1. Sayyid Abu’l-A‘la Mawdudi, Musalman Awr Mawjudah Siyasi Kashmakash (1938–1940), vol. 1, 317–20, and 327–28. Also see idem,Mas’alah-i Qaumiyat, reprint (Lahore 1982), 52–59, 63–64, and 70–72.

2. On elaboration of these charges and Mawdudi’s attacks on Nehru’s socialist inclinations, see Mawdudi, Musalman, vol. 1, 308–9, 457–58, and 464–68. Also see Abad Shahpuri, Tarikh-i Jama‘at-i Islami (Lahore, 1989), vol. 1, 293–307.

3. Cited in ‘Abdu’l-Ghani Faruqi, “Hayat-i Javidan,” HRZ, 27.

4. Mawdudi, Musalman, vol. 3, 162–63.

5. Ibid., 127.

6. Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, Ulema in Politics: A Study Relating to the Political Activities of the Ulema in South Asian Subcontinent from 1566–1947 (Karachi, 1974), 352.

7. Cited by Mian Muhammad Shafi‘ in Iqdam (June 9, 1963): 1. Shafi‘ had been Iqbal’s private secretary.

8. Interview with ‘Abdu’l-Ghaffar Hasan.

9. Zafar Ahmad Ansari, “Tahrik-i Pakistan Awr ‘Ulama,” Chiragh-i Rah 14, 12 (December 1960): 233.

10. Interview with Malik Ghulam ‘Ali, a former Muslim League worker, in Awaz-i Jahan (November 1989): 20–21.

11. Manzuru’l-Haq, “Mawlana Mawdudi, Hama Pahlu Shaksiyat,” in Jalil Ahmad Rana and Salim Mansur Khalid, ed., Tazkirah-i Sayyid Mawdudi (Lahore, 1986), 113. The author was himself a Muslim League worker in Amritsar at the time.

12. Ansari, “Tahrik,” 232.

13. See, for instance, the interview of Sayyid Sharifu’ddin Pirzadah, Jinnah’s secretary, in Jasarat (Mawdudi Number 1973), 2, where the interviewee asserts that Tarjumanu’l-Qur’an was critical in galvanizing support for the Muslim League in such places as Aligarh.

14. Nawwab Sadiq ‘Ali, Bi Tiq Sipahi (Karachi, 1971), 28. The Nawwab had been the supreme commander (salar-i a‘la) of the Muslim League’s national guard and, later, the secretary to Liaqat ‘Ali Khan.

15. Sayyid Abu’l-A‘la Mawdudi, Tahrik-i Pakistan Awr Jama‘at-i Islami (Multan, n.d.), 2.

16. Interview with Malik Ghulam ‘Ali.

17. See, for instance, Mawdudi’s interview with Radio Pakistan of April 8, 1975, printed in TQ (October 1980): 17.

18. JIKUS, 27.

19. TQ (October 1980): 18.

20. Mawdudi, Musalman, vol. 3, 127.

21. See interview with Sayyid Abu’l-Khayr Mawdudi in Nigar (September 1963): 63. Mawdudi was not alone in his opinion of Jinnah. The American envoy in Karachi writes of the reaction to naming Jinnah as the “Father of Pakistan” in the following terms: “Although the more ardent followers of the Muslim League rejoiced, there were numbers of others who were not so enthusiastic on the ground that Jinnah was not as orthodox a Muslim…and that he had been known to use alcoholic beverages”; U. S. Consulate, Karachi, disp. #41, 7/8/1947, 845F.00/8–1947, NA.

22. In a letter to Dr. Zafaru’l-Hasan, dated 23 Rabi‘u’l-Thani 1356 (1938–1939), Mawdudi stated that Muslims were demanding an Islamic state and hence “cannot fully identify with the Muslim League”; the letter is reprinted in Al-Ma‘arif 18, 1–2 (April–May 1985): 249.

23. Letter to Zafaru’l-Hasan in Al-Ma‘arif 18, 1–2 (April–May 1985): 249–50; the term “rear guard” in reference to the Jama‘at’s strategy was also cited in TQ (December 1937): 301.

24. TQ (August 1948): 2–3.

25. Interview with Malik Ghulam ‘Ali.

26. Kawthar (October 28, 1945): 1.

27. Sayyid Abu’l-A‘la Mawdudi, “Ham ne Tahrik-i Pakistan ke Sath Nehin Diya Tha,” Nawa’-i Waqt (August 15, 1975): 3.

28. TQ (May 1939): 171.

29. SAAM, vol. 1, 256.

30. TQ (May 1939): 50–51.

31. RJI, vol. 5, 93.

32. Shahpuri, Tarikh, vol. 1, 474.

33. CRTIN, 299, and JIKUS, 23.

34. TQ (October–December 1938): 306.

35. Ibid., 85–320.

36. From Iqbal’s presidential address to the Muslim League on December 29, 1930; cited in Farzana Shaikh, Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947 (Cambridge, 1989), 200.

37. TQ (October–December 1938): 317.

38. Ibid., 318–20.

39. The text of the letter in which Mawdudi responded to this question is cited in Shahpuri, Tarikh, vol. 1, 396–97.

40. In fact, Mawdudi’s position in this period led to a series of serious criticisms against him in Al-Islah by Amin Ahsan Islahi, who took exception to his views and accused Mawdudi of “Muslim nationalism” and of stealthily supporting the Muslim League; cited in NGH, 58.

41. Cited in SAAM, vol. 1, 138–39.

42. Malik Ghulam ‘Ali, “Professor Mawdudi ke Sath Sath Islamiyah College Se Zaildar Park Tak,” HRZ, 119.

43. Qaid-i A‘zam Papers Seal, Paper Number 952, Ministry of Culture, Pakistan. The book was sent to Jinnah in January 1940.

44. Sarwat Saulat, Maulana Maududi (Karachi, 1979), 22–23.

45. The council was headed by Mawlana Azad Subhani, and its findings were later published in Mawlana Muhammad Ishaq Sindihlawi, Islam ka Siyasi Nizam (A‘zamgarh, n.d.).

46. The details of this meeting were narrated by Qamaru’ddin Khan in Thinker (December 27, 1963): 10–12.

47. TQ (September–October 1945): 2–3.

48. Kawthar (January 13, 1947, June 13, 1947, and June 17, 1947).

49. RJI, vol. 5, 140–41.

50. Opponents of the Jama‘at among Muslim League workers have often viewed the Jama‘at-i Islami and Jami‘at-i Ulama-i Hind as one and the same.

51. RJI, vol. 5, 257.

52. Ibid., vol. 5, 170–77, and 253–62.

53. Nawa’-i Waqt (April 30, 1947): 1.

54. Kawthar (June 21, 1947): 2 and (July 5, 1947): 1. However, Mawdudi qualified his decree by stipulating that a vote for Pakistan was not a vote of confidence in the Muslim League; MMKT, vol. 1, 285–88.

55. Kawthar (July 5, 1947): 1.