ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A book about obligations will inevitably incur many. I certainly have, and I wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge debts accumulated along the way.
My first is to two research assistants, both of whom not only did what I asked of them, but also became so engaged in the project that they chose their own avenues to investigate and offered substantive criticisms as well. Daniel Poor of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York was indispensable to this book in ways too numerous to mention; he knows what they are and also how much I appreciate his help. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen of the Institute of Political Science, University of Århus, enthusiastically helped me with a variety of tasks during my stay in Denmark.
I am also indebted to the funding agencies that made it financially possible for me to learn more about Scandinavian societies. The Research Foundation of the City University of New York provided three grants; these enabled me to spend the academic year 1984–85 in Denmark learning the language, and 1987–88 in Scandinavia consulting documents, visiting libraries, and talking to people. Further support for the first year came from the Commission for the International Exchange of Scholars, which permitted me to be a visiting professor at the University of Copenhagen. Additional support for the second year came from the Center for the Study of Philanthropy, the Association of American Colleges, the Research Foundation of the University of Århus, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. I am grateful to all these institutions.
Travel within Scandinavia was facilitated by numerous individuals and institutions. In Denmark, the Institute of Political Science at the University of Århus was my base in 1987–88. I want to thank the two directors of
the Institute during that period, Søren Risbjerg Thomsen and Palle Svensson, for their help in securing me a good office, providing state-of-the-art word-processing facilities, and helping with last-minute travel funds. Lise Togeby, Erik Albæk, Jørgen Grønegaard Christiansen, Jørn Loftager, Nils Mortensen, Henrik Kaare Nielsen, and Finn Arler were especially helpful as critics of my manuscript. Steen Bengtsson of the Danish Institute for Social Research made it possible for me to meet specialists in many of the subjects about which I was writing and opened the doors of the Institute's library to me. Birte Siim helped arrange a presentation of these ideas at Ålborg University and was an especially intelligent critic of my work.
William Lafferty of the Institute for Political Science, University of Oslo, in conjunction with Knut Midgaard, enabled me to present my work to a seminar on social science theory for Norwegian social scientists. Lafferty pointed me toward important Norwegian materials and introduced me to people at the Institute for Applied Social Research in Oslo. I am also grateful to Håkon Laurentzen for his hospitality at the Institute. Ulf Himmelstrand and Göran Svensson of the Institute for Sociology, University of Uppsala, and Tom Burns of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences provided opportunities for presentations of the ideas in this book at their respective institutions. Walter Korpi, Robert Erikson, Joakim Palm, Gösta Rehn, and Stefan Svallfors of the Institute for Social Research, University of Stockholm, provided an office in which to work and an atmosphere for discussion of my ideas. I am also indebted to Hans Erik Ohlsson, Gunilla Dahlberg, Berit Kemvall-Ljung, and Bengt-Erik Andersson. None of these people are, of course, responsible for any of my interpretations of recent Scandinavian experience. Indeed, I expect that they would all disagree with most parts of it.
At Queens College, Dean Helen Cairns and Dean James Mittelman were instrumental in securing financial help and release time from teaching. Charles Smith was an especially good critic. I am also grateful to Sharon Zukin, Paul DiMaggio, and Allan Silver for criticisms at an early stage in the project. Thanks also are due the anonymous readers of the manuscript for the University of California Press, one of whom suggested that I contact Kathryn Pyne Addelson. This turned out to be good advice, for her comments were a stimulus to the completion of the book. Thanks to Naomi Schneider, Anne Canright, Mary Renaud, and Mary Lamprech of the University of California Press for their help in the preparation of the book. Book publishing, like so many other things I will be discussing in what follows, can be organized by either the state or the market. I am glad
that this book could be produced and distributed by individuals interested in something more than the bottom line.
My wife, Jytte Klausen, supported me through criticism, for which I am more than grateful. This book represents a change in both subject matter and political perspective from my earlier work. Readers familiar with my previous books may conclude that these changes are not so much the product of intellectual maturation, but instead a result of getting married and having children. They may well be right.
ÅRHUS, DENMARK
JUNE 1988