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C

Calderone, Dr. Mary Steichen, 219

California: abortion reform in, 233 , 331 n15;

maternal mortality rates in, 246 ;

Supreme Court, 235 . See also Los Angeles; San Francisco; Society for Humane Abortion

California Hospital (Los Angeles), 178

Carantzalis, Jennie, 74 , 75 -76

Carter, Dr. Patricia A., 179 , 180

Catherwood, Dr. Albert E., 174

Catheters, 274 n106, 274 n111;

sale of, 44 ;

use by midwives, 75 ;

use by physician-abortionists, 72


371

Catholic Church: censorship of abortion information, 319 n62;

on early abortion, 8 ;

on ensoulment, 7 ;

hospitals of, 321 n84, 339 n1;

medical opposition to abortion views of, 62 -63;

opposition to birth control, 222 , 330 n13;

pro-choice sentiment in, 233 , 234 , 341 n28;

on reproductive rights, 7 , 180 -81, 248 ;

on therapeutic abortion, 62 -63

Catholics: abortion rates of, 23 , 137 , 242 , 306 n22, 307 n23;

acceptance of abortion, 7 ;

in ALI, 221 -22;

of Chicago, 50 ;

hostility toward, and antiabortion campaign, 11 ;

Jesuits, 63

Cattell, Dr. Henry W., 296 n115

C.D. McCormick Library of Special Collections (Northwestern University), 256

Censorship, 140 , 172 , 233 , 309 n45, 319 n62

Cesarean section, 66 -67, 145 ;

forced, 250

Chaffee, Dr. John B., 46 -47, 48 , 50 , 51 , 52

Chamberlain, Dr. George M., 53

Charity Hospital (New Orleans), 134

Chauncey, George, 316 n14

Chicago: abortion clinics in, 149 -55, 246 ;

abortion hospitals in, 71 -72;

abortion in, 16 -17, 46 -59, 71 -78, 266 n3;

antimidwife antiabortion campaign in, 91 , 92 -101;

Ashland Boulevard Hospital, 72 ;

Bar Association, 222 ;

birth control clinics in, 37 ;

Board of Health, 88 ;

City Health Department, 94 ;

Clergy Consultation Service on Problem Pregnancies, 241 ;

discourse on women in, 109 ;

frequency of abortion in, 23 ;

health-care system of, 48 ;

as medical center, 57 ;

Medico-Legal Society, 55 ;

Michael Reese Hospital, 240 ;

Michigan Boulevard Sanitarium, 72 ;

newspapers of, 49 ;

Public Library, 256 ;

racial composition of population, 17 , 282 n93, 300 n21;

Visiting Nurse Association, 95 ;

Woman's Aid, 105 ;

Woman's City Club, 105 ;

Women's Liberation Union, 225 , 232 , 339 n2;

women's organizations, 105 -6, 107 , 225 , 232 , 294 n93, 339 n2. See also Cook County coroner; Cook County Hospital; "Jane"; Midwives, of Chicago; Physicians, of Chicago

Chicago City Council, 295 n107;

in antiabortion debate, 106 -7, 108 -9;

regulation of midwives, 98

Chicago Examiner , 109 , 125

Chicago Herald , 106

Chicago Lying-In Hospital: self-induced abortion patients in, 209 ;

therapeutic abortion in, 174 , 208

Chicago Medical Society, 106 , 107 , 117 ;

in Chicago Times exposé, 55 , 56 ;

Committee on Midwives, 95 -97, 100 , 101 ;

Criminal Abortion Committee, 82 , 83 , 84 , 88 -90, 104 ;

physician-abortionists in, 72 ;

on therapeutic abortion, 62 -63

Chicago Midwives' Association, 98

Chicago Times abortion expose, 46 -48, 40 -61, 102 , 274 n2, plates 1, 3, and 4;

abortionists in, 69 -70, 86 ;

American Medical Association in, 60 -61;

on availability of abortion, 70 ;

defense of immigrants, 50 ;

depiction of women, 58 -59;

effect on arrests, 298 n8;

letters to, 55 , 277 n32;

midwives in, 52 -53;

physicians in, 54 -57, 67 , 276 n29

Chicago Tribune: on abortion raid cases, 167 ;

in antiabortion debate, 123 ;

"Quack Department," 106

Chicago Vice Commission, 99 ;

on midwives, 75 , 292 n77

Childbearing: of affluent women, 208 ;

attendants during, 285 n116;

history of, 265 n49;

at home, 68 ;

in hospitals, 275 n5;

as medical event, 94 , 95 ;

middle-class women's views on, 38 , 40 ;

mortality rates in, 39 , 77 , 162 , 285 n116;

physicians' fees in, 312 n101;

planned, 230 ;

postponement of, 194 , 312 n96;

refusal of male physicians in, 73 , 283 n96;

social pressure for, 163 ;

state enforcement of, 340 n13

Child rearing: responsibility for, 194 -95;

by unmarried mothers, 29

Children's Bureau, 77 ;

maternal mortality study of, 138 -39, 140 , 307 n31;

on pernicious vomiting, 279 n56

Chiropractors, abortions by, 304 n7

Chisolm, Congresswoman Shirley, 232

Chlevinski, Hattie, 75

Cincinnati, 61 , 134 -35, 306 n19

Cities: abortion in, 17 , 60 -61, 69 ;

danger to women in, 125 , 293 n84;

fears of, 92 , 125 ;

sex reform movements in, 92

Citizen's Committee for Humane Abortion Laws, 331 n18. See also Society for Humane Abortion


372

Civil rights, 323 n111;

abortion as, 44 ;

in abortion raid cases, 166 ;

and legalized abortion, 247 -48

Civil Rights Act, 237

Civil rights movement, 189 ;

and abortion reform movements, 217 , 224 .

Clark, Dr. James A., 107

Class: in Chicago, 50 ;

and choice of abortionist, 76 ;

in criminalization of abortion, 11 , 13 , 15 ;

differences among women, 16 , 267 n6;

as factor in abortion, 16 , 58 , 135 -38, 152 , 193 , 205 , 213 -14, 240 , 245 , 251 ;

in Kinsey study, 306 n19;

in maternal mortality, 211 ;

and present-day antiabortion movement, 249

Clergy, Protestant: abortion referral services of, 232 -33, 241 , 242 ;

in Chicago Times exposé, 50

Clergy Consultation Service on Problem Pregnancies (Chicago), 241

Cleveland, 207

Clothing, as marker of medical care, 151 , 199 , 226 , plate 3, plate 4

Cochrane, Elizabeth, 49

College women, 194 , 196 -97, 324 n2;

in Kinsey study, 306 n19, 306 n21;

in loco parentis rules for, 194 , 195 ;

therapeutic abortions for, 202

Colonial era: conception in, 8 -9;

midwife Martha Ballard, 31

Colorado, 116 , 141 , 331 n15, 336 n70

Commoner, Barry, 333 n42

Common law: abortion under, 8 , 14 , 88 , 263 n22;

dying declarations in, 118 ;

quickening in, 13

Comstock law, 13 ;

contraceptives in, 134 ;

raids under, 298 n8

Conception: as beginning of life, 110 ;

in colonial era, 8 -9;

during Depression, 135 . See also Quickening

Condoms, 41 , 134 , 196

Connecticut, 336 n70

Consciousness-raising groups, 228

Contraception. See Birth control

Contracted pelvis, 66 ,145, 278 n55, 279 n64

Cook County coroner: on dying declarations, 124 ;

inquests into abortion, 22 , 31 , 45 , 113 -31, 256 , 273 n85, 293 n86, 299 n18, fig. 1;

records of maternal mortality, 76 , 78 . See also Inquests, coroners'

Cook County Criminal Court, 298 n7

Cook County Hospital: abortion patients in, 43 , 209 , 240 , fig. 4;

after Doe v. Scott , 240 ;

legal abortion in, 246 , 253 ;

low-income patients in, 253 ;

septic abortion ward of, 138 , 239 , 307 n29

Cook County Medical Examiner's Office, 256

Coroners, corruption of, 300 n20. See also Inquests, coroners'

Corruption, police, 155 , 167 , 300 n20

Cosgrove, Dr. Samuel A., 179 , 180

Courts: appeal of abortion convictions in, 301 n34;

control over family law, 297 n3;

history of, 261 n11;

juvenile, 303 n67;

lawyers in, 182 ;

male atmosphere of, 161 , 165 ;

records of abortion, 17 ;

reflection of popular morality, 6 ;

scrutiny of police action, 299 n17;

testimony in, 182 . See also Illinois Supreme Court; Inquests, coroners'; Juries; U.S. Supreme Court

Craniotomies, 66

Crime, organized: connection with abortion, 167 , 318 n40;

FBI's investigation of, 318 n39

Criminal abortion law. See Abortion law

Criminal trials, records of abortion in, 17

Crowell, F. Elisabeth, 99 ;

report on midwives, 90 , 291 n62

Culbertson, Dr. Carey, 87

Curettes, 72 , 282 n89;

plate 2;

as treatment for miscarriage, 285 n113;

use by midwives, 75 ;

use by physicians, 75 , 78 , 79 . See also Dilation and curettage

Cushing, Dr. G. M., 124


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