1. American Farmer , 9 August 1822, p. 157; 22 December 1826, p. 318.

2. Governor Sharpe to Lord Baltimore, 15 June 1767 (Maryland Historical Society, Archives of Maryland , ed. William Hand Browne et al. [Baltimore, 1895]), 14: 402.

3. Maryland Historical Magazine 32 (1937): 213n.

4. J. R. McGrew, "Winemaking in Maryland," American Wine Society,Journal 9 (1977): 61. The Carroll family once again maintains a vineyard in Maryland ( Wines and Fines 55 [August 1974]: 24). One of the native vines planted in the eighteenth century in the Carroll vineyard is still alive (J. R. McGrew, "Some Grape and Wine Episodes in Maryland" [MS, 1986]).

5. U. P. Hedrick, History of Horticulture in America to 1860 (New York, 1950), p. 113.

6. J. R. McGrew, "The Alexander Grape," American Wine Society Journal 8 (1976): 20.

7. Ibid.

6. J. R. McGrew, "The Alexander Grape," American Wine Society Journal 8 (1976): 20.

7. Ibid.

8. Andrew Burnaby, Travels through the Middle Settlements in North America (London, 1798), p. 55.

9. Maryland Historical Society, Archives of Maryland , 14: 20.

10. Having been a delegate to the Albany Congress in 1754 along with Benjamin Franklin, Tasker may have learned of the interesting new grape found near Philadelphia from Franklin, who was attentive to such matters (information from Dr. J. R. McGrew).

11. Gottlieb Mittelberger, Journey to Pennsylvania , ed. and trans. Oscar Handlin and John Clive (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 55, 77.

12. Franklin to the Abbé André Morellet, in Morellet, Mémoires (Paris, 1823), 1: 303.

13. Reprinted in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al. (New Haven, 196o-), 2:365-67.

14. See Ibid., 12 (1968): 4-7. For Hill's directions, see above, p. 70.

15. Ibid., 11 (1967): 183 (Benjamin Gale to Peter Collinson, 10 May 1754).

13. Reprinted in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al. (New Haven, 196o-), 2:365-67.

14. See Ibid., 12 (1968): 4-7. For Hill's directions, see above, p. 70.

15. Ibid., 11 (1967): 183 (Benjamin Gale to Peter Collinson, 10 May 1754).

13. Reprinted in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al. (New Haven, 196o-), 2:365-67.

14. See Ibid., 12 (1968): 4-7. For Hill's directions, see above, p. 70.

15. Ibid., 11 (1967): 183 (Benjamin Gale to Peter Collinson, 10 May 1754).

16. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams , ed. Lyman Butterfield (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 2:125-26 (26 May 176o).

17. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 9 (1966): 400 (10 December 1761).

18. Ibid., 20 (1976): 6 (4 January 1773).

19. Ibid., 14 (1970): 309 (18 November 1767).

20. Ibid., 15 (1972): 54 (20 February 1768).

17. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 9 (1966): 400 (10 December 1761).

18. Ibid., 20 (1976): 6 (4 January 1773).

19. Ibid., 14 (1970): 309 (18 November 1767).

20. Ibid., 15 (1972): 54 (20 February 1768).

17. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 9 (1966): 400 (10 December 1761).

18. Ibid., 20 (1976): 6 (4 January 1773).

19. Ibid., 14 (1970): 309 (18 November 1767).

20. Ibid., 15 (1972): 54 (20 February 1768).

17. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 9 (1966): 400 (10 December 1761).

18. Ibid., 20 (1976): 6 (4 January 1773).

19. Ibid., 14 (1970): 309 (18 November 1767).

20. Ibid., 15 (1972): 54 (20 February 1768).

21. J. McArthur Harris, Jr., "A Wissahickon Anthology," Germantown Crier 34 (1982): 81, 82.

22. Jared Eliot, Essays upon Field Husbandry in New England , ed. Harry Carman and Rexford Tugwell (New York, 1934), p. 200.

23. Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 1783-1784 (Philadelphia, 1911), 2:188.

24. American Philosophical Society, Early Proceedings (Philadelphia, 1884), pp. 15-17.

25. The vineyard site is now part of the grounds of the Waldron Academy, Merion, Pa.

26. F. J. Dallett, "John Leacock," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 78 (1954): 460-62.

27. John Leacock, Commonplace Book (MS, American Philosophical Society).

28. Dallett, "John Leacock," p. 464.

29. R. P. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 81 (1963): 75-84.

30. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 9 (1966): 321-22.

31. Royal Society of Arts, Minutes of Committee on Colonies and Trade, 17 February 1761.

32. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," p. 80.

33. Edward Antill to Dr. Peter Templeman, 28 August 1765 (Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 9: 19).

34. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," p. 79. Antill's remark is admirable rhetoric but poor geography; nature has denied to most parts of the world the means to grow wine grapes.

35. Franklin Papers , ed. Labaree et al., 2 (1960): 381 (14 May 1743).

36. Edward Antill, "An Essay on the Cultivation of the Vine, and the Making and Preserving of Wine, Suited to the Different Climates of North-America," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1 (2d ed., Philadelphia, 1789): 183.

37. Edward Antill to Dr. Sonmans, 31 January 1768: MS, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

38. Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 10: 19 (28 August 1765).

39. Antill, "Essay on the Cultivation of the Vine," p. 192.

40. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," p. 79.

41. Antill to Dr. Templeman, in Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 12:38 (9 May 1766).

42. New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury , 1 February 1768.

43. Evidence of Thomas Burgie, Stirling's gardener, in Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 11: 82 (6 October 1766).

44. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," p. 77.

45. Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 11: 82 (6 October 1766).

46. McCormick, "The Royal Society, the Grape, and New Jersey," p. 80.

47. Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation , 2: 184.

48. Stephen William Johnson, Rural Economy (New Brunswick, N.J., 1806), p. 166.

49. Proceedings of the New Jersey Hiswrical Society , n.s., 5 (1920): 126.

50. Robert Dossie, Memoirs of Agriculture (London, 1768-82), 1: 243.

51. Royal Society of Arts, Minutes of Committee on Colonies and Trade, 2 February 1768.

52. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589; reprint, Glasgow, 1903-5), 8: 355.

53. Peter Force, ed., Tracts Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America (Washington, D.C., 1836-46), 1: no. 6, p. 16.

54. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1890), 1:410.

55. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 76 (1968): 427; Albert C. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware (New York, 1912), pp. 227-28; Alexander Salley, ed., Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708 (New York, 1911), p. 310; for Beverley, see p. 64.

56. Hedrick, History of Horticulture , p. 145.

57. See above, p. 36.

58. Jean Pierre Purry, "Proposals" (Charleston, 1731), in B. R. Carroll, Historical Collections of South Carolina (New York, 1836), 2: 122, 131.

59. Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society, vol. 2 (1858): 83: "Ils se proposent . . . de s'appliquer principalement à la culture de vignes et des vers-a-soye."

60. Arthur H. Hirsch, The Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina (Durham, N.C., 1928), pp. 39-4o; Nora Marshall Davis, "The French Settlement at New Bordeaux," Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina , no. 56 (1951): 28-57.

61. William Stork, ed., A Description of East-Florida with a Journal Kept by John Bartram , 3d ed. (London, 1769), p. 29.

62. For the date, see Davis, "French Settlement at New Bordeaux," p. 43.

63. Louis de Mesnil de St. Pierre, "Plan for the Culture of the Vine etc. at New Bourdeaux" (London, 771); a MS copy is in the Library of Congress.

64. Davis, "French Settlement at New Bordeaux," p. 45.

65. Hirsch, Huguenots , p. 207; St. Pierre, "Plan for the Culture of the Vine."

66. Louis de Mesnil de St. Pierre, The Art of Planting and Cultivating the Vine (London, 1772), pp. xxviii-xxix.

67. It appears in an anonymous pamphlet entitled "A Memorial on the Practicability of Growing Vineyards in the State of South Carolina" (Charleston, 1798), p. 5. Lord Hillsborough himself told Henry Laurens that he regretted that public money was not available for St. Pierre's project, and it may have been Hillsborough who obtained a grant of 5,000 acres of land in South Carolina for St. Pierre through the Privy Council ( The Papers of Henry Laurens , ed. Philip M. Hamer et al. [Columbia, S.C., 1968-81], 8:139, 140n).

68. Royal Society of Arts, MS Transactions, 7 January 1772.

67. It appears in an anonymous pamphlet entitled "A Memorial on the Practicability of Growing Vineyards in the State of South Carolina" (Charleston, 1798), p. 5. Lord Hillsborough himself told Henry Laurens that he regretted that public money was not available for St. Pierre's project, and it may have been Hillsborough who obtained a grant of 5,000 acres of land in South Carolina for St. Pierre through the Privy Council ( The Papers of Henry Laurens , ed. Philip M. Hamer et al. [Columbia, S.C., 1968-81], 8:139, 140n).

68. Royal Society of Arts, MS Transactions, 7 January 1772.

69. St. Pierre, "Plan for the Culture of the Vine."

70. Papers of Henry Laurens , 8:139 (to John Lewis Gervais, 28 December 1771).

71. A MS copy of St. Pierre's "The Great Utility of Establishing the Culture of Vines . . ." (London, 1771) is in the Library of Congress.

72. Ibid., ff. 15, 19.

73. Louis de Mesnil de St. Pierre, "A Proposal for the Further Encouragement of the Production of Silk, and Growing of Vines, at the Colony of New Bourdeaux . . . ," in Acts of Parliament , 1772; The Art of Planting and Cultivating tile Vine , p. xxvii.

74. United Kingdom, Board of Trade, Journals of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, January 1768-December 1775 (18 March 1772).

75. St. Pierre, Art of Planting and Cultivating the Vine , pp. xiv-xx.

76. Ibid., p. 6.

75. St. Pierre, Art of Planting and Cultivating the Vine , pp. xiv-xx.

76. Ibid., p. 6.

77. Anon., "Memorial on the Practicability of Growing Vineyards in South Carolina," p. 5. Perhaps St. Pierre's reference to " A VERY GREAT AND EXALTED PERSONAGE " whose patronage was offered but whose name he could not disclose was the basis of this assertion ( Art of Planting , p. xxix).

78. Papers of Henry Laurens , 8: 400n., and 566n. (report by Lewis Gervais, 6 June 1772).

79. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 22 July 1773, p. 2a.

80. Royal Society of Arts, Guard Book A: 159, 161, 163 (20 January, 19 November, 22 October 1770).

81. Papers of Henry Laurens , 9:187.

82. John William De Brahm, Report of the General Survey in the Southern District of North America , ed. Louis De Vorsey, Jr. (Columbia, S.C., 1971), p. 70.

83. Ibid., p. 71. The story about the wine of the Jesuits in Mexico is more legend than fact. The Jesuit missions of Baja California did produce a trickle of wine, but not enough to supply their own needs, much less those of any others.

82. John William De Brahm, Report of the General Survey in the Southern District of North America , ed. Louis De Vorsey, Jr. (Columbia, S.C., 1971), p. 70.

83. Ibid., p. 71. The story about the wine of the Jesuits in Mexico is more legend than fact. The Jesuit missions of Baja California did produce a trickle of wine, but not enough to supply their own needs, much less those of any others.

84. William Bartram, Travels , ed. Francis Harper (New Haven, 1958), p. 237.

85. MS note on Library of Congress copy of St. Pierre, "The Great Utility of Establishing the Culture of Vines," f. 21.

86. "A Memorial on the Practicability of Growing Vineyards in the State of South Carolina," p. 5.

87. [Fairfax Harrison], Landmarks of Old Prince William (Richmond, Va., 1924), 1: 188.

88. Durand de Dauphiné, A Huguenot Exile in Virginia , ed. Gilbert Chinard (New York, 1934), p. 126.

89. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia , ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), p. 134.

90. Louis Michel, "The Journey of Francis Louis Michel," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 24 (1916): 123.

91. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina , ed. H. T. Lefler (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), p. 119.

92. Cecil Johnson, British West Florida, 1763-1783 (New Haven, 1943), pp. 151-52.

93. William Penn to Lord Halifax, 9 December 1683, in J. L. Bishop, A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860 , 1: 273; "A Letter from Doctor More . . ." (1687), in Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 287.

94. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 227n.

95. Francis Pastorius, in Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 398. The passage from John reads: "I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman . . . I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit."

96. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 291.

97. Ibid., p. 228n.

98. Ibid., p. 227.

99. Ibid., pp. 241-42.

96. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 291.

97. Ibid., p. 228n.

98. Ibid., p. 227.

99. Ibid., pp. 241-42.

96. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 291.

97. Ibid., p. 228n.

98. Ibid., p. 227.

99. Ibid., pp. 241-42.

96. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 291.

97. Ibid., p. 228n.

98. Ibid., p. 227.

99. Ibid., pp. 241-42.

100. United Kingdom, House of Lords, The Manuscripts of the House of Lords, 1695-1697 , n.s., 2 (London, 1903): 471.

101. Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States (Boston, 1909), 1: 285.

102. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 398.

103. Ibid., p. 383.

102. Myers, ed., Narratives of Early Pennsylvania , p. 398.

103. Ibid., p. 383.

104. United Kingdom, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1708-1709 , pp. 456- 57 (30 August 1709).

105. Ibid., pp. 565-66.

106. Ibid., 1710-1711 , various entries.

104. United Kingdom, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1708-1709 , pp. 456- 57 (30 August 1709).

105. Ibid., pp. 565-66.

106. Ibid., 1710-1711 , various entries.

104. United Kingdom, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1708-1709 , pp. 456- 57 (30 August 1709).

105. Ibid., pp. 565-66.

106. Ibid., 1710-1711 , various entries.

107. Vincent H. Todd, ed., Christoph yon Graffenreid's Account of the Founding of New Bern (Raleigh, N.C., 1920), pp. 43-49.