from, 204 n8;

Giambologna's Entombment relief influenced by, 88 , 138 -39, 141 -43;

Passion cycle of, 139 -43, 140-42 , 174 -75, 220 n47;

and relations with Giambologna, 18 , 138 -39, 221 n47;

work in Genoa by, 139 , 148 ;

workshop in Rome of, 18 , 138 , 193 n35

Del Monte Chapel, at San Pietro in Montorio, 35 -36, 36 , 54

De Pictura (Alberti), 89 , 95

The Deposition , in Colleoni Chapel, 64

The Deposition (della Porta), 139 , 140-42 , 141 -43, 221 n50

The Deposition (Francavilla), 220 n43

The Deposition (Vasari), 218 n31

Descent from the Cross (Fra Angelico), 95

De Sculptura (Pomponius Gauricus), 25

De Vries, Adriaen, 148 , 220 n43

Dhanens, Elisabeth, 199 n27, 201 n37, 211 n42

Diagonals:

in Dürer's works, 132 ;

in Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 100 -101

Dio Cassius, 212 n49

Disputationes de controversiis (Bellarmine), 68

Doges, in Genoa, 6 , 8 , 9 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 58 -59, 84

Dominic, Saint, tomb of, 55 , 203 n6

Donatello, 101 , 102 , 105 , 115 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 175 , 203 n7

Doria, Andrea, 6 , 9 , 23 , 139 , 148 ;

funerary chapel of, 23 , 46 , 46

Dosio, Giovanni Antonio, 139 , 220 n47

Drama, religious, 80 -82, 213 -14nn

Du Broeucq, Jacques:

Giambologna's apprenticeship with, 14 -16, 48 , 60 , 64 , 218 n26;

Sainte-Waudru rood screen of, 14 -16, 15-16 , 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 , 207 n6, 218 n26

Duca, Jacopo del, 175 , 208 n29

Dürer, Albrecht, 75 , 131 -32, 132-33 , 177 -78, 211 n42, 219 n38

E

Ecce Homo , in Corpus Domini cycle, 134

Ecce Homo (Du Broeucq), 16 , 16

Ecce Homo (Giambologna), 21 , 48 , 114, 122 , 211 n42;

gradations of relief in, 118 -20;

other versions of, 179 , 182, 184 , 186 ;

spatial construction of, 102 ;

tripartite compositional scheme of, 100 ;

viewers' relation to image in, 106 , 112

Ecce Homo (Rembrandt), 201 n39

Eclecticism, 6 , 88 , 115

Empoli, Jacopo da, 95

Entablatures:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 , 33 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28-29 , 29

The Entombment (Giambologna), 63 , 68 , 137 -43, 194 n2, 220 n43;

Guglielmo della Porta's influence on, 88 , 138 -39, 141 -43;

not specified in Grimaldi contract, 21 , 40 , 137 ;

tripartite scheme in, 138

The Entombment (Pontormo), 104 , 106

Equestrian Monument of Cosimo I (Giambologna), 4 , 5 , 149

Escorial, in Spain, 39 , 135

Ethics (Aristotle), 40

Etruscan art, 89

Eucharist, Sacrament of the, 65 , 68 -70, 72 , 147 , 208 nn23-24, 214 n64

Eusebius, 77 , 212 n49

F

Faith (Giambologna), 21 , 51 -52

Farnese, Ottavio, 195 n12, 196 nn

The Feast of Herod (Donatello), 101 , 102 , 115

Federici, Federico, 44

Female figures, in Giambologna's oeuvre, 59 -60

Fieschi, Andrea, 8

Figura serpentinata , 3 , 216 n10, 217 n21

Fiorenza (Giambologna), 195 n12

The Flagellation (Cambiaso), 135 -37, 136

The Flagellation (Cappellino), 198 n24

The Flagellation , in Colleoni Chapel, 64

The Flagellation , in Corpus Domini cycle, 71 , 134 , 135

The Flagellation (Ghiberti), 115 , 118

The Flagellation (Giambologna), 21 , 48 , 76 , 103 , 124 , 124-25 , 126 -27, 198 n24;

compared to Cambiaso's work, 136 -37;

compared to Ghiberti's work, 115 ;

other versions of, 179 , 181, 185 ;

tripartite compositional scheme of, 97 -98, 100 ;

vanishing area in, 98 , 127

Flanders:

Giambologna's early years in, 14 -16, 218 n26;

Italianate Renaissance style in, 14 -16;

rood screens in, 14 -16, 15-16 , 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 , 218 n26;

silversmiths in, 209 n30

Florence:

Giambologna's long-term residence in, 18 , 27 ;

Giambologna's workshop in, 18 , 195 n12.

See also Salviati Chapel; Soccorso Chapel

Floris, Cornelis, 218 n26

Fochs, Raniero, 209 n30

Fornari, Bartolomeo, 23 , 195 n10

Fornari, Giovanni Battista, 9

Fortitude (Giambologna), 21 , 51 , 60 , 198 -99n25

Fortitude, iconography of, 61

Fra Angelico, 95 , 103 , 105

Francavilla, Pietro, 197 n17, 198 n24, 220 n43

France:

Genoese victory against, 6 ;

and Napoleonic suppression of Franciscans, 14 ;

royal tombs in, 55

Francis, Saint, 8 , 72 -73

Francis I, 65

Franciscan order, 6 , 8 -9;

devotions of, 68 , 72 -74

Freedberg, Sydney, 216 -17n16

Frescoes:

and Andrea del Sarto's Scalzo cycle, 95 -96, 216 n15;

in Lercari Chapel, 54 ;

and Pontormo's Certosa di Galuzzo work, 178 ;

and Raphael's Vatican work, 16 , 95

Friedlaender, Walter, 88

G

Gaddi, Niccolò, 220 n47

Genealogica et Historica (Venasque), 200 n33

Genoa:

alberghi in, 6 ;

Banco di San Giorgio in, 9 , 10 , 23 ;

commerce in, 6 ;

devotion to Christ's Passion in, 147 ;

doges in, 6 , 8 , 9 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 58 -59, 84 ;

foreign aggression against, 6 , 9 ;

fortress of Castelletto in, 8 -9;

government of, 6 , 9 , 84 ;

Guelph party in, 9 ;

and negotiations for Giambologna's services, 22 -23, 155 -59;

nonlocal artists commissioned by, 22 -23, 147 -48;

Padri di Comune in, 9 , 23 ;

Palazzo del Principe in, 23 ;

Passion plays in, 81 -82;

plague of 1577 in, 10 , 58 , 190 n22;

San Pietro di Banchi in, 37 , 190 n22;

Strada Nuova in, 9 , 190 n17, 198 n23;

and struggle with papacy, 83 -84, 215 n70;

synods in, 13 , 66 , 81 -82

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 115 -16, 118-20

Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 95 , 96

Giambologna, life of:

and appellation, 187 n1;

and apprenticeship to Du Broeucq, 14 -16, 48 , 60 , 64 , 218 n26;

and burial place in Florence, 27 , 31 ;

Genoese commission undertaken by, 9 , 10 , 18 , 22 -27, 133 , 148 , 196 n16;

and patronage given by Luca Grimaldi, 9 , 10 , 19 , 22 -27;

and patronage given by Medici family, 1 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 89 , 196 n16;

and patronage given by Bernardo Vecchietti, 18 , 188 n3;

and relations with Luca Cambiaso, 88 , 133 -34, 135 ;

and relations with Guglielmo della Porta, 18 , 138 -39, 221 n47;

and relations with Michelangelo, 18 , 138 ;

and relations with Giovan Battista Paggi, 27 ;

and residence in Florence, 18 , 27 ;

and residence in Rome, 16 , 18 , 122 , 138 -39, 197 n21;

trip to Italy undertaken by, 14 -16, 60 ;

and workshop in Florence, 18 , 89 , 195 n12

Giambologna, works of:

Acts of Francesco I , 149 ;

Allegory of Prince Francesco de' Medici, 90 , 91 , 127 ;

Altar of Liberty, 14 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 32 ;

Apollo , 91 , 92 , 195 n12, 217 n20;

Bacchus , 195 n12;

Equestrian Monument of Cosimo I ,4 , 5 , 149 ;

Fiorenza , 195 n12;

Hercules and the Centaur , 149 ;

Jerusalem panels, 149 ;

Labors of Hercules , 195 n12;

Mercury , 1 , 3 , 195 n12;

Morgante , 108 -9, 108 ;

Neptune Fountain, 91 , 91 , 187 n1;

Nessus and Deianira , 195 n12;

Oceanus Fountain, 90 , 91 ;

Rape of Europa, 90 , 91 ;

Rape of the Sabine statuette, 25 , 26 , 195 n12;

Rape of the Sabines relief, 92 , 93 , 94 ;

Rape of the Sabines statute, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 92 -93, 107 , 108 ;

Saint Antoninus Reconciling the Signoria,41 , 42 , 43 ;

Saint Luke , 149 .

See also Grimaldi Chapel; Salviati Chapel; Soccorso Chapel

Gilbert, Creighton, 187 -88n2

Gilio da Fabriano (Giovanni Andrea), 19 , 216 n11

Ginzburg, Carlo, 148 , 215 n72

Giustis, and tomb of Louis XII, 55 , 204 n8

Gonfalone Oratory painting cycle, in Rome, 75 , 174 , 209 n29

Gonzaga, Don Ferrante, 70 -71

Good Friday:

and Passion plays, 81 , 214 n65;

rites in observance of, 67

Good works, doctrine of, 53 , 54 -55, 59 , 62 , 72

Gorse, George, 190 n17

Gothic architecture, of San Francesco di Castelletto, 6

Gregory of Tours, 212 n49

Gregory XIII, 65 , 83 , 140

Grimaldi, Francesco, 13 , 45 , 70 , 133 , 200 n33

Grimaldi, Luca, 9 -10, 13 ;

and ambassadorial mission to Florence, 23 , 24 , 158 -62;

coronation as doge, 21 , 40 , 58 , 84 ;

and Council of Trent, 63 , 65 , 66 ;

and Genoese struggle with papacy, 83 -84;

Giambologna contracted by, 10 , 19 , 22 -27, 84 , 148 ;

orations in praise of, 21 , 40 , 58 -59, 82 ;

personal library of, 206 n32;

and planning of Grimaldi Chapel, 63 , 65 , 147 ;

public offices held by, 82 -84;

sarcophagus of, 44 -45;

silver medal of, 57 -58, 205 n18;

statue of, 21 , 40 , 47 ;

will of, 44 , 162 -64

Grimaldi, Nicolò, 8 -10, 190 n19

Grimaldi Chapel:

Cambiaso's part in, 39 , 191 -92n28;

and Catholic Reformation, 6 , 19 , 65 , 68 , 79 , 87 , 88 , 135 , 145 ;

destruction of, 6 , 14 , 21 ;

Giambologna's (lost) crucifix in, 21 , 40 -41, 63 , 194 n3;

Luca Grimaldi's (lost) statute in, 21 , 40 , 47 ;

Luca Grimaldi's role in planning of, 63 , 65 ;

Lomi's paintings in, 21 , 22 , 39 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3, 199 n25;

masses celebrated in, 67 -68, 70 ;

Ratti's description of, 40 , 191 -92n28, 210 n42;

relics in, 23 , 40 , 66 -68, 147 , 165 , 200 n34, 201 n37;

sarcophagi in, 44 -47, 201 n36, 202 n37;

Soprani's description of, 14 , 38 -40, 191 -92n28, 194 nn2-3, 198 -99n25, 210 n42;

University of Genoa holdings from, 6 , 14 , 21 , 194 n3

Grimaldi Chapel, architectural design of:

aediculae in, 31 , 31 , 35 , 38 , 41 , 47 ;

altar wall in, 47 -48, 201 n37;

compared to Altar of Liberty, 32 ;

compared to Del Monte Chapel, 35 -36;

compared to Lercari Chapel, 36 -37, 47 -48;

compared to Salviati Chapel, 27 -28, 31 -32, 35 , 41 , 43 , 197 n19;

compared to Soccorso Chapel, 27 , 41 , 43 , 46 -47;

Giambologna's contribution to, 27 -28, 31 -32, 31 , 35 , 196 n16, 196 -97n17, 198 n24;

hypothetical reconstruction of, 21 , 22 , 24-25 , 28 , 35 , 40 -41, 43 -52, 193 n1;

island altar in, 47 -48, 201 n37;

later emulations of, 37 -38, 197 n19;

niches in, 35 , 38 , 39 , 47 , 51 , 54 ;

pediments in, 31 -32, 35 , 38 , 47

Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's freestanding Virtues in, 6 , 23 , 32 -33;

and change from Prudence to Temperance, 40 , 199 n27;

compared to Cambiaso's work, 61 ;

contract specifications for, 21 , 38 , 48 , 63 ;

and Council of Trent decrees, 54 , 55 , 57 , 62 ;

and doctrine of good works, 53 , 59 , 62 ;

figural aspects of, 59 -61;

iconography of, 61 -62;

interactive viewing of, 44 ;

and Mass of Good Friday, 68 ;

metallic composition of, 196 n13;

postures of, 51 , 60 -61;

Ratti's description of, 40 ;

reconstructed placement of, 24-25 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 51 -52, 202 n45;

related to Passion cycle, 48 , 54 , 57 , 62 ;

Soprani's description of, 38 -40, 191 -92n28,

198 -99n25;

sources of, 62 ;

University of Genoa holdings of, 21

Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's Passion cycle reliefs for:

artistic legacy of, 148 -49;

compared to Andrea's Scalzo frescoes, 95 -99, 216 n15;

compared to Birago Chapel cycle, 64 ;

compared to Cambiaso's works, 133 -37, 198 n24;

compared to Flemish art, 218 n26;

compared to Salviati Chapel reliefs, 41 , 43 , 92 ;

compared to Soccorso Chapel reliefs, 41 , 43 , 179 , 180 ;

compositional technique of, 88 , 94 -101;

contract specifications for, 21 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 63 ;

and Council of Trent decrees, 54 , 57 , 94 ;

diagonals in, 100 -101;

distinguished from maniera style, 88 , 104 -5, 127 , 128 , 131 , 143 -45;

and doctrine of salvation, 62 , 87 , 88 , 89 ;

and Franciscan devotions, 68 , 72 , 74 ;

and Genoese struggle against papacy, 84 ;

Ghiberti's influence on, 115 -16;

gradations of relief in, 118 -20, 122 ;

historico-political emphasis of, 74 -76, 77 , 84 , 89 , 93 ;

interactive viewing of, 19 , 44 , 94 ;

and Mass of Good Friday, 68 ;

metallic composition of, 196 n13;

multiple-view technique in, 19 , 88 , 93 , 94 , 106 -12, 115 -16, 118 , 124 , 126 -27, 148 , 149 ;

narrative structure of, 4 -5, 48 , 80 -81, 88 -89, 116 , 131 , 149 ;

orthogonals in, 110 , 111 , 127 ;

and Passion plays, 80 -82;

and prints by northern artists, 131 -33;

Ratti's description of, 40 , 191 -92n28, 210 n42;

reconstructed placement of, 41 , 43 , 48 , 202 n45;

related to Virtues, 48 , 54 , 57 , 62 ;

scholarly accounts of, 4 -6, 192 n28;

sequence of, 48 , 116 , 202 n45;

Soprani's description of, 39 , 40 , 198 -99n25, 210 n42;

spatial construction in, 88 , 101 -3, 132 -33, 137 ;

tripartite scheme in, 95 - 100 ;

University of Genoa holdings of, 21 ;

vanishing areas in, 98 , 110 , 127 ;

viewers' relation to image in, 43 , 88 , 103 -12, 115 -16, 118 , 124 , 126 -27, 145 ;

wax models of, 179 , 180 , 184-85

Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's six angels for, 6 , 10-11 ;

contract specifications for, 21 , 38 ;

metallic composition of, 196 n13;

postures of, 31 -32, 198 n24;

reconstructed placement of, 31 -32;

Soprani's description of, 191 -92n28, 199 n25;

University of Genoa holdings of, 21

Grisaille technique, 216 -17n16

Guelph party, 9

H

Hapsburgs, Spanish, 6

Hedicke, Robert, 64 , 207 n6

Hegesippus, 212 n49

Henry II, 204 n8

Hercules and the Centaur (Giambologna), 149

Heresy, religious, 83

Hildegard of Bingen, Saint, 48

Historia Naturalis (Pliny), 25

Holderbaum, James, 109 , 187 n1, 199 n27, 217 nn, 220 n43

Hood, William, 210 n40

Hope (Giambologna), 21 , 51 -52, 60

Humanism, and rhetoric, 58

I

Ignatius of Loyola, 54

Immacolata Chapel, in Genoa, 37 , 198 n24

Inchiesta (Varchi), 4 , 108 , 109

Indulgences, 189 n10

Innocence (Bronzino), 61

Innocent III, 214 n64

Innocent IV, 8

Innocent VIII, 55 , 203 n7

Inquisition, office of, 83 , 84

Isaac, depictions of, and Lomi's Sacrifice of Isaac , 21 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3

Island altars:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 47 -48, 201 n37;

in Salviati Chapel, 201 n37

J

Jacob and Esau (Ghiberti), 116 , 120

Jerome, Saint, depictions of, 191 -92n28

Jerusalem:

Francavilla's work for, 220 n43;

holy sites in, 73 -74

Jesuits, and Catholic Reformation, 54

John, book of, 48 , 67 , 77 , 81 , 211 n42, 214 n65

John of Caulibus, 210 n36

John the Baptist, depictions of, 96

John XXIII, 203 n7

Joseph of Arimathea, depictions of, 141 -43

Joseph Sold into Egypt (Lomi), 21 , 22 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3

Josephus, 78 , 212 n49, 213 n54

Justice (Giambologna), 7 , 21 , 51 , 60 , 61 , 198 -99n25

Justice, iconography of, 61

Justification, doctrine of, 50 , 55 -56, 62 , 65 , 68 , 72 , 147 , 204 n9

Justin Martyr, Saint, 77

K

Kenseth, Joy, 217 n19

L

Labors of Hercules (Giambologna), 195 n12

Laocoön , 16 , 17

Last Supper (Cambiaso), 13 , 133 , 137 , 137 , 200 n33

Lateran Council, Fourth, 56 , 214 n64

Lavin, Marilyn Aronberg, 216 n16

Lawrence of Porto Maurizio, 73

Lercari, Franco, 198 n23

Lercari Chapel, in San Lorenzo in Genoa, 36 -37, 38 , 47 -48, 59 , 61

Levati, Luigi, 21 , 195 n9

Leyden, Lucas van, 131 , 177 , 219 n38

Liber Scivias (Hildegard of Bingen), 48

Literary criticism, methodology of, 5

Lombardo, Tullio, 204 n7

Lomi, Aurelio, 39 , 199 n25;

Joseph Sold into Egypt by, 21 , 22 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3;

The Sacrifice of Isaac by, 21 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3

Louis XII, tomb of, 55

Loyola. See Ignatius of Loyola

Lucian, 212 n49

Luini, Bernardino, 174

Luke, book of, 77 , 78 , 212 n51

Luther, Martin, 53 , 65 , 68 , 204 n9

M

Macchietti, Girolamo, 103 , 104

Macchioni, Silvana, 194 n3, 196 nn, 202 n45, 211 n42

Madonna and Saints (Fra Angelico), 103 , 105

Maiano, Benedetto da, 95 , 96

Maniera , 1 , 88 , 104 -5, 127 , 128 , 131 , 143 , 218 n31

Marcenaro, Caterina, 209 n30

Margaret of Brabant (queen of Luxembourg), 8 , 53 , 203 n5

Martines, Baldassare, 209 n30

Martyrdom of Saint Vincent (de Vries), 148

Masaccio, 95

Mass, Catholic, 65 , 67 , 68 , 69

Matthew, book of, 202 n38, 211 n42

Maximilian II, 18

Medici, Catherine de', 204 n8

Medici, Cosimo de', 3 , 18 , 61 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 140 , 197 n20

Medici, Ferdinando de', 18 , 43 , 89 , 200 nn31-32

Medici, Francesco de', 18 , 60 , 93 , 216 n9;

Giambologna's allegorical relief of, 90 , 91 , 127 ;

and negotiations for Giambologna's services, 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 155 -62, 196 n16

Medici, Lorenzo de', 216 n9

Meditation, religious:

and Christ's Passion, 73 ;

and virtues, 53 , 61

Meditations on the Life of Christ , 73 , 74 , 210 n36

Melone, Altobello, 176

Memorie e Sepolcri (Pasqua), 45 , 200 n33

Mendelsohn, Leatrice, 216 n9, 217 n23

Mercury (Giambologna), 1 , 3 , 195 n12

Michelangelo:

Giambologna influenced by, 16 , 60 ;

Giambologna's encounter with, 18 , 138 ;

and Varchi's Inchiesta , 109 ;

Vatican frescoes of, 16

Michelozzo, 203 n7

Middle Ages, doctrine of virtues in, 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 61

Miracle of the Spini Child (Ghirlandaio), 95 , 96

Missal, standard, 69

Molanus, Johannes, 216 n11

Monaco, cathedral of, 176

Mone, Jean, 55 , 204 n8

Mons, Sainte-Waudru rood screen in, 14 -16, 15-16 , 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 , 207 n6, 218 n26

Montorsoli, Giovanni, 23 , 59 , 148

Morgante (Bronzino), 109 , 217 n23

Morgante (Giambologna), 108 -9, 108

Morrogh, Andrew, 27 , 196 n17

Moses and the Brazen Serpent (Danti), 130 , 131

Multiple-view technique:

and Giambologna's Apollo , 217 n20;

and Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 19 , 88 , 93 , 94 , 106 -12, 115 -16, 118 , 124 , 126 -27, 148 , 149 ;

and Giambologna's Morgante , 108 -9;

and Giambologna's Rape of the Sabines , 3 -4, 93 , 107

Mystery plays, 80 -82, 213 -14nn

N

Nagler, Alois M., 214 n64

Napoleonic conquest, 14

Narrative art:

and Catholic Reformation, 19 , 87 , 213 n58;

and Council of Trent, 43 , 80 , 94 , 147 , 216 n11;

and doctrine of salvation, 87 , 88 ;

and Giambologna's Equestrian Monument of Cosimo I , 4 ;

and Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 4 -5, 48 , 80 -81, 88 -89, 116 , 131 , 147 , 149 ;

and Giambologna's Rape of the Sabines , 93 ;

and Giambologna's Salviati Chapel reliefs, 4 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 92 ;

and histori-

Narrataive art (continued )

cal accuracy, 80 ;

maniera style of, 128 -29, 131 ;

scholarly study of, 5 -6;

and viewers' relation to images, 3 , 19 , 44 , 218 n25;

Hayden White's analysis of, 87

Nativity, Christ's, depictions of, 191 -92n28, 196 n15

Negrone, Giulio, 21 , 24 , 58 -59, 61 , 195 n11, 206 n31

Neptune Fountain (Giambologna), in Bologna, 91 , 91 , 187 n1

Nessus and Deianira (Giambologna), 195 n12

Netherlands, 201 n39

Niches:

in Chapel of San Luca, 36 , 37 ;

in Del Monte Chapel, 36 ;

in Grimaldi Chapel, 35 , 38 , 39 , 47 , 51 , 54 ;

in later emulations of Grimaldi Chapel, 38 ;

in Lercari Chapel, 36 , 38 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28-29 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 54 ;

in Soccorso Chapel, 31

Nicodemus, depictions of, 141 -43

Nobility, old, in Genoa:

and Republican government, 6 ;

and San Francesco di Castelletto, 9 , 10 , 13 , 70 ;

Strada Nuova dwellings of, 9 , 198 n23

O

Oceanus Fountain (Giambologna), in Florence, 90 , 91

Opluten, Tomaso, 209 n30

Orations, at Luca Grimaldi's coronation, 21 , 40 , 58 -59, 82

Orcagna, Andrea, 199 n27

Orthogonals, in Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 110 , 111 , 127

Orvieto Passion cycle, 209 n29

P

Padri di Comune, in Genoa, 9 , 23

Paggi, Giovan Battista, 27

Painted crosses, Tuscan, 176

Painting, in relation to sculpture, 4 , 35 -36, 43 -44, 88 , 95 , 108 , 109 , 149 , 217 n23

Palazzo del Principe, in Genoa, 23

Paleotti, Gabriele, 19 , 57 , 66 , 80 , 94 , 213 n58, 216 n11

Palladio, Andrea, 27 , 196 -97n17

Pallavicino, Cipriano, 80

Panigarola, Francesco, 74 , 208 n29, 212 n43

Panofsky, Erwin, 199 n27

Paragone debate, 4 , 109 , 217 n19

Parson's Tale (Chaucer), 48

Pasqua, Giulio, 45 , 200 n33

Passion, Christ's:

in catechism of 1566, 48 , 57 , 69 ;

and Council of Trent, 48 , 54 , 57 , 69 , 76 , 135 ;

and devotion to stations of the cross, 73 -74;

and doctrine of justification, 72 ;

and Franciscan devotions, 72 -74;

in Gospel of John, 48 , 67 , 81 , 214 n65;

historical veracity of, 71 -72, 76 -77, 80 ;

linked to virtues, 48 -49, 53 , 54 , 57 , 63 -64, 201 n39;

and Mass of Good Friday, 67 ;

Panigarola's treatise on, 74 , 208 n29, 212 n43;

and physical suffering of Christ, 72 -73;

relics of, 23 , 40 , 66 -68, 165 ;

and religious drama, 80 -82, 213 -14nn;

and Sacrament of the Eucharist, 68 , 70

Passion, Christ's, depictions of:

at Birago Chapel, 64 , 206 n5;

and Brea's works, 176 ;

and Cambiaso's works, 133 -37, 198 n24;

and Canavesio's works, 176 ;

at Colleoni Chapel, 49 , 49 , 64 ;

and Corpus

Domini silver casket, 70 , 71 , 75 , 133 -34, 135 , 175 , 209 nn28-30;

and del Duca's ciborium, 175 ;

and della Porta's works, 139 -43, 174 -75;

and Du Broeucq's Sainte-Waudru rood screen, 15 -16, 64 ;

and Dürer's works, 75 , 132 -33, 177 -78, 211 n42;

and Giambologna's Soccorso Chapel reliefs, 43 , 44 , 179 -80, 181-83 ;

and Gonfalone Oratory painting cycle, 75 , 174 , 209 n29;

and Luini's works, 174 ;

and Orvieto cycle, 209 n29;

and Callisto Piazza's works, 175 -76;

and Pontormo's fresco, 178 ;

and prints by northern artists, 131 -33, 177 -78;

and Rodari's works, 176 ;

and Romanino's works, 176 ;

and Santa Croce cycle, 209 n29;

and Stradano's drawings, 211 n42;

and Tintoretto's works, 174 ;

and Tuscan painted crosses, 176 ;

and van Leyden's works, 133 , 134 , 177 ;

and wooden retables by northern artists, 177 .

See also Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's Passion cycle reliefs for

The Passover Plot (Schonfeld), 206 n2

Patronage, of Giambologna:

by Luca Grimaldi, 9 , 10 , 19 , 22 -27;

by Medici family, 1 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 89 , 196 n16;

by Bernardo Vecchietti, 18 , 188 n3

Paul III, 54 , 65 , 138 , 204 n8

Paul V, 144

Pediments:

in Del Monte Chapel, 36 ;

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 -32, 35 , 38 , 47 ;

in later emulations of Grimaldi Chapel, 38 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 29 , 31 , 32 , 35

Penance, sacrament of, 56 , 147

Pentecost , in Santa Croce cycle, 209 n29

Perino del Vaga, 9 , 23 , 139 , 148 , 191 -92n28

Perseus (Cellini), 93 , 188 n3

Perseus Freeing Andromeda (Cellini), 128 -29, 129

Perugia, Passion plays in, 81

Peter Martyr, Saint, tomb of, 203 n6

Philip II, 10 , 135

Philo, 78 , 212 n49, 213 n54

Piazza, Callisto, 175 -76

Pierino da Vinci, 129 , 130 , 131

Pilasters:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 , 33 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28-29 , 29

Pilate Washing His Hands (Bisschop), 201 n39

Pilate Washing His Hands (Dürer), 132 , 132-33

Pilate Washing His Hands (Ghiberti), 118 , 119

Pilate Washing His Hands (Giambologna), 21 , 48 , 100 , 110, 112 -13 , 127 , 211 n42;

multiple-view technique in, 106 , 110 -12, 124 ;

other versions of, 179 , 180 , 183, 185 ;

spatial construction in, 102 -3, 149

Pilon, Germain, 204 n8

Pinelli Chapel, in Genoa, 37 , 39 , 197 n19

Piombo, Sebastiano del, 219 n42

Pisa, Francavilla's relief panels in, 220 n43

Pisano, Giovanni, 8 , 53 , 203 n5

Pius IV, 139

Pius V, 57 , 69 , 83

Plague of 1577, in Genoa, 10 , 58 , 190 n22

Pliny, 25 , 212 n49

Plutarch, 212 n49

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 50 , 55 , 203 n7

Pomponius Gauricus, 25

Pontius Pilate, in church doctrine, 65 , 76 -79, 80

Pontius Pilate, depictions of:

and Bisschop's works, 202 n39;

and Du Broeucq's Ecce Homo , 16 , 16 ;

and Dürer's works, 132 , 132-33 , 211 n42;

and English Passion plays, 213 n54;

and Ghiberti's works, 118 , 119 ;

and Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 21 , 40 , 48 , 75 -76, 77 , 80 -81, 82 , 84 , 100 -103, 110 -12, 124 , 211 n42

Pontormo, Jacopo da, 104 , 106 , 178 , 219 n38

Pope-Hennessy, John, 4 , 211 n42, 218 n26

Pordenone, 176

Praxiteles, 115

Primaticcio, Francesco, 204 n8

Prints, Christ's Passion depicted in, 131 -33

Procaccini, Camillo, 191 -92n28

Procession of Spoils of Jerusalem , Arch of Titus, 123 , 123

Prodi, Paolo, 213 n58

Protestantism, 53 , 55 , 66 , 68 , 72 , 83 , 201 n39

Prudence (Cambiaso), 54 , 61 , 198 n23

Prudence (Giambologna), 60

Prudence, iconography of, 199 n27

Prudentius, 61

The Punishment of Dirke,15 , 16

Putti. See Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's six angels for

Q

Queensland Art Gallery, in Brisbane, Giambologna's work at, 179 , 185

R

Radcliffe, Anthony, 211 n42

The Raising of the Cross (Francavilla), 220 n43

Rape of Europa (Giambologna), 90 , 91

Rape of the Sabine statuette (Giambologna), 25 , 26 , 195 n12

Rape of the Sabines (Giambologna), 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 92 -93, 107 , 108 ;

relief of, 92 , 93 , 94

Raphael:

Chigi Chapel designed by, 197 n21;

and Giambologna, 16 , 60 ;

School of Athens by, 95 ;

tapestry designs of, 95 ;

Vatican frescoes of, 16 , 95

Ratti, Carlo Giuseppe, 191 -92n28, 194 nn2-3, 210 n42

Reformation:

and doctrine of justification, 55 ;

and doctrine of salvation, 53 -54.

See also Catholic Reformation

Regularis Concordia (Athelwold), 67

Relics, 45 ;

in Doria chapel, 23 ;

in Grimaldi Chapel, 23 , 40 , 66 -68, 147 , 165 , 200 n34, 201 n37;

veneration of, 40 , 65 , 66 , 207 n8

Rembrandt, 202 n39

Replicas, of Giambologna's works, 1 , 43 , 89

Republican government, in Genoa, 6 , 58 , 59

The Resurrection , in Colleoni Chapel, 64

The Resurrection (Francavilla), 220 n43

The Resurrection of Lazarus (Santi di Tito), 143 , 144

Retables, depicting Christ's Passion, 177

Rhetoric, 58 , 93 , 104 , 216 n10

Il riposo (Borghini), 1 , 108 , 188 n3

Rizzo, Antonio, 204 n7

Rochi, Francesco de, 209 n30

Rodari, Tomaso, 176

Rollinger, Wilhelm, 214 n64

Romanino, 176

Romano, Giulio, 148

Rome:

Arch of Constantine in, 16 ;

Arch of Titus in, 122 -23;

Column of Trajan in, 15 -16;

Giambologna's residence in, 15 , 16 , 18 , 122 , 138 -39, 197 n21;

Santa Maria del Popolo in, 16 , 50 , 51 , 197 n21

Rood screens, in Flanders, 14 -16, 15 -16, 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 , 218 n26

Rudolf II, 19

S

The Sacrifice of Isaac (Lomi), 21 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 63 , 68 , 75 , 191 -92n28, 194 n3

Sacri monti , scholarly study of, 210 n40

Sacro Monte, in Lombardy, 74 , 210 nn40-41

Saint Antoninus Reconciling the Signoria (Giambologna), 41 , 42 , 43

Sainte-Waudru rood screen, in Mons (Du Broeucq), 14 -16, 15 -16, 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 , 207 n6, 218 n26

Saint Luke (Giambologna), 149

Saint Stephen Suffering His Martyrdom (Tacca), 148

Salmeron, Alphonsus, 69

Salvation, doctrine of, 53 , 56 , 62 , 84 -85;

and Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 87 , 88 , 89

Salviati Chapel, in Florence, Giambologna's works in, 19 , 25 , 28 -30 ;

altar wall in, 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 202 n46;

architectural design of, 27 -29, 31 -33, 35 , 35 , 196 -97n17, 198 n24;

compared to Altar of Liberty, 31 ;

compared to Grimaldi Chapel, 27 -28, 31 -32, 35 , 41 , 43 , 92 , 147 , 197 n19;

compared to Pinelli Chapel, 198 n24;

compared to Senarega Chapel, 198 n24;

compared to Soccorso Chapel, 31 ;

crypt in, 45 ;

island altar in, 201 n37;

narrative reliefs in, 4 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 92 ;

niches in, 28-29 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 54

San Cassiano, in Venice, 174

San Domenico Maggiore, in Bologna, 55

San Francesco di Castelletto, in Genoa:

Bernardo Castello's work in, 191 -92n28;

Giovanni Battista Castello's work in, 191 -92n28;

demolition of, 14 ;

elite burials in, 8 ;

eucharistic revival in, 70 ;

Franciscan order at, 6 , 8 -9, 72 ;

Gothic architecture of, 6 ;

Grimaldi family as patrons of, 9 , 10 , 13 , 59 , 67 , 190 nn;

Grimaldi family's burial places in, 44 -45;

ground plan of, 13 ;

inspected by church authorities, 80 , 191 n26;

Margaret of Brabant's tomb in, 8 , 53 , 203 n5;

military attacks on, 8 -9;

Napoleonic expropriation of, 14 ;

old nobility's relations with, 9 , 10 , 13 , 70 ;

Perino del Vaga's work in, 191 -92n28;

Procaccini's work in, 191 -92n28;

Ratti's description of, 191 -92n28;

relics donated to, 67 ;

renovation of, 9 , 10 , 13 -14, 22 , 191 n26;

Sarzana's work in, 191 -92n28;

Semino's work in, 191 -92n28;

Spinola's work in, 191 -92n28;

Torre's work in, 192 n28.

See also Grimaldi Chapel

San Giorgio al Palazzo, in Milan, 174

San Lorenzo cathedral, in Genoa, 36 , 38 , 105 , 126 , 133 , 175

San Luca, Chapel of, in Florence, 36 , 37

San Marco church, in Florence, 25 , 27 , 28-30 , 103

San Matteo, in Genoa, 23 , 46 , 59 , 196 n16

San Pietro di Banchi, in Genoa, 37 , 190 n22

Sansedoni Palace, in Siena, 149

San Siro church, in Genoa, 37 , 39

Sansovino, Andrea, 16 , 23 , 43 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 60 , 203 n7

Sansovino, Jacopo, 60

Santa Croce, in Florence, 95 , 209 n29

Santa Maria Assunta, in Carignano, 23

Santa Maria degli Angeli, in Rome, 175

Santa Maria del Popolo, in Rome, 16 , 50 , 51 , 197 n21

Santi di Tito, 95 , 143 -44, 144

Santissima Annunziata, in Florence, 200 n32. See also Soccorso Chapel

Sarcophagi:

in Colleoni Chapel, 64 , 206 n4;

in Doria Chapel, 46 ;

in Grimaldi Chapel, 44 -47, 201 n36, 202 n37;

in Lercari Chapel, 36 , 54 ;

in Santa Maria del Popolo, 51

Sarzana, 191 -92n28

Sassetti Chapel, in Santa Trinità, Florence, 95

Scaglia, Davide, 209 n30

Scalzo frescoes, of Andrea del Sarto, 95 -96, 216 n15

Schiacciato , 119

Schonfeld, Hugh J., 206 n2

Schongauer, Martin, 131 , 177

School of Athens (Raphael), 95

Scrutinio della Nobilità (Federici), 44

Sculpture, in relation to painting, 4 , 35 -36, 43 -44, 88 , 95 , 108 , 109 , 149 , 217 n23

Semino, Andrea, 191 -92n28

Semiotics, 5

Senarega, Giovanni Antonio, 201 n36

Senarega Chapel, in Genoa, 37 , 198 n24, 201 n36

Seripando, Girolamo, 204 n9

Serra Chapel, in Genoa, 37 , 197 n19

Sforza tomb, in Santa Maria del Popolo, 50 , 51 , 55 , 203 n7

Shell, Janice, 207 n5

Sixtus IV, tomb of, 50 , 55 , 144 , 203 n7

Smyth, Craig Hugh, 218 n31

Soccorso Chapel (Giambologna's burial chapel), in Florence, 27 , 31 , 33 -34 , 41 , 46 -47, 47 , 89 , 194 n3, 196 n15, 200 n32;

contract for, 43 , 166 -73, 200 n13;

Passion cycle reliefs in, 43 , 44 , 178 -80, 181-83

Socles:

in Grimaldi Chapel, 31 ;

in Salviati Chapel, 28-29 , 29

Soldani Benzi, Massimiliano, 149

Soprani, Raffaello, Grimaldi Chapel described by, 14 , 38 -40, 191 n28, 194 nn2-3, 198 -99n25, 210 n42

Spain:

Escorial in, 39 ;

Hapsburgs in, 6

Spatial construction:

in Bernini's works, 149 ;

in Cambiaso's works, 137 ;

in Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 88 , 101 -3, 132 -33, 137 , 149

Spinola, Andrea, 191 -92n28

The Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius of Loyola), 54

Stations of the cross, devotion to, 73 -74

Strabo, 212 n49

Stradano, Giovanni, 211 n42

Strada Nuova, in Genoa, 9 , 190 n17, 198 n23

Structuralism, 5

Suetonius, 212 n49

Summers, John David, 216 n10

Synods, 13 , 66 , 80 , 81 -82, 94

T

Tacca, Ferdinando, 148

Tacitus, 77 , 212 n49

Taney, C. Mary, 210 n36

Temperance, iconography of, 199 n27

Temperance (Giambologna), 21 , 40 , 51 -52, 60 -61, 198 -99n25

Tertullian, 212 n49

The Three Marys at the Tomb (Donatello), 127 , 128

Tibaldi, Pellegrino, 210 n41

Tintoretto, 174

Tombs:

church authorities' rules for, 201 n36;

papal, 50 , 55 , 144 , 203 n7;

virtues depicted on, 50 -51, 50 , 53 , 54 -55, 203 -4nn

Torre, Giovannandrea, 192 n28

Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 68 -69, 72 , 214 n64

Tribolo Fountain, at Villa Castello, 195 n12

Tribute Money (Masaccio), 95

Tripartite compositional technique, 94 -100

Tron, Nicolo, tomb of, 203 -4n7

Tuttle, Richard, 187 n1

U

University of Genoa, Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel bronzes at, 6 , 14 , 21 , 194 n3

Urban VIII, 204 n8

V

Valeriano, Pierio, 62

Vanishing areas, in Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 98 , 110 , 127

Varchi, Benedetto, 4 , 108 , 109

Varni, Santo, 209 n30, 211 n42

Vasari, Giorgio, 14 , 16 , 35 , 104 , 108 , 138 -39, 197 n20, 207 n5;

maniera style of, 143 , 218 n31

Vatican frescoes, 16 , 95

Vecchietti, Bernardo, 18 , 188 n3

Venasque, Carolo de, 200 n33

Vendramin tomb, 203 -4n7

Venice, and break with papacy, 83

Via Crucis , in Jerusalem, 72 , 73

Vices, 53 , 61

Victoria and Albert Museum, in London, Giambologna's work at, 179 , 184-85

Vidal, Jaime R., 210 n36

Vienna, Passion plays in, 214 n64

Viewers' relation to image, 3 -4, 19 , 43 , 44 , 218 n25;

Alberti's prescription for, 103 ;

in Giambologna's Grimaldi Chapel reliefs, 43 , 88 , 103 -12, 115 -16, 118 , 124 , 126 -27, 145 .

See also Multiple-view technique

Violence, representation of, in Giambologna's Rape of the Sabines , 3

Virgin Mary, depictions of, 54 , 103 , 105 , 191 -92n28

Virtù , 93 , 216 n9

Virtues:

Aquinas on, 40 ;

and Aristole's Ethics , 40 ;

in Birago Chapel, 207 n5;

in Colleoni Chapel, 49 , 49 , 64 , 206 n4;

Council of Trent on, 48 , 50 , 54 -57, 62 , 202 n40;

in Del Monte Chapel, 36 , 54 ;

and doctrine of good works, 53 , 54 -55, 59 , 62 ;

and doctrine of justification, 50 , 55 -56, 62 ;

and Du

Broeucq's Sainte-Waudru rood screen, 15 , 48 , 49 , 60 , 64 ;

and Grimaldi coat of arms, 40 ;

hierarchy of, 48 -51;

humanist rhetoric of, 58 -59, 206 n31;

iconography of, 61 -62, 199 n27;

in Lercari Chapel, 36 -37, 47 -48, 54 ;

medieval doctrine of, 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 61 ;

meditation on, 53 , 61 ;

Paleotti's treatise on, 57 ;

personification of, 61 ;

related to Christ's Passion, 48 -49, 53 , 54 , 57 , 63 -64, 201 n39;

and tomb decorative tradition, 50 -51, 51 , 53 , 54 -55, 203 -4nn.

See also Grimaldi Chapel, Giambologna's freestanding Virtues in

W

Wax models, of Giambologna's Passion cycle reliefs, 179 , 180 , 184-85

The Way to Calvary , in Colleoni Chapel, 64

The Way to Calvary (Francavilla), 220 n43

The Way to Calvary (Giambologna), 8 , 21 , 48 , 76 , 80 , 112 , 116-17, 121 ;

compared to Vasari's Deposition , 218 n31;

gradations of relief in, 119 , 120 , 122 ;

other versions of, 183 ;

tripartite scheme in, 100 , 138

The Way to Calvary (Vasari), 143 , 145

White, Hayden, 87

Wilhelm of Croy, tomb of, 55

Williams, Arnold, 213 n54

Wittkower, Rudolf, 210 n40, 217 n19

Wool Factory (Cavalori), 103

Z

Zuccaro, Federico, 216 n9

Zwingli, Huldrych, 68 -69

Zwirn, Stephen, 188 n8

Designer: Nola Burger

Compositor: Graphic Composition, Inc.

Text: 11/15 Bembo

Display: Bodoni

Printer: Malloy Lithographing, Inc.

Binder: John H. Dekker & Sons