Primary Sources
Library and Archival Collections
American Hospital Association Reference Library, Chicago, Illinois.
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, Standards for Hospital Accreditation , 1953, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1969
Vertical Files
American Medical Association Library and Archives, Chicago, Illinois.
Deceased Physician Master File
Historical Health Fraud Collection
C. D. McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois.
Jenny Knauss Collection
Paula Kamen Collection
Serials
Women's Ephemera Folders
Chicago Historical Society, Archives and Manuscripts Department, Chicago, Illinois.
Chicago Medical Society Records
Chicago Women's Liberation Union Papers
Cook County Hospital Archives, Chicago, Illinois.
Cook County Hospital Administration Records
Cook County Medical Examiner's Office, Medical Records Department, Chicago, Illinois.
Cook County Coroner's Inquests
Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Alan F. Guttmacher Papers
Horatio R. Storer Papers
Historical Society of the State of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Women's National Abortion Action Coalition Papers
Illinois State Archives, Springfield, Illinois.
Supreme Court of Illinois, Case Files, Record Series 901
Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Illinois.
Illinois State Medical Society, Records, 1850-1960
Maryland State Archives, Annapolis, Maryland.
Maryland Court of Appeals (Transcripts)
Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
E. Franklin Frazier Papers
Peter Marshall Murray Papers
Municipal Reference Collection, Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Illinois.
Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency. Administration of the Office of Coroner of Cook County, Report , December 1911
Chicago City Council. Proceedings , 1896-1897, 1908-1909, 1916-1917
Chicago Department of Health. Annual Report , 1899-1930
———. Bulletin , 1900-1927
———. Committee for the Negro Health Survey , 1927
———. Handbook of General Orders, Instructions for Field Employees in the Bureau of Medical Inspection , 1913, 1915
Chicago Department of Police. Annual Report , 1913-1931
———. Report of General Superintendent oar Police of the City of Chicago , 1878-1912
Chicago Municipal Reference Library. Coroners of Cook County, 1831-1976
Cook County Coroner. Annual Report , 1907-1969
Illinois Department of Public Health. Annual Report , 1930-1969
National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, Washington, D.C., and Chicago.
Silent No More Campaign Files, 1985
National Archives—Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.
Civil Case Files, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (Chicago), Record Group 21, Records of the District Courts of the United States
U.S. District Court, Criminal Docket Book no. 8, U.S. District Court, 1912-1913
Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mary Steichen Calderone Papers
Records of the Society For Humane Abortion and the Association to Repeal Abortion Laws
University of Illinois at Chicago Library, Department of Special Collections.
Chicago Urban League Collection
Jane Addams Collection
University of Illinois at Chicago Library, Reference Section.
The Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey
William S. Middleton Health Sciences Library, Rare Book Room, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Report of the Board of Health of the City of Chicago , 1870-1873
Court Cases (In Chronological Order)
United States Supreme Court Cases
Griswold v. Connecticut , 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Doe v. Bolton , 410 U.S. 179 (1973).
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services , 492 U.S. 490 (1989).
Planned Parenthood v. Casey , 112 S. Ct. 2791 (1992).
Illinois Appellate Court, Illinois Supreme Court, and Other Cases
Holliday v. the People , 9 Ill. 111 (1847).
Yundt v. the People , 65 Ill. 372 (1872).
Earll v. the People , 73 Ill. 329 (1874.).
Beasley v. the People , 89 Ill. 571 (1878).
Earll v. the People , 99 Ill. 123 (1881).
Baker v. the People , 105 Ill. 4.52 (1883).
Scott v. the People , 141 Ill. 195 (1892).
Dunn v. the People , 172 Ill. 582 (1898).
Cochran v. the People , 175 Ill. 28 (1898).
Cook v. the People , 177 Ill. 148 (1898).
Aiken v. the People , 183 Ill. 215 (1899).
Howard v. the People , 185 Ill. 552 (1900).
Hagenow v. the People , 188 Ill. 545 (1901).
Clark v. the People , 224 Ill. 554 (1906).
People v. Buettner , 233 Ill. 272 (1908).
People v. Hagenow , 236 Ill. 514 (1908).
People v. Dennis , 246 Ill. 559 (1910).
People v. Hotz , 261 Ill. 239 (1914).
People v. Patrick , 277 Ilk 210 (1917).
People v. Schultz-Knighten , 277 Ill. 238 (1917).
People v. Hobbs , 297 Ill. 399 (1921).
People v. Heisler , 300 Ill. 98 (1921).
People v. Carrico , 310 Ill. 543 (1924).
People v. Pigatti , 314 Ill. 626 (1924).
People v. Rongetti , 331 Ill. 581 (1928).
People v. Reed , 333 Ill. 397 (1929).
People v. Hagenow , 334 Ill. 341 (1929).
People v. Rongetti , 338 Ill. 56 (1930).
People v. Zwienczak , 338 Ill. 237 (1930).
People v. Heissler , 338 Ill. 596 (1930).
People v. Huff , 339 Ill. 328 (1930).
People v. Stilson , 342 Ill. 158 (1930).
People v. Rongetti , 344 Ill. 107 (1931).
People v. Rongetti , 344. Ill. 278 (1931).
People v. Wyherk , 347 Ill. 28 (1931).
People v. Ney , 349 Ill. 172 (1932).
People v. Kreutzer , 354 Ill. 430 (1933).
People v. Valentino , 354. Ill. 584 (1934).
People v. Gleitsmann , 361 Ill. 165 (1935).
People v. Davis , 362 Ill. 417 (1936).
People v. Braune , 363 Ill. 551 (1936).
People v. Cheney , 368 Ill. 131 (1938).
People v. Mitchell , 368 Ill. 399 (1938).
People v. Holmes , 369 Ill. 624 (1938).
People v. Mann , 370 Ill. 123 (1938).
People v. Schneider , 370 Ill. 612 (1939).
People v. Schyman , 374 Ill. 292 (1940).
People v. Martin , 376 Ill. 569 (1941).
People v. Peyser , 380 Ill. 404 (1942).
People v. Nathanson , 321 Ill. App. 158 (1943).
People v. Nathanson , 382 Ill. 145 (1943).
People v. Martin , 382 Ill. 192 (1943).
People v. Schaffner , 382 Ill. 266 (1943).
People v. Schmoll , 383 Ill. 280 (1943).
People v. Gleitsmann , 384 Ill. 303 (1943).
People v. Pavluk , 386 Ill. 492 (1944).
People v. Thompson , 387 Ill. 134 (1944).
People v. Nathanson , 389 Ill. 311 (1945).
People v. Meyers , 392 Ill. 395 (1946).
People v. Murawski , 394. Ill. 236 (1946).
People v. Gleitsmann , 396 Ill. 499 (1947).
People v. Young , 398 Ill. 117 (1947).
People v. Stanko , 402 Ill. 558 (1949).
People v. Tilley , 406 Ill. 398 (1950).
People v. Stanko , 407 Ill. 624 (1951).
Adams, Nelson, and Timanus v. State , 200 Md. 133 (1951).
People v. Khamis , 411 Ill. 46 (1952).
People v. Tilley , 411 Ill. 473 (1952).
Stalder v. Stone , 412 Ill. 488 (1952).
Castronovo v. Murawsky , 3 Ill. App. 2d 168 (1954).
People v. Ryan , 9 Ill. 2d 467 (1956).
People v. Kalpak , 10 Ill. 2d 411 (1957).
People v. Heidman , 11 Ill. 2d 501 (1957).
People v. Smuk , 12 Ill. 2d 360 (1957).
People v. Sarelli , 34 Ill. App. 2d 380 (1962).
People v. Woods , 24 Ill. 2d 154 (1962).
Iczek v. Iczek , 42 Ill. App. 2d 241 (1963).
People v. Veidt , 28 Ill. 2d 547 (1963).
People v. Gomez , 29 Ill. 2d 432 (1963).
Mateyka v. Smith , 47 Ill. App. 2d 1 (1964).
People v. Johndrow , 71 Ill. App. 2d 75 (1966).
People v. Miller , 82 Ill. App. 2d 304 (1967).
People v. Heidman , 38 Ill. 2d 466 (1967).
People v. Miller , 40 Ill. 2d 154 (1968).
People v. Johndrow , 40 Ill. 2d 288 (1968).
People v. Belous , 80 Cal. Rptr. 354, 458 P. 2d 194 (1969).
People v. Pecora , 107 Ill. App. 2d 283 (1969).
People v. West , 128 Ill. App. 2d 63 (1970).
Doe v. Scott , 321 F. Supp. 1385 (1971).
People v. Stephens , 132 Ill. App. 2d 586 (1971).
People ex rel. Hanrahan v. White , 52 Ill. 2d 70 (1972).
People v. Bell , 10 Ill. App. 3d 533 (1973).
People v. Frey , 54 Ill. 2d 28 (1973).
Selected Medical and Health Journals
American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children . 1880-1919. Superseded by American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 1920-1973.
Birth Control Review . 1917-1940. Reprint, New York: Da Capo, 1970.
Bulletin of the Chicago Medical Society . 1908-1909. Superseded by The Official Bulletin of the Chicago Medical Society . 1914-1916.
Chicago Medical Journal . 1862-1876. Superseded by Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner . 1877-1888.
Family Planning Perspectives . 1994-1995.
Illinois State Medical Society. Transactions . 1874-1899. Superseded by Illinois Medical Journal . 1899-1974.
Journal of the American Medical Association . 1883-1973.
Journal of the National Medical Association . 1909-1973.
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly . 1935-1960.
Public Health Nurse Quarterly . 1909-1952.
Reports of the American Public Health Association . 1890-1911. Superseded by American Journal of Public Health . 1911-1945, 1960-1973.
Transactions of the American Medical Association . 1855-1871.
Woman's Medical Journal . 1893-1934.
Newspapers
Baltimore Sun , 1951.
Chicago Defender , 1914, 1940-1973.
Chicago Record Herald and Index , 1904-1910.
Chicago Times , 1888-1889.
Chicago Tribune , 1866-1867, 1888-1889, 1940-1941.
Clinton Daily Public , 1867.
Detroit Chronicle , 1958.
Detroit Free Press , 1958, 1972.
New York Times , 1866-1973.
Springfield Illinois State Journal , 1866-1867.
Springfield Illinois State Register , 1866-1867.
Articles, Books, Government Documents, and Interviews
The Abortion Problem . Proceedings of the Conference Held under the Auspices of the National Committee on Maternal Health. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, for the National Committee on Maternal Health, 1944.
"Abortion Surveillance: Preliminary Data—United States, 1992." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: CDC Surveillance Summaries 43 (December 23, 1994).
Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House, with Autobiographical Notes . 1910. Reprint, New York: New American Library, 1938.
Alexander, Susan Grossman. Interview by author. Tape recording. Chicago, March 8, 1994; June 28, 1995. Tape in author's possession.
American College of Physicians Directory, 1929-1930 . Edited by Truman Schnabel. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1930.
American Hospital Association. Manual on Obstetrical Practice in Hospitals . Chicago: American Hospital Association, 1936.
American Law Institute. Model Penal Code: Official Draft and Explanatory Notes; Complete Text of Model Penal Code as Adopted at the 1962 Annual Meeting of The American Law Institute at Washington, D.C., May 24, 1962 . Philadelphia: American Law Institute, 1985.
———. Proceedings of the American Law Institute . 1959, 1962.
American Medical Directory . Chicago: American Medical Association, 1906, 1914, 1916, 1921, 1942, 1950.
Baker, S. Josephine. Fighting For Life . New York: Macmillan, 1939.
Barnett, Ruth. They Weep on My Doorstep . [Oregon]: Halo Publishers, 1969.
Bates, Jerome E., and Edward S. Zawadzki. Criminal Abortion: A Study in Medical Sociology . Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1964.
Biographies of Physicians and Surgeons . Edited by F. M. Sperry. Chicago: J. H. Beers and Co., 1904.
Bowen, Louise DeKoven. "The Colored People of Chicago." Chicago: Juvenile Protective Association, 1913.
Breckinridge, Sophonisba P. Family Welfare Work in a Metropolitan Community, Selected Case Records . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924.
Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar, and Florence Haxton Britten. Youth and Sex: A Study of 1300 College Students . New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.
Calderone, Mary Steichen, ed. Abortion in the United States: A Conference Sponsored by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. at Arden House and the New York Academy of Medicine . New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
Chicago City Directory . 1889.
Chisolm, Shirley. "Facing the Abortion Question." In Black Women in White America: A Documentary History , edited by Gerda Lerner, 602- 607. New York: Random House, 1972.
Cisler, Lucinda. "Unfinished Business: Birth Control and Women's Liberation." In Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement , edited by Robin Morgan, 274-323. New York: Vintage Books, 1970.
Commoner, Barry. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology . New York: Knopf, 1971. Reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1972.
Connorton's Directory of Physicians, Dentists, and Druggists of Chicago, Including Suburbs in Cook County . Chicago: J. Newton McDonald, 1889.
The Cyclopedia of Medicine . Edited by George Morris. Vol. 12. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1935.
Davis, Katharine Bement. Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women . 1929. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972.
DeLee, Joseph B. The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics . 2d and 4th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1916 and 1924.
Ehrlich, Paul R. The Population Bomb . New York: Ballantine Books, 1968.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique . New York: Dell, 1963.
Fritzsche, Sybille. Interview by author. Tape recording. Chicago, March 8, 1994; April 6, 1995. Tape in author's possession.
Gebhard, Paul H., et al. Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion . New York: Harper and Brothers and Paul B. Hoeber Medical Books, 1958.
Greenleaf, Simon. A Treatise on the Law of Evidence . Vol. 1. 16th ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1899.
Guttmacher, Alan F. "The Genesis of Liberalized Abortion in New York: A Personal Insight." Update by Irwin H. Kaiser. In Abortion, Medicine, and the Law , 3d ed., rev., edited by J. Douglas Butler and David F. Walbert, 229-246. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986.
Hale, Edwin M. The Great Crime of the Nineteenth Century . Chicago: C.S. Halsey, 1867.
Hamilton, Gilbert Van Tassel. A Research in Marriage . New York: Albert and Charles Roni, 1929.
Hardin, Garrett. Exploring New Ethics for Survival: The Voyage of the Spaceship Beagle . New York: Viking Press, 1968.
Hayt, Lillian R., and August H. Groeschel. Law of Hospital, Physician, and Patient . New York: Hospital Textbook, 1952.
Himes, Norman E. Medical History of Contraception . Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1936. Reprint, New York: New York University Press, 1963.
Hirst, Barton Cooke. A Textbook of Obstetrics . 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1918.
Hooker, Ransom S. Maternal Mortality in New York City: A Study of All Puerperal Deaths, 1930-1932 . New York: Commonwealth Fund, by the New York Academy of Medicine Committee on Public Health Relations, 1933.
Huser, Roger John. The Crime of Abortion in Canon Law: An Historical Synopsis and Commentary· Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1943.
Illinois. All the Laws of Illinois . 1899.
———. Journal of the House of Representatives . 1867.
———. Journal of the Senate . 1867.
———. Laws of Illinois . 1899, 1915, 1919, 1961.
———. Public Laws of Illinois . 1867, 1872.
———. Revised Code of Illinois . 1827.
Illinois State Board of Health. Annual Report . 1896-1899, 1903.
Institute of Medicine. Legalized Abortion and the Public Health, Report of a Study by a Committee of the Institute of Medicine, May 1975 . IOM Publication 75-02. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Science, 1975.
Juvenile Protective Association of Chicago. Baby Farms in Chicago: An Investigation Made for the Juvenile Protective Association by Arthur Alden Guild . N.p., 1917.
———. A Study of Bastardy Cases, Taken from The Court of Domestic Relations in Chicago . Text by Louise DeKoven Bowen [Chicago, 1914].
Keemer, Ed. Confessions of a Pro-Life Abortionist . Detroit: Vinco Press, 1980.
Kelly, Gerald Andrew. Medico-Moral Problems . Part 3. St. Louis: Catholic Hospital Association, 1948-1952.
Kopp, Marie E. Birth Control in Practice: Analysis often Thousand Case Histories of the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau . New York: Robert McBride and Co., 1933. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972.
Lader, Lawrence. Abortion . Boston: Beacon Press, 1966.
Lee, Nancy Howell. The Search for an Abortionist . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Lepawskysy, Albert. The Judicial System of Metropolitan Chicago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932.
Le Sueur, Meridel. The Girl . Minneapolis: West End Press and MEP Publications, 1978.
Litoff, Judy Barrett, ed. The American Midwife Debate: A Sourcebook on Its Modern Origins . New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Logan, Onnie Lee, as told to Katherine Clark. Motherwit: An Alabama Midwife's Story . New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989.
MacEachern, Malcolm T. Manual on Obstetric Practice in Hospitals . American Hospital Association Official Bulletin, no. 209. Chicago: American Hospital Association, 1940.
McDonald's Illinois State Medical Directory: A Complete List of Physicians in the State . Chicago: J. Newton McDonald, 1891.
Medical and Surgical Register of the United States . Detroit: R. L. Polk, 1886, 1890.
Morgan, Robin, ed. Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology. of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement . New York: Vintage Books, 1970.
The National Cyclopaedia of Biography, Being the History of the United States . Vol. 55. New York: James T. White and Co., 1949.
R., Dr. Jack [pseud.]. Interview by author. Tape recording. November 1987. Tape in author's possession.
Reed, Louis S. Midwives, Chiropodists, and Optometrists: Their Place in Medical Care . Chicago: University of Chicago, 1932.
Robinson, Caroline Hadley. Seventy Birth Control Clinics: A Survey and Analysis Including the General Effects of Control on Size and Quality of Population . Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1930.
Robinson, William J. The Law against Abortion: Its Perniciousness Demon-
strated and Its Repeal Demanded . New York: Eugenics Publishing Co., 1933.
Rongy, A. J. Abortion: Legal or Illegal ? New York: Vanguard Press, 1933.
Rosen, Harold, ed. Therapeutic Abortion: Medical, Psychiatric, Legal, Anthropological, and Religious Considerations in the Prevention of Conception and the Interruption of Pregnancy . New York: Julian Press, 1954.
S., Rose [pseud.]. Interview by author. Tape recording. November 1987. Tape in author's possession.
Sanger, Margaret. Motherhood in Bondage . New York: Brentano's Publishers, 1928.
Schmid, Calvin. Social Saga of Two Cities: An Ecological and Statistical Study of Social Trends in Minneapolis and St. Paul . Minneapolis: Minneapolis Council of Social Agencies, 1937.
Simon, Kenneth A., and W. Vance Grant. Digest of Educational Statistics . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
Storer, Horatio Robinson. Is It I? A Book for Every Man . 1868. Reprint as A Proper Bostonian on Sex and Birth Control , edited by Charles Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Arno Press, 1974.
———. Why Not? A Book for Every Woman . 1868. Reprint as A Proper Bostonian on Sex and Birth Control , edited by Charles Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Arno Press, 1974.
Storer, Horatio Robinson, and Franklin Fiske Heard. Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, and Its Law . Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1868.
Taussig, Frederick J. Abortion, Spontaneous and Induced: Medical and Social Aspects . St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1936.
———. The Prevention and Treatment of Abortion . St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1910.
Tietze, Christopher, et al. Provisional Estimates of Abortion Need and Services in the Tear Following the 1973 Supreme Court Decisions, United States, Each State and Metropolitan Area . A Report by the Alan Guttmacher Institute, Research and Development Division of Planned Parenthood Federation of America. New York: Planned Parenthood, 1975.
Tillmon, Johnnie. "Welfare is a Woman's Issue." In The First Ms. Reader , edited by Francine Klagsbrun, 51-59. New York: Warner Paperback Library, 1973.
Towne, Arthur W. "Young Girl Marriages in Criminal and Juvenile Courts." Journal of Social Hygiene 8 (July 1922): 287-290.
U.S. Army. Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880, 1906, 1928.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 . Bicentennial Edition, Part 1. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975.
———. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1994 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Birth Control Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931.
U.S. Department of Labor. Children's Bureau. Maternal Mortality in Fifteen States . Bureau Publication No. 223. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934.
Vice Commission of Chicago. The Social Evil in Chicago. A Study of Existing Conditions with Recommendations . 1911. Reprint, The Rise of Urban America , edited by Richard C. Wade. New York: Arno Press, 1970.
Vincent, Clark E. "Unmarried Fathers and the Mores: 'Sexual Exploiter' as an Ex Post Facto Label." American Sociological Review 25 (February 1960): 40-48.
White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. Fetal, Newborn, and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality . By Fred J. Taussig. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1933.
Who's Who in American Medicine, 1925 . Edited by Lloyd Thompson. New York: Who's Who Publications, 1925.
Wigmore, John Henry. A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law, Including Statutes and Judicial Decisions of All Jurisdictions of the United States . Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1904.
Williams, J. Whitridge. Williams Obstetrics: A Textbook for the Use of Students and Practitioners . 7th ed. rev. by Henricus J. Stander. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936.
You May Plow Here: The Narrative of Sara Brooks . Edited by Thordis Simonsen. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.