6 The Early Republic, Continued
1. George Rapp, Petition to Congress, 1805, in Karl J. R. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society, 1785-1847 (Philadelphia, 1965), p. 86. [BACK]
2. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 114. [BACK]
3. Karl J. R. Arndt, Harmony on the Connoquenessing (Worcester, Mass., 1980), p. 874.
4. Ibid., p. 422. [BACK]
3. Karl J. R. Arndt, Harmony on the Connoquenessing (Worcester, Mass., 1980), p. 874.
4. Ibid., p. 422. [BACK]
5. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 125; id., Harmony on the Connoquenessing , p. 874. [BACK]
6. Arndt, Harmony on the Connoquenessing , pp. 715-16. [BACK]
7. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 134.
8. Ibid., p. 137. [BACK]
7. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 134.
8. Ibid., p. 137. [BACK]
9. Karl J. R. Arndt, A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society, 1814-1824 (Indianapolis, 1975-78), 1:77 (29 November-14 December? 1814). [BACK]
10. Arndt, Documentary History , 1: 107, 745, 799; id., George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 295. [BACK]
11. Dufour, Vine-Dresser's Guide , pp. 20, 305. [BACK]
12. Arndt, Documentary History , 1: 235-37 (20 July 1816).
13. Ibid., 2: 480n. [BACK]
12. Arndt, Documentary History , 1: 235-37 (20 July 1816).
13. Ibid., 2: 480n. [BACK]
14. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 322. [BACK]
15. Arndt, Documentary History , 2:18 (8 February 1820). [BACK]
16. The story of the abundant wine produced from wild grapes by the French in eighteenth-century Illinois is a hardy perennial, but the evidence for it is shaky; the earliest published version I know of is in a newspaper item from the late eighteenth century promoting emigration to the Illinois country—a suspicious circumstance. Other stories about wine in early Illinois—such as that one that tells how the French government forbade vine planting for fear of competition with the home industry—are equally dubious. For the assertion about French wine production in Illinois, see, e.g., Liberty Hyde Bailey, Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits (New York, 1898), p. 3, and the Franklin Papers, American Philosophical Society, 58: ff. 11-12 (MS, c. 1772); the latter document affirms that the French remaining in Illinois territory had made French vines "flourish there and produce wine." For the newspaper reference, see Howard Mumford Jones, America and French Culture, 1750-1848 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1927), p. 303n. [BACK]
17. In Barren County, Kentucky: the reference is to the vineyards of a Swiss, Buchetti, and of an American, James G. Hicks. [BACK]
18. MS, c. 1822, courtesy Karl J. R. Arndt, German-American Archives, Clark University, Worcester, Mass. [BACK]
19. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 277. [BACK]
20. Ferdinand Ernst, "Visit to Harmonie," 18 July 1819 (Arndt, Documentary History , 1: 745). [BACK]
21. Lindley, Indiana as Seen by Early Travellers , p. 425; Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , p. 341. [BACK]
22. Karl J. R. Arndt, Harmony on the Wabash in Transition (Worcester, Mass., 1982), pp. 685-86. [BACK]
23. Sandor Farkas, 4 October 1831, quoted in Karl J. R. Arndt, Economy on the Ohio, 1826-34 (Worcester, Mass., 1984), p. 624. [BACK]
24. Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York, 1875), p. 89. [BACK]
25. Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea (London, 1900), 2: 180. [BACK]
26. Arndt, George Rapp's Harmony Society , pp. 296-98. [BACK]
27. American Farmer 5 (31 October 1823): 251. [BACK]
28. William Robert Prince, Treatise on the Vine (New York, 1830), p. 227. A list drawn up for Prince in 1829 provides these names of growers: in Lancaster County, Bauchman, Meitz, Gist, Miller, and Becker; in York County, Eichelberger, Bernetz, Lessus, Upp, Spengler, Hinkel, Small, Groll, Shelby, Ness, Sulsbach, Forembach, and Wildie. There were doubtless others as well (Prince Papers, National Agricultural Library). [BACK]
29. W. P. Hedrick, The Grapes of New York (Albany, N.Y., 1908), p. 44. [BACK]
30. Niles' Register 11 (23 November 1816): 208. [BACK]
31. John Charles Dawson, Lakanal the Regicide (University, Ala., 1948), p. 104. [BACK]
32. Annals of Congress , 14th Cong., 2d sess., p. 1313 (3 March 1817). [BACK]
33. On the different names of the organization, see J. S. Reeves, The Napoleonic Exiles in America , Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science, 23d ser. (Baltimore, 1905), p. 558; Kent Gardien, "The Splendid Fools: Philadelphia Origins of Alabama's Vine and Olive Colony," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 104 (1980): 503. [BACK]
34. American State Papers, Public Lands (Washington, D.C., 1832-61), 3: 387, 435. [BACK]
35. Reeves, Napoleonic Exiles , pp. 560-61. [BACK]
36. Reported in Niles' Register 13 (31 January 1818): 377. [BACK]
37. American State Papers, Public Lands , 3: 435. [BACK]
38. The summary in this paragraph is drawn from Hamner Cobbs, "Geography of the Vine and Olive Company," Alabama Review 14 (April 1961): 83-97; Anne Bozeman Lyon, "The Buonapartists in Alabama," Gulf States Historical Magazine 1 (1902-3): 325-36; Albert James Pickett, History of Alabama , 3d ed. (Charleston, S.C., 1851 ); Reeves, Napoleonic Exiles ; Winston Smith, Days of Exile: Tile Story of the Vine and Olive Company in Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1967); and Gaius Whitfield, Jr., "The French Grant in Alabama," Transactions of the Alabama Historical Society, 1899-1903 4 (1904): 321 -55. [BACK]
39. American State Papers, Public Lands , 3: 537- [BACK]
40. Lyon, "Buonapartists in Alabama," p. 330. [BACK]
41. Cobbs, "Geography of the Vine and Olive Company," pp. 89-90; . American State Papers, Public Lands , 3: 396. [BACK]
42. American State Papers, Public Lands , 3:396, 537. [BACK]
43. Pickett, History of Alabama , 3d ed., 1: 398. [BACK]
44. Samuel Maverick to Thomas Jefferson, 4 March 1822 (Edwin Morris Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book, 1766-1824 (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 602. [BACK]
45. American State Papers, Public Lands , 5:15.
46. Ibid., p. 467. [BACK]
45. American State Papers, Public Lands , 5:15.
46. Ibid., p. 467. [BACK]
47. Robert W. Withers, American Farmer 11 (5 June 1829): 91. [BACK]
48. On Adlum generally, see Bessie Wilmarth Gahn, "Major John Adlum of Rock Creek," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 39 (1938): 127-39; Donald H. Kent and Mearle H. Deardorff, "John Adlum on the Allegheny: Memoirs for the Year 1794," Pennsylvania Magazine for History and Biography 84 (1960): 265-324, 435-80; John A. Saul, "Tree Culture, or a Sketch of Nurseries in the District of Columbia," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 10 (1907): 38-47. [BACK]
49. John Adlum to Thomas Jefferson, 15 February 1810 (Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress). [BACK]
50. John Adlum, A Memoir on tile Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the Best Mode of Making Wine , 2d ed. (Washington, D.C., 1828), p. 11. [BACK]
51. Adlum, Memoir , 1st ed. (Washington, D.C., 1823), p. 24n. [BACK]
52. Jefferson to Adlum, 7 October 1809 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
53. Adlum to Jefferson, 15 February 1810 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
54. Jefferson to Adlum, 13 January 1816 (Betts, ed., Jefferson's Garden Book , p. 554); Adlum to Jefferson, 27 February 1816 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
55. New England Farmer 2 (1824): 277. [BACK]
56. Cozzens' Wine Press 1 (20 June 1854): 2. [BACK]
57. Adlum to Jefferson, 5 June 1822 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
58. Adlum to J. S. Skinner, 17 September 1822 ( American Farmer 4 [1 November 1822]: 256). [BACK]
59. American Farmer 4 (5 July 1822): 112. [BACK]
60. American Farmer 4 (1 November 1822): 256. [BACK]
61. Adlum to Jefferson, 5 June 1822 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
62. American Farmer 4 (1 November 1822): 256. [BACK]
63. Adlum to Jefferson, 24 March 1823 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
64. Jefferson to Adlum, 11 April 1823 ( American Farmer 5 [16 May 1823]: 63). [BACK]
65. Adlum to Jefferson, 14 March 1823 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
66. Adlum uses ''Catawba" in American Farmer 7 (4 March 1825): 397. [BACK]
67. The most circumstantial account, by Dr. Stephen Mosher, was published in the Western Horticultural Review , 1850; this is summarized by both Hedrick, Grapes of New York , p. 206, and by Liberty Hyde Bailey, Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits (New York, 1898), pp. 54-56. [BACK]
68. Hedrick, Grapes of New York , p. 207. [BACK]
69. A Wine-Grower's Guide (New York, 1965), p. 206. [BACK]
70. The Horticulturist 5 (August 1850): 58. [BACK]
71. Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847 (Washington, D.C., 1848), p. 467. [BACK]
72. It was republished in facsimile in 1971. The first edition is now a collector's item, bringing a price of many hundreds of dollars. [BACK]
73. Adlum, Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine , 2d ed., p. 37. [BACK]
74. Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847 , p. 462. [BACK]
75. Madison to Mr. Randolph, 13 April 1823 (Pennsylvania Historical Society). [BACK]
76. John Adlum, A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine , 1st ed., p. 4. [BACK]
77. American Farmer 6 (7 May 1824): 53. [BACK]
78. American Farmer 7 (2 September 1825): 188. [BACK]
79. Gahn, "Major John Adlum," p. 136. [BACK]
80. Isaac G. Hutton, The Vigneron; an Essay on the Culture of the Grape and the Making of Wine (Washington, D.C., 1827); copy in the Library of Congress. [BACK]
81. Verse as a medium for popularizing technical subjects goes back to Vergil and was familiar in the eighteenth century, but it is unusual to find it being used as late as 1827: see, e.g., the poem Cyder by John Philips (1708) and Dr. Erasmus Darwin's The Loves of the Plants (1789). [BACK]
82. Adlum to Jefferson, 5 June 1822, 24 March 1823 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
83. American Farmer 10 (4 July 1828): 128; Niles' Register 36 (18 April 1829): 119. [BACK]
84. U. P. Hedrick, History of Horticulture in America to 1860 (New York, 1950), p. 224. Hedrick's is a general proposition subject to much modification in particulars. The attempt to grow vinifera in the East was never abandoned by private growers, and both state and federal agencies kept up experiments at different times during the century. [BACK]
85. John Adlum, Adlum on Making Wine (Georgetown, 1826) was reprinted from the National Journal. . [BACK]
86. Hedrick, Grapes of New York , p. 214. [BACK]
87. Senate Documents , 20th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 185 (Washington, D.C., 1828).
88. Ibid.; Niles' Register 34 (1828): 161, 192, 209. [BACK]
87. Senate Documents , 20th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 185 (Washington, D.C., 1828).
88. Ibid.; Niles' Register 34 (1828): 161, 192, 209. [BACK]
89. Gahn, "Major John Adlum," p. 131. [BACK]
90. Adlum to Jefferson, 24 March 1823 (Jefferson Papers). [BACK]
91. American Farmer 9 (22 February 1828): 388. [BACK]
92. Information from Dr. J. R. McGrew. [BACK]
93. American Farmer 1 (1 October 1819): 214. [BACK]
94. E.g., American Farmer 7 (29 April 1825): 45; Niles' Register 35 (25 October 1828): 130. [BACK]
95. C. O. Cathey, "Sidney Weller: Ante-Bellum Promoter of Agricultural Reform," North Carolina Historical Review 31 (January 1954): 5. [BACK]
96. C. O. Cathey, Agricultural Developments in North Carolina, 1783-1860 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1956), p. 155. [BACK]
97. American Farmer 9 (6 April 1827): 22. [BACK]
98. David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina (Charleston, S.C., 1809), 2:224. [BACK]
99. American Farmer 7 (6 January 1826): 329. [BACK]
100. Ramsay, History of South-Carolina , 2:224. [BACK]
101. Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fruits , pp. 13-14. [BACK]
102. Anon., "A Memorial on the Practicability of Growing Vineyards in South Carolina," p. 16. The speaker identifies himself as a "stranger" (p. 11) and a "foreigner" (p. 12). [BACK]
103. John Drayton, A View of South Carolina (Charleston, S.C., 1802), p. 212; James Mease, ed., Domestic Encyclopaedia (Philadelphia, 1803-4), 5:325. [BACK]
104. James Guignard to William Prince, 30 December 1844 (Prince Papers, National Agricultural Library); Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1847 , p. 468. [BACK]
105. Constantine Rafinesque, MS notes on vineyards, American Philosophical Society; Samuel Maverick to Thomas Jefferson, 11 August 1821, in Betts, ed., Jefferson's Garden Book , pp. 597-98. [BACK]
106. "Journal of a Visit to Greenville from Charleston in the Summer of 1825," South Carolina Historical Magazine 72 (1971): 222. [BACK]
107. The Grape Culturist 1 (1869): 173. [BACK]
108. American Farmer 12 (2 April 1830): 21. [BACK]
109. American Farmer 9 (4 January 1828): 333. [BACK]
110. American Farmer 11 (9 October 1829): 237. [BACK]
111. "Autobiography of William John Grayson," South Carolina Historical Magazine 69 ( 1949): 95. [BACK]
112. "A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine" (Baltimore, 1833). I have not seen a copy. [BACK]
113. Nicholas Herbemont, American Farmer 8 (8 September 1826): 196. [BACK]
114. American Farmer 9 (4 January 1828): 332-33. [BACK]
115. American Farmer 7 (6 January 1826): 329. [BACK]
116. Niles' Register 33 (12 January 1828): 321. [BACK]
117. American Farmer 6 (11 February 1825): 369-70; 8 (19, 26 May, 2 June 1826): 69-70, 77-78, 82-83. [BACK]
118. James C. Bonner, "The Georgia Wine Industry on the Eve of. the Civil War," Georgia Historical Quarterly 41 (1957): 21. [BACK]
119. Adlum, "Adlum on Making Wine," p. 13; American Farmer 6 (11 February 1825): 369 [BACK]
120. Stephen Franks Miller, The Bench and Bar of Georgia (Philadelphia, 1858), 1: 399. [BACK]
121. American Farmer 6 (11 February 1825): 369. [BACK]
122. Rafinesque worked in Adlum's Georgetown vineyard in 1825: "It was there that I began to study better our vines" (Rafinesque, "A Life of Travels," Chronica Botanica 8, no. 2 [1944]: 326). Rafinesque gave the name Adlumia to the Allegheny smoke vine. [BACK]
123. Constantine Rafinesque, Medical Flora, or Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of America (Philadelphia, 1830), 2:159-60. [BACK]