3 Virginia and the South in the Eighteenth Century
1. United Kingdom, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1734-35 , pp. 290-91 (9 November 1734).
2. Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 1783-1784 (Philadelphia, 1911), 2: 184-85.
3. Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1742-1744 , ed. J. H. Easterby, in Colonial Records of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1954), p. 553.
4. Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1748 , ed. J. H. Easterby, in Colonial Records of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1961), pp. 70, 105, 383 (26 February, 3 March, and 28 June 1748).
5. Royal Society of Arts, Journal Book, 24:153-55.
6. Royal Society of Arts, Guard Books, 5:20 July 1760; Royal Society of Arts, Minutes of Committee on Colonies and Trade, 1: 30 June 1756.
7. Robert Hilldrup, "A Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 67 (1959): 423.
8. Henry Laurens, The Papers of Henry Laurens , ed. Philip M. Hamer (Columbia, S.C., 1968-81), 4:336 (7 July 1764).
9. David Ramsay, History of South-Carolina (Charleston, 1809), 1: 228.
10. Laurens, Papers , ed. Philip M. Hamer, 7:362 (9 June 1772)
11. "Journal of Josiah Quincy, 1773," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 49 (1915-16): 453 (22 March 1773).
12. Travels , pp. 213, 56.
13. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 (Washington, D.C., 1933), 1: 114.
14. E. P. Panagopoulos, "The Background of the Greek Settlers in the New Smyrna Colony," Florida Historical Quarterly 35 (1956): 95-97.
15. On Turnbull and New Smyrna, see Carita Doggett, Dr. Andrew Turnbull and the New Smyrna Colony [Jacksonville? 1919]; and E. P. Panagopoulos, New Smyrna: An Eighteenth-Century Greek Odyssey (Gainesville, Fla., 1966).
16. Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation , 2:235-36.
17. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina , ed. H. T. Lefler (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), p. 108.
18. Ibid., pp. 117-18.
17. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina , ed. H. T. Lefler (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), p. 108.
18. Ibid., pp. 117-18.
19. North Carolina, The Colonial Records of North Carolina , ed. William L. Saunders (Raleigh, N.C., 1886-90) 4: 6, 16 (12 December 1734, 12 September 1735).
20. Ibid., 4:919 (1749).
21. Ibid., 5:316 (4 January 1755).
19. North Carolina, The Colonial Records of North Carolina , ed. William L. Saunders (Raleigh, N.C., 1886-90) 4: 6, 16 (12 December 1734, 12 September 1735).
20. Ibid., 4:919 (1749).
21. Ibid., 5:316 (4 January 1755).
19. North Carolina, The Colonial Records of North Carolina , ed. William L. Saunders (Raleigh, N.C., 1886-90) 4: 6, 16 (12 December 1734, 12 September 1735).
20. Ibid., 4:919 (1749).
21. Ibid., 5:316 (4 January 1755).
22. Clarence Gohdes, Scuppernong: North Carolina's Grape and Its Wines (Durham, N.C., 1982), p. 26n; Adelaide L. Fries, ed., Records of the Moravians in North Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1922-69), 1: 180; 3: 1085, 1189'
23. U. P. Hedrick, The Grapes of New York (Albany, N.Y., 1908), p. 38.
24. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia , ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), pp. 133, 135.
25. Ibid., pp. 315-16.
24. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia , ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), pp. 133, 135.
25. Ibid., pp. 315-16.
26. United Kingdom, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1708-9 , p. 565
27. John Fontaine, The Journal of John Fontaine , ed. Edward Porter Alexander (Williamsburg, Va., 1972), p. 86 (15 November 1715).
28. Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia (1724), ed. Richard L. Morton (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1956), p. 14o.
29. Fontaine, Journal , p. 106.
30. Jones, Present State of Virginia , p. 91.
31. Robert Beverley, History of Virginia (1722; reprint, Richmond, Va., 1855), P. 260.
32. Jones, Present State of Virginia , p. 140.
33. Robert Bolling, Virginia Gazette , 24 February 1773.
34. Jones, Present State of Virginia , p. 140.
35. William Byrd, Correspondence of the Three William Byrds of Westover, Virginia, 1664-1776 , ed. Marion Tinling (Charlottesville, 1977), 1: 380, 410 (c. 15 July 1728, 25 June 1729); Pierre Marambaud, William Byrd of Westover, 1674-1744 (Charlottesville, 1971 ), p. 159.
36. Correspondence of the Three William Byrds , ed. Tinling, 1: 426, 427 (c. 1730?); 409 (25 June 1729); Westover MSS, Virginia Historical Society.
37. Correspondence of the Three William Byrds , ed. Tinling, 2:493 (18 July 1736).
38. Ibid., 2: 513 (31 May 1737).
39. Ibid., 2: 518 (27 June 1737).
37. Correspondence of the Three William Byrds , ed. Tinling, 2:493 (18 July 1736).
38. Ibid., 2: 513 (31 May 1737).
39. Ibid., 2: 518 (27 June 1737).
37. Correspondence of the Three William Byrds , ed. Tinling, 2:493 (18 July 1736).
38. Ibid., 2: 513 (31 May 1737).
39. Ibid., 2: 518 (27 June 1737).
40. Pamela C. Copeland and Richard K. Macmaster, The Five George Masons (Charlottesville, 1975), p. 102.
41. William and Mary Quarterly , 1st ser., 16 (1907-8): 23.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large (Richmond, Va., 1809-23), 7:567 (30 October 1760).
43. Ibid., 7:568-70
44. Hilldrup, ''Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 410.
45. Ibid., p. 421.
46. Ibid., p. 4 t 5.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large (Richmond, Va., 1809-23), 7:567 (30 October 1760).
43. Ibid., 7:568-70
44. Hilldrup, ''Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 410.
45. Ibid., p. 421.
46. Ibid., p. 4 t 5.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large (Richmond, Va., 1809-23), 7:567 (30 October 1760).
43. Ibid., 7:568-70
44. Hilldrup, ''Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 410.
45. Ibid., p. 421.
46. Ibid., p. 4 t 5.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large (Richmond, Va., 1809-23), 7:567 (30 October 1760).
43. Ibid., 7:568-70
44. Hilldrup, ''Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 410.
45. Ibid., p. 421.
46. Ibid., p. 4 t 5.
42. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large (Richmond, Va., 1809-23), 7:567 (30 October 1760).
43. Ibid., 7:568-70
44. Hilldrup, ''Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 410.
45. Ibid., p. 421.
46. Ibid., p. 4 t 5.
47. Robert Dossie, Memoirs of Agriculture (London, 1768-82), 1: 242. Dossie says that one of Carter's wines was "the product of vines brought from Europe."
48. Hilldrup, "Campaign to Promote the Prosperity of Colonial Virginia," p. 423.
49. Landon Carter, The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall, 1752-1778 , ed. Jack P. Green (Charlottesville, 1965), 2:1134 (4 October 1777).
50. Virginia, Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia , ed. John Pendleton Kennedy, 12 (Richmond, Va., 1906): 17 (25 May 1769).
51. Robert Bolling, "Incitation to Vineplanting" (MS, Huntington Library), pp. 112-14.
52. Hening, Statutes at Large , 8: 364-66.
53. A mile east of town on the old Yorktown Road, near Fort Magruder. The site is now identified by a state historical marker.
54. Virginia, Journals of the House of Burgesses , 12:240 (13 March 1772).
55. Ibid., 12: 265:23 March 1772; Virginia, Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia , ed. H. R. McIlwaine (Richmond, Va., 1918-19), 1461 (25 March 1772)
54. Virginia, Journals of the House of Burgesses , 12:240 (13 March 1772).
55. Ibid., 12: 265:23 March 1772; Virginia, Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia , ed. H. R. McIlwaine (Richmond, Va., 1918-19), 1461 (25 March 1772)
56. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 20 June 1771-23 March 1776.
57. Rind's Virginia Gazette , 27 May 1773.
58. "On the night of May 4, 1774, a frost, caused by a northwest wind, ruined the corn and the wheat just above the ground, froze the small oak and other young trees, and caused all other trees to shed their leaves, which did not bud again until the following year. It was horrible to see the woods entirely stripped of leaves in summer, as if it had been midwinter. The bunches of grapes were already quite large, but they froze with the new crop. The old part of the vine, from which the branches had sprung, suffered too. But the vines put out new shoots, which produced about half the amount of grapes of the preceding years, and ripened at the usual season in the woods and gardens" (Philip Mazzei, Memoirs, 1730-1816 , trans. Howard R. Marraro [New York, 1942], p. 207).
59. Virginia Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia , 13 (1905): 111 (19 May 1774).
60. Dixon and Hunter's Virginia Gazette , 24 June 1775.
61. Hening, Statutes at Large , 9:239 (October 1776).
62. Purdie's Virginia Gazette , 28 February 1777.
63. William and Mary Quarterly , 1st ser., 16 (1907-8): 32, 163. The sale was made in 1785.
64. Robert Bolling, "A Sketch of Vine Culture, for Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas" (MS, c. 1774, Huntington Library), p. 36.
65. A complete copy of Bolling's MS, with what are probably his own corrections, is in the Huntington Library. A copy made for William Prince by Bolling's son, parts of which were published in the American Farmer in 1829 and 1830, is in the Prince Papers, National Agricultural Library.
66. Bolling, "Sketch," pp. 36, 41.
67. J. R. McGrew, "An Historical View of Early-Day Winemaking," Wines and Vines 57 (t976): 26.
68. Bolling, "Sketch," pp. 39-40, 110.
69. Virginia, Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia , 3:1482-83 (11-12 March 1773).
70. Virginia Gazette , 11 March 1773.
71. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 29 July 1773.
72. Ibid.
71. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 29 July 1773.
72. Ibid.
73. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 2 September 1773.
74. Robert Bolling, "Vintage of Parnassus," in "Pieces concerning Vineyards and Their Establishment in Virginia" (MS, Huntington Library), pp. 113, 122.
75. Bolling, "Sketch," p. 109.
76. Bolling, MS, Huntington Library.
77. American Farmer , 20 February 1829, p. 387.
78. Estave drifted to Georgia after the Revolution, where he intended to cultivate vines and where he was remembered as saying that "he would cultivate the native vines of any country, preferably to exotics" (Thomas McCall, American Farmer , 11 February 1825, p. 369).
79. On Mazzei, see Richard Cecil Garlick, Philip Mazzei, Friend of Jefferson (Baltimore, 1933); Philip Mazzei, My Lift and Wanderings , trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione (Morristown, N.J., 1980); Giovanni E. Schiavo, Philip Mazzei (New York, 1951).
80. Garlick, Mazzei , pp. 27-29.
81. Garlick, Mazzei , pp. 32-39; Rind's Virginia Gazette , 2 December 1773.
82. Mazzei, My Life and Wanderings , p. 204.
83. Garlick, Mazzei , pp. 41-42.
84. Mazzei, My Life and Wanderings , p. 208.
85. Garlick, Mazzei , pp. 43-47.
86. Ibid., p. 52.
85. Garlick, Mazzei , pp. 43-47.
86. Ibid., p. 52.
87. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, 195o-), 1: 158.
88. Purdie and Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 28 July 1774.
89. Philip Mazzei, Researches on the United States , trans. Constance D. Sherman (Charlottesville, 1976), pp. 243-44.
90. Jefferson to Gallatin, 25 January 1793, in Garlick, Mazzei , p. 53.
91. Mazzei, Researches , pp. 243-44.
92. R. de Treville Lawrence, Sr., ed., Jefferson and Wine (The Plains, Va., 1976), p. 15.
93. Mazzei, Researches , p. 245.
94. Mazzei, My Life , p. 212.
95. Ibid., p. 212.
94. Mazzei, My Life , p. 212.
95. Ibid., p. 212.
96. Schiavo, Mazzei , p. 177; Mazzei, Researches , p. 245.
97. My Life , p. 212.
98. Lawrence, ed., Jefferson and Wine , p. 14.
99. Jefferson to Gallatin, 25 January 1793, in Garlick, Mazzei , p. 53.
100. Edwin Morris Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book, 1766-1824 (Philadelphia, 1944), pp. 52-54 (6 April 1774).
101. The Diaries of George Washington , ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville, 1976-79), 2:52 (11 April 1768).
102. The Writings of George Washington , ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, D.C., 1938), 27:55 (Washington to François Barbé-Marbois, 9 July 1783).
103. Washington, Diaries , 3: 73, 80.
104. Dixon's Virginia Gazette , 10 June 1775; Virginia Gazette , 10 June 1775.
105. Bolling to Pleasants, 26 February 1775 (MS, Huntington Library).
106. Southern Planter 36 (1875): 655.
107. The Monticello Grape Growers Cooperative was organized in 1934 (Frank Schoonmaker and Tom Marvel, American Wines [New York, 1941], p. 184).