1. Interviews with Sayyid Munawwar Hasan and Mahmud A‘zam Faruqi.

2. See Qazi Husain’s interview in the Herald (June 1992): 50.

3. Interview with Siraj Munir.

4. Qazi Husain Ahmad told me in an interview that he did not view the IJI as a positive force, but merely as a means to end the hegemony of the People’s Party. However, there were benefits for the Jama‘at in staying with Nawaz Sharif; for, as Qazi Husain put it, “he is the shadow prime minister”; the inability of the People’s Party government to project power effectively went a long way to explain the solidarity of the IJI. Interview with Qazi Husain Ahmad.

5. Sayyid As‘ad Gilani, for instance, accused the People’s Party and the Muslim League of being secular and feudal. Interview with Sayyid As‘ad Gilani in Nida (April 17, 1990): 14. Unhappiness with the League became more noted as antagonisms with Pir Pagaro and Junejo continued, as did clashes with Sharif’s rivals in the Muslim League of Punjab, Mian Manzur Watu, Chaudhri Shuja‘at, and Chaudhri Parwez Ilahi.

6. Takbir (September 28, 1989): 28–29.

7. See the Friday Times (March 15–21, 1990): 1–2.

8. Interview with Mahmud A‘zam Faruqi.

9. Interview with Ghulam Mustafa Khar.

10. Nation (February 2, 1990): 1; and (February 19, 1990): 8.

11. Interview with Chaudhri Aslam Salimi.

12. Interview with Qazi Husain in Dawn (February 9, 1990): 3.

13. Interview with Ghafur Ahmad in the Friday Times (March-8–14, 1990): 1.

14. Herald (October 1990): 62.

15. Election Bureau of Jama‘at-i Islami, circular #19-A/5, October 21, 1991.

16. Interview with Qazi Husain in Takbir (January 31, 1991): 26. Although here Qazi Husain asserts that no concrete offers were forthcoming from the new government either.

17. See interview with Qazi Husain in Takbir (December 27, 1990): 26–27; (January 3, 1991): 35; and (January 31, 1991): 26–27.

18. For a thorough discussion of the Jama‘at’s response to the war and these two considerations, see Mumtaz Ahmad, “The Politics of War: Islamic Fundamentalisms in Pakistan,” in James Piscatori, ed., Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis (Chicago, 1991), 155–85.

19. See interview with Qazi Husain in Herald (February 1991): 24. Between September 12 and 15, 1990, the Jama‘at participated in a pro-Iraq Islamic conference convened in Jordan, following which it demanded that the government recall its eleven thousand troops from Saudi Arabia. For greater details see the debate between the editor of Takbir and the Jama‘at’s leaders over this issue in Takbir (January 31, 1991): 5–57, and (February 14, 1991): 15–18.

20. Cited in Ahmad, “The Politics of War,” 165.

21. Ahmad, “The Politics of War,” 167.

22. Ibid.

23. Takbir (March 7, 1991): 7–8 and (June 6, 1991): 29–30.

24. Takbir (March 7, 1991): 7–8.

25. Takbir (January 31, 1991): 7; Jang (March 19, 1991): 4.

26. Friday Times (February 7–13, 1991): 7.

27. Ahmad, “The Politics of War,” 176.

28. For a discussion of Sharif’s version of the shari‘at bill, see Ann Elizabeth Mayer, “The Fundamentalist Impact on Law, Politics, and Constitutions in Iran, Pakistan, and the Sudan,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance (Chicago, 1993), 131–32.

29. Cited in Herald (September 1991): 50.

30. Takbir (October 3, 1991): 9–10.

31. The Jama‘at presented a formal complaint about the MQM’s treatment of its workers in Karachi to the meeting of IJI parties on September 1991. Unable to secure any assurances from the government, Qazi Husain severely criticized the government soon after the meeting; Newsline (October 1991): 36.

32. FBIS-NES -91–217, November 8, 1991, 52.

33. FBIS-NES -91–147, and Takbir (August 8, 1991): 37–38 and (August 15, 1991): 11–13.

34. Interviews; also see Newsline (September 1991): 43.

35. Herald (June 1992): 48.

36. Takbir (October 1, 1992): 9–10.

37. Takbir (September 17, 1992): 26–31.

38. Takbir (July 30, 1992): 6–8.

39. Examples of these allegations may be found in the Jang (May 16 and 19, 1993), Nawa’-i Waqt (May 10 and 14, 1993), and Sharq (May 9, 10 and 12, 1993).