1. The actual production figures for New York were: 1870, 82,000 gallons; 1880, 584,000 gallons; 1890, 2,528,000 gallons. [BACK]

2. American Agriculturist 25 (1866): 401. [BACK]

3. The proportion in 1890 was 60,000 tons sent to market as table grapes and 15,000 tons crushed for wine (11th Census, 1890, Report on the Statistics of Agriculture in the United States [Washington, D.C., 1895] p. 602). [BACK]

4. George Howell Morris, "Rise of the Grape and Wine Industry in the Naples Valley during the Nineteenth Century" (M.A. thesis, Syracuse University, 1955), p. 38n. [BACK]

5. D. Bauder, "The Grape-Growing District of Central New York," in George Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making (New York, 1896), p. 99. [BACK]

6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1902 (Washington, D.C., 1902), p. 416. [BACK]

7. Lewis Cass Aldrich, History of Yates County, N.Y . (Syracuse, N.Y., 1892), p. 241. [BACK]

8. Vineyard View (Hammondsport, N.Y.) 9, no. 4 (1980): 12; Irvin W. Near, History of Steuben County, New York (Chicago, 1911), p. 295. [BACK]

9. William Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice (Syracuse, N.Y., 1977), p. 46. [BACK]

10. Chautauqua Grape and Wine Association, "Chautauqua Fruits, Grapes, and Grape Products" (n.p., 1901), unpaginated (Library of Congress). [BACK]

11. The WCTU was officially founded at Cleveland in 1874, but the organizing committee was

created at the National Sunday School Assembly at Lake Chautauqua in August 1874 (Elizabeth Putnam Gordon, Women Torch-Bearers [Evanston, Ill., 1924], p. 13). [BACK]

12. Chautauqua Grape and Wine Association, "Chautauqua Fruits, Grapes, and Grape Products."

13. Ibid., where they are called "Italian makers of sour wine." See also Guido Rossati, Re lazione di un viaggio d'istruzione negli Stati Uniti d'America (Rome, 1900), p. 60. [BACK]

12. Chautauqua Grape and Wine Association, "Chautauqua Fruits, Grapes, and Grape Products."

13. Ibid., where they are called "Italian makers of sour wine." See also Guido Rossati, Re lazione di un viaggio d'istruzione negli Stati Uniti d'America (Rome, 1900), p. 60. [BACK]

14. See U. P. Hedrick, The Grapes of New York (Albany, N.Y., 1908), for accounts of all these. [BACK]

15. U. P. Hedrick, "Vitis Vinifera in Eastern America," in International Congress of Viticulture, Official Report (San Francisco, 1915), P. 79. [BACK]

16. R. D. Anthony, "Vinifera Grapes in New York," New York Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin no. 432 (Geneva, N.Y., 1917). [BACK]

17. American Agriculturist 25 (June 1866): 212. [BACK]

18. Grape Culturist 1 (1869): 87-91, 133-35, 235-38. [BACK]

19. Crisfield Johnson, History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio (Cleveland, 1879), pp. 442, 447. [BACK]

20. Dwight W. Morrow, Jr., "The American Impressions of a French Botanist," Agricultural History 34 (1960): 74. [BACK]

21. H. T. Dewey, "H. T. Dewey and Sons Co., Pure American Wines" (New York, n.d. [c. 1890]) (New York State Library, Albany, N.Y.). [BACK]

22. John F. Polacsek, "Pop-Pop—Fizz, Fizz: A Glimpse at the Northwest Ohio Wine Industry in Years Gone By," Northwest Ohio Quarterly 53 (Spring 1981): 42-46; Rossati, Relazione , p. 86. [BACK]

23. Rossati, Relazione , pp. 88-89. [BACK]

24. Bert Hudgins, "The South Bass Island Community (Put-in-Bay)," Economic Geography 19 (1943): 27-28. [BACK]

25. Paul Cross Morrison, "Viticulture in Ohio," Economic Geography 12 (1936): 75, 85; John H. Garber, "Alcoholic Beverages," in 12th Census, 1900, Census Reports (Washington, D.C., 1902), 9: 626; Garth A. Cahoon, ''The Ohio Wine Industry from 1860 to the Present," American Wine Society Journal 16 (Fall 1984): 86. [BACK]

26. Morrison, "Viticulture in Ohio," pp. 76, 77. [BACK]

27. George C. Huntington, "Historical Sketch of Kelley's Island," Fire Lands Pioneer 4 (June 1863): 48-49. [BACK]

28. Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making (1880), p. 136. [BACK]

30. J.-E. Planchon, "Le Phylloxera en Europe et en Amérique, II: La Vigne et le vin aux Etats-Unis," Revue des Deux Mondes , 15 February 1874, pp. 931 - 33.

31. Ibid., p. 933.

32. Ibid., p. 934.

33. Ibid., p. 935. [BACK]

30. J.-E. Planchon, "Le Phylloxera en Europe et en Amérique, II: La Vigne et le vin aux Etats-Unis," Revue des Deux Mondes , 15 February 1874, pp. 931 - 33.

31. Ibid., p. 933.

32. Ibid., p. 934.

33. Ibid., p. 935. [BACK]

30. J.-E. Planchon, "Le Phylloxera en Europe et en Amérique, II: La Vigne et le vin aux Etats-Unis," Revue des Deux Mondes , 15 February 1874, pp. 931 - 33.

31. Ibid., p. 933.

32. Ibid., p. 934.

33. Ibid., p. 935. [BACK]

30. J.-E. Planchon, "Le Phylloxera en Europe et en Amérique, II: La Vigne et le vin aux Etats-Unis," Revue des Deux Mondes , 15 February 1874, pp. 931 - 33.

31. Ibid., p. 933.

32. Ibid., p. 934.

33. Ibid., p. 935. [BACK]

34. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871 (Washington, D.C., 1872), p. 231. [BACK]

35. Liberty Hyde Bailey, Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits (New York, 1898), pp. 3-4. [BACK]

36. Talcott E. Wing, ed., History of Monroe County, Michigan (New York, 1890), p. 426. [BACK]

37. William McMurtrie, Report upon the Statistics of Grape Culture and Wine Production in the United States for 1880 (Washington, D.C., 1881), p. 22. [BACK]

38. Garber, "Alcoholic Beverages," pp. 626, 634. [BACK]

39. Leon Adams, The Wines of America (New York, 1985), p. 70; Garber, "Alcoholic Beverages," p. 634; ,A Compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1 1870 ) (Washington, D.C., 1872), p. 704. [BACK]

40. Eastern Grape Grower and Winery News 8 (June-July 1982): 14. Winegrowing at Reading went back to the 1830s, when John Fehr, George Lauer, William Tibler, and Gottfried Pflieger, among others, planted native vines for winemaking (Robert Buchanan, The Culture of the Grape, and Wine-Making [Cincinnati, 1852], p. 61). [BACK]

41. Alexander Mackay, The Western World, or Travels in the United States in 1846-1847 , 3d ed. (Philadelphia, 1850), 1: 127. [BACK]

42. Harry B. Weiss, The History of Applejack or Apple Brandy in New Jersey from Colonial Times to the Present (Trenton, N.J., 1954), pp. 76, 133. [BACK]

43. Carl Raymond Woodward, The Development of Agriculture in New Jersey (New Brunswick, N.J., 1927), p. 181. [BACK]

44. U. P. Hedrick, Grapes and Wines from Home Vineyards (New York, 1945), p. 190. [BACK]

45. Gardener's Monthly 7 (1865): 52. [BACK]

46. "Egg Harbor City Wineries," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 71 (1953): 295, 297; Wines and Vines 63 (January 1982): 8. [BACK]

47. H. T. Dewey, "H. T. Dewey and Sons Co."; Adams, Wines of America , p. 65. [BACK]

48. "Egg Harbor City Wineries," p. 297. In "The Composition and Quality of Certain American Wines," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1880 (Washington, D.C., 1881), p. 176, the wine is spelled "Iolhink." [BACK]

49. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , pp. 4- 5. [BACK]

50. U.S. Industrial Commission, Report (Washington, D.C., 1901), 15: 499; Rossati, Relazione , p. 71. [BACK]

51. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 7. [BACK]

52. The notion that there are two kinds of wine mentioned in the Bible—one fermented and one unfermented—was first effectively brought forward about 1839 by the Reverend Eliphalet Nott, president of Union College in Schenectady, New York. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

53. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , p. 9.

54. Ibid., pp. 9-17, 31-34, 68.

55. Ibid., pp. 72-73.

56. Ibid., p. 20.

57. Ibid., p. 77.

58. Ibid., p. 78.

59. Ibid., p. 74.

60. Ibid., pp. 31-32. "The National Drink" appears in The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialities (New York, 1925), p. 215. [BACK]

61. Chazanof, Welch's Grape Juice , pp. 89-90, 95. [BACK]

62. Story of a Pantry Shelf , p. 217. [BACK]

63. Leslie Hewes, "Tontitown: Ozark Vineyard Center," Economic Geography 29 (1953): 140, says that there were 5,000 acres of vines in the Springdale region in 1923. [BACK]

64. Grape Culturist 2 (1870): 202-3; 3 (1871): 146. [BACK]

65. Planchon wrote that Kelley's wines, the whites especially, were superior to the ordinary wines of the Midi (J.-E. Planchon, Les Vignes américaines [Montpellier, 1875], p. 70). [BACK]

66. Grape Culturist 1 (1869): 45-47. [BACK]

67. Grape Culturist 1 (1869): 45-47, 86-87, 172. [BACK]

68. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1867 (Washington, D.C., 1868), p. 388. [BACK]

69. H. D. Hooker, "George Husmann," Missouri Historical Review 23 (1929): 357. [BACK]

70. Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making , p. v. [BACK]

71. Alexis Millardet, "Traitement du mildiou et du rot," Journal d'Ariculture Pratique 2 (1885): 513-16, 707-10. [BACK]

72. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Botanical Division, Circular no. 3 (April 1887); First Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1889 (Washington, D.C., 1889), pp. 399-405. [BACK]

73. Dr. J. R. McGrew, "A Review of the Origin of Hybrid Grape Varieties," American Wine Society Special Bulletin (Ithaca, N.Y., February 1971), p. 2. [BACK]

74. History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties (Chicago, 1888), p. 1112; Charles G. Van Ravenswaay, The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1977), p. 256n.; Walter Williams, ed., The State of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1904). pp. 388-89· [BACK]

75. History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties , p. 1087. [BACK]

76. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871 (Washington, D.C., 1872), p. 373. [BACK]

77. George Ordish, The Great Wine Blight (London, 1972), pp. 41, 61.

78. Ibid., p. 30 [BACK]

77. George Ordish, The Great Wine Blight (London, 1972), pp. 41, 61.

78. Ibid., p. 30 [BACK]

79. Hooker, "George Husmann," p. 357. [BACK]

80. Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making , p. vii. [BACK]

81. Ordish, Great Wine Blight , pp. 114-15. [BACK]

82. G. C. Husmann, "Resistant Vines," in International Congress of Viticulture, Official Report (San Francisco, 1915), P. 46. [BACK]

83. Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making , pp. 106-7; Hermann Jaeger, in Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making , 4th ed., 1896, pp. 110-11; Bush and Son and

Meissner, Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines , 3d ed. (St. Louis, 1883), pp. 24-26; Ordish, Great Wine Blight , ch. 11. [BACK]

84. Liberty Hyde Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (New York, 1914-17), 3:1581. [BACK]

85. Pierre Viala, Une Mission viticole en Amérique (Montpellier, 1889), p. 84. [BACK]

86. R. E. Subden and A. C. Noble, "How the Hybrids Came to Canada," Wines and Vines 59 (December 1978): 42. [BACK]

87. McMurtrie, Report upon the Statistics of Grape Culture , p. 76. Grapes grew on the university farm even before Husmann's arrival, and the undergraduates' raid on the wine made from them in 1871 and stored in a university building is the subject of one of the first published verses of Eugene Field, then a student at Mizzou. [BACK]

88. Husmann was said to have been among the first to send native stocks to California ( American Wine Press and Mineral Water News , 5 April 1897, p. 15). Husmann's son recalled that his father had sent 120,000 cuttings of native varieties to Simonton (George C. Husmann, "Viticulture of Napa County," in Tom Gregory et al., History of Solano and Napa Counties [Los Angeles, 1912], p. 148). [BACK]

89. Husmann, Grape Culture and Wine-Making , p. 68. [BACK]

90. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1868 (Washington, D.C., 1869), pp. 519-20.

91. Ibid., p. 217. [BACK]

90. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1868 (Washington, D.C., 1869), pp. 519-20.

91. Ibid., p. 217. [BACK]

92. Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making , pp. 184-85. [BACK]

93. Thomas Gregg, History of Hancock County, Illinois (Chicago, 1880), p. 960; Adams, Wines of America , p. 144. [BACK]

94. Mildred B. McCormick, "A Land of Corn and Wine," Springhouse Magazine 2 (May-June 1985): 38-39. [BACK]

95. Grape Culturist 1 (1869): 228, 300-302; 2 (1870): inside back cover; Dictionary of American Biography (for Hecker); Schneiter to Shorb, 16 March 1891 (Shorb Papers); Past and Present of Rock Island County, Illinois (Chicago, 1877), p. 374. [BACK]

96. Adolph Blankenhorn, Uber den Weinbau der Vereinigten Staaten yon Nordamerika... Briefwechsel zwischen Adolph Blankenhorn und Friedrich Hecker in den Jahren 1872-1880 (Darmstadt, 1883). [BACK]

97. See the references to their work in Hedrick, Grapes of New York . [BACK]

98. Kansas State Temperance Union, Prohibition in Kansas: Facts, Not Opinions (Topeka, 1890), p. 4. [BACK]

99. "Les Canzes nous apportent du raisin en quantité, dont nous faisons du vin, que nous buvons tousles jours et que nous trouvons fort bien" ("Relation de voyage du Sieur de Bourgmont," in Pierre Margry, ed., Découvertes et établissements des Français dans l'Amérique septentrionale, 1614-1754 [Paris, 1875-86], 6: 403). [BACK]

100. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 ; ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites (New York, 1904-5), 1:63 (1 July 1804). [BACK]

101. Kate Stephens, Life at Laurel Town (Lawrence, Kans., 1920), p. 3. [BACK]

102. T.J. Willard, Log Cabin Days ([Manhattan? Kans.], 1929), pp. 53-54. [BACK]

103. A.M. Burns, "The Cultivation of the Grape," introductory essay to catalogue (Manhattan, Kans., 1866), pp. 1, 4 (Kansas State Historical Society).

104. Ibid., p. 4. [BACK]

103. A.M. Burns, "The Cultivation of the Grape," introductory essay to catalogue (Manhattan, Kans., 1866), pp. 1, 4 (Kansas State Historical Society).

104. Ibid., p. 4. [BACK]

105. Alfred T. Andreas, History of the State of Kansas (Chicago, 1883), p. 476. [BACK]

106. Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Transactions, 1872 (Topeka, 1873), pp. 204-5; Douglas County Bicentennial Commission, Douglas County Historic Building Survey — A Photo Sampler (Lawrence, 1976), unpaginated. Vinland is named after the vineyard maintained there by the nurseryman W. E. Barnes from 1857 (Andreas, History of the State of Kansas , p. 356). [BACK]

107. Grape Culturist 3 (June 1871): 143. [BACK]

108. Kansas State Horticultural Society, Transactions, 1871 (Topeka, 1872), pp. 26-27.

109. Ibid., pp. 72-75; Kansas State Horticultural Society, Transactions, 1872 (Topeka, 1873), PP. 153-57. [BACK]

108. Kansas State Horticultural Society, Transactions, 1871 (Topeka, 1872), pp. 26-27.

109. Ibid., pp. 72-75; Kansas State Horticultural Society, Transactions, 1872 (Topeka, 1873), PP. 153-57. [BACK]

110. Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Transactions, 1873 (Topeka, 1874), pp. 150-52. [BACK]

111. Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Transactions, 1874 (Topeka, 1875), p. 235. [BACK]

112. Kansas State College, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin no. 14 (Topeka, 1891); no. 28 (Topeka, 1892); no. 44 (Manhattan, 1894). [BACK]

113. Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Transactions, 1872 , p. 27. [BACK]

114. Kansas State Horticultural Society, How to Grow and Use the Grape in Kansas , compiled and revised by William H. Barnes ([Topeka], 1901).

115. Ibid., p. 123. [BACK]

114. Kansas State Horticultural Society, How to Grow and Use the Grape in Kansas , compiled and revised by William H. Barnes ([Topeka], 1901).

115. Ibid., p. 123. [BACK]

116. Orange Judd Farmer , 1 February 1896, p. 109. [BACK]

117. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1866 (Washington, D.C., 1867), pp. 115- 18. [BACK]

118. San Francisco Merchant , 21 December 1883, p. 164. [BACK]

119. Emile Vallet, An Icanian Communist in Nauvoo , ed. H. Roger Grant (Springfield, Ill., 1971 ), p. 25. [BACK]

120. Adams, Wines of America , p. 143. [BACK]

121. Robert V. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies (New Haven, 1965), p. 71 [BACK]

122. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871 , p. 231. [BACK]

123. Hine, California's Utopian Colonies , p. 71. [BACK]

124. Garrett R. Carpenter, "Silkville: A Kansas Attempt in the History of Fourierist Utopias, 1869- 1892," Emporia State Research Studies 3 (1954): 13, 18, 24, 25. [BACK]

125. Amana Society, "The Amana Colonies" ([Amana Colonies, Iowa], 1969), no pagination. The Prestele family, Joseph and his sons Gottlieb and William Henry, were artists in Amana specializing in horticultural illustration. William Henry became one of the official artists of the Department of Agriculture in Washington. His paintings of native American grape varieties made to illustrate a comprehensive report by T. V. Munson at the end of the century have never been published. They are still preserved in the Department of Agriculture and—who knows?—may yet one day be brought to the light of publication. They would make both a handsome and a historic work. [BACK]

126. 11th Census, 1890, Report on the Statistics of Agriculture in the United States (Washington, D.C., 1895), p. 604. [BACK]