1. For an overview, see Gabriel A. Almond, Marvin Chodorow, and Roy Harvey Pearce, eds., Progress and Its Discontents (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982). [BACK]

2. See Michael Ignatieff, The Needs of Strangers: An Essay on Privacy, Solidarity, and the Politics of Being Human (New York: Penguin Books, 1985). [BACK]

3. See Seyla Benhabib, ''The Generalized and Concrete Other," in Women and Moral Theory, ed. Eva Kittay and Diane Meyers (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1988), 154-77. [BACK]

4. William Sullivan, Reconstructing Public Philosophy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 95. [BACK]

5. Robert E. Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985). [BACK]

6. Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (New York: Viking Press, 1950), 222. [BACK]

7. John Gardner, On Moral Fiction (New York: Basic Books, 1978). [BACK]

8. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951), 57. [BACK]

10. Various explorations of the relationship between morality and the social sciences have recently begun to appear. See, e.g., Norma Haan, Robert Bellah, Paul Rabinow, and William M. Sullivan, Social Science as Moral Inquiry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); and the literature discussed at greater length in Chapter 8 below. [BACK]

11. One work in modern social science which argues that too great a centralization of authority will undermine sources of regeneration is Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1950). For the views of an economist who argues the other point--that the sum total of anarchic individual continue

decisions can cause a breakdown of the capitalist order--see Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976). [BACK]

12. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 13. [BACK]

13. Geoffrey Brennan and James M. Buchanan, The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 3. [BACK]

14. Gary Becker, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 5. [BACK]

15. Dennis H. Wrong, "The Oversocialized Conception of Man in Modern Sociology," American Sociological Review 26 (April 1961): 183-93. [BACK]

16. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), 173-78. [BACK]

17. Charles Schultze, The Public Use of Private Interest (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1977), 18. [BACK]

18. Lawrence M. Baskir and William A. Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1978). [BACK]

19. Charles C. Moskos, "Citizen Soldier Versus Economic Man," in The Social Fabric, ed. James F. Short, Jr. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1986), 245. [BACK]

20. Milton Friedman, "Why Not a Volunteer Army?" and Walter Oi, "The Costs and Implications of an All Volunteer Force," in The Draft, ed. Sol Tax (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 200-207, 221-51. [BACK]

21. This influence of the "only available job" is why the army became disproportionately black when it relied on the market to recruit. See Charles C. Moskos, "Social Considerations of the All-Volunteer Force," in Military Service in the United States, ed. Brent Scowcroft (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 129-50; and Martin Binkin et al., Blacks and the Military (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1982). [BACK]

22. Morris Janowitz and Charles C. Moskos, "Five Years of the All-Volunteer Force: 1973-1978," Armed Forces and Society 5 (February 1979): 171-218; and Charles C. Moskos and John H. Faris, "Beyond the Marketplace: National Service and the AVF," in Towards a Consensus on Military Policy, ed. Andrew J. Goodpaster, Lloyd H. Elliott, and J. Allan Hovey (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981), 131-51. [BACK]

23. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 61. [BACK]

24. Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982). [BACK]

25. Peter L. Berger, The Capitalist Revolution: Fifty Propositions About Prosperity, Equality, and Liberty (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 20. [BACK]

26. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Philadelphia: Wm. Fry, 1819), 32. [BACK]

27. Ibid., 33. [BACK]

28. Quoted in David Frisby and Derek Sayer, Society (London: Tavistock, 1986), 23. break [BACK]

29. Quoted in Ignatieff, Needs of Strangers, 92.

30. Ignatieff (ibid., 83-87) recounts the story of Hume's secular death as told by Boswell and Adam Smith. [BACK]

29. Quoted in Ignatieff, Needs of Strangers, 92.

30. Ignatieff (ibid., 83-87) recounts the story of Hume's secular death as told by Boswell and Adam Smith. [BACK]

31. Alasdair MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics (New York: Collier Books, 1966), 179. [BACK]

32. David Hume, "An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding," in Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. T. H. Greene and T. H. Grose (London: Longmans Green, 1875), 2:72-73. [BACK]

33. T. M. Knox, Hegel's Philosophy of Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 123. [BACK]

34. Among conservatives, for example, the concept of "mediating structures" bears some resemblance to civil society. See Peter Berger and Richard John Neuhaus, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977); for a left perspective, see John Keane, Democracy and Civil Society (London: Verso, 1988). Also relevant to this discussion are Torben Hviid Nielsen, "The State, the Market, and the Individual," Acta Sociologica 29, no. 4 (1986): 283-302, and Nielsen, Samfund og magt (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1988), 81-101. [BACK]

35. Claude Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1986), 285. [BACK]

36. For a collection of writings emphasizing this point, see John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988). [BACK]

37. Georg Konrad, Antipolitics (London: Quartet Books, 1984), 92. [BACK]

38. Adam Michnik, Letters from Prison and Other Essays (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), 124. [BACK]

39. For a review of a large body of literature showing the importance of social support networks organized by neither the market nor the state, see Marc Pilisuk and Susan Hillier Parks, The Healing Web: Social Networks and Human Survival (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1986). [BACK]

40. Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1: Reason and the Rationality of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984). [BACK]