C
Calderone, Dr. Mary Steichen, 219
California: abortion reform in, 233 , 331 n15;
maternal mortality rates in, 246 ;
Supreme Court, 235 . See also Los Angeles; San Francisco; Society for Humane Abortion
California Hospital (Los Angeles), 178
Carantzalis, Jennie, 74 , 75 -76
Carter, Dr. Patricia A., 179 , 180
Catherwood, Dr. Albert E., 174
Catheters, 274 n106, 274 n111;
sale of, 44 ;
use by midwives, 75 ;
use by physician-abortionists, 72
Catholic Church: censorship of abortion information, 319 n62;
on early abortion, 8 ;
on ensoulment, 7 ;
hospitals of, 321 n84, 339 n1;
medical opposition to abortion views of, 62 -63;
opposition to birth control, 222 , 330 n13;
pro-choice sentiment in, 233 , 234 , 341 n28;
on reproductive rights, 7 , 180 -81, 248 ;
on therapeutic abortion, 62 -63
Catholics: abortion rates of, 23 , 137 , 242 , 306 n22, 307 n23;
acceptance of abortion, 7 ;
in ALI, 221 -22;
of Chicago, 50 ;
hostility toward, and antiabortion campaign, 11 ;
Jesuits, 63
Cattell, Dr. Henry W., 296 n115
C.D. McCormick Library of Special Collections (Northwestern University), 256
Censorship, 140 , 172 , 233 , 309 n45, 319 n62
Cesarean section, 66 -67, 145 ;
forced, 250
Chaffee, Dr. John B., 46 -47, 48 , 50 , 51 , 52
Chamberlain, Dr. George M., 53
Charity Hospital (New Orleans), 134
Chauncey, George, 316 n14
Chicago: abortion clinics in, 149 -55, 246 ;
abortion hospitals in, 71 -72;
abortion in, 16 -17, 46 -59, 71 -78, 266 n3;
antimidwife antiabortion campaign in, 91 , 92 -101;
Ashland Boulevard Hospital, 72 ;
Bar Association, 222 ;
birth control clinics in, 37 ;
Board of Health, 88 ;
City Health Department, 94 ;
Clergy Consultation Service on Problem Pregnancies, 241 ;
discourse on women in, 109 ;
frequency of abortion in, 23 ;
health-care system of, 48 ;
as medical center, 57 ;
Medico-Legal Society, 55 ;
Michael Reese Hospital, 240 ;
Michigan Boulevard Sanitarium, 72 ;
newspapers of, 49 ;
Public Library, 256 ;
racial composition of population, 17 , 282 n93, 300 n21;
Visiting Nurse Association, 95 ;
Woman's Aid, 105 ;
Woman's City Club, 105 ;
Women's Liberation Union, 225 , 232 , 339 n2;
women's organizations, 105 -6, 107 , 225 , 232 , 294 n93, 339 n2. See also Cook County coroner; Cook County Hospital; "Jane"; Midwives, of Chicago; Physicians, of Chicago
Chicago City Council, 295 n107;
in antiabortion debate, 106 -7, 108 -9;
regulation of midwives, 98
Chicago Herald , 106
Chicago Lying-In Hospital: self-induced abortion patients in, 209 ;
therapeutic abortion in, 174 , 208
Chicago Medical Society, 106 , 107 , 117 ;
in Chicago Times exposé, 55 , 56 ;
Committee on Midwives, 95 -97, 100 , 101 ;
Criminal Abortion Committee, 82 , 83 , 84 , 88 -90, 104 ;
physician-abortionists in, 72 ;
on therapeutic abortion, 62 -63
Chicago Midwives' Association, 98
Chicago Times abortion expose, 46 -48, 40 -61, 102 , 274 n2, plates 1, 3, and 4;
American Medical Association in, 60 -61;
on availability of abortion, 70 ;
defense of immigrants, 50 ;
depiction of women, 58 -59;
effect on arrests, 298 n8;
midwives in, 52 -53;
physicians in, 54 -57, 67 , 276 n29
Chicago Tribune: on abortion raid cases, 167 ;
in antiabortion debate, 123 ;
"Quack Department," 106
Chicago Vice Commission, 99 ;
Childbearing: of affluent women, 208 ;
attendants during, 285 n116;
history of, 265 n49;
at home, 68 ;
in hospitals, 275 n5;
middle-class women's views on, 38 , 40 ;
mortality rates in, 39 , 77 , 162 , 285 n116;
physicians' fees in, 312 n101;
planned, 230 ;
postponement of, 194 , 312 n96;
refusal of male physicians in, 73 , 283 n96;
social pressure for, 163 ;
state enforcement of, 340 n13
Child rearing: responsibility for, 194 -95;
by unmarried mothers, 29
Children's Bureau, 77 ;
maternal mortality study of, 138 -39, 140 , 307 n31;
on pernicious vomiting, 279 n56
Chiropractors, abortions by, 304 n7
Chisolm, Congresswoman Shirley, 232
Chlevinski, Hattie, 75
Cincinnati, 61 , 134 -35, 306 n19
Cities: abortion in, 17 , 60 -61, 69 ;
danger to women in, 125 , 293 n84;
sex reform movements in, 92
Citizen's Committee for Humane Abortion Laws, 331 n18. See also Society for Humane Abortion
Civil rights, 323 n111;
abortion as, 44 ;
in abortion raid cases, 166 ;
and legalized abortion, 247 -48
Civil Rights Act, 237
Civil rights movement, 189 ;
and abortion reform movements, 217 , 224 .
Clark, Dr. James A., 107
Class: in Chicago, 50 ;
and choice of abortionist, 76 ;
in criminalization of abortion, 11 , 13 , 15 ;
differences among women, 16 , 267 n6;
as factor in abortion, 16 , 58 , 135 -38, 152 , 193 , 205 , 213 -14, 240 , 245 , 251 ;
in Kinsey study, 306 n19;
in maternal mortality, 211 ;
and present-day antiabortion movement, 249
Clergy, Protestant: abortion referral services of, 232 -33, 241 , 242 ;
in Chicago Times exposé, 50
Clergy Consultation Service on Problem Pregnancies (Chicago), 241
Cleveland, 207
Clothing, as marker of medical care, 151 , 199 , 226 , plate 3, plate 4
Cochrane, Elizabeth, 49
College women, 194 , 196 -97, 324 n2;
in Kinsey study, 306 n19, 306 n21;
in loco parentis rules for, 194 , 195 ;
therapeutic abortions for, 202
Colonial era: conception in, 8 -9;
midwife Martha Ballard, 31
Colorado, 116 , 141 , 331 n15, 336 n70
Commoner, Barry, 333 n42
Common law: abortion under, 8 , 14 , 88 , 263 n22;
dying declarations in, 118 ;
quickening in, 13
Comstock law, 13 ;
contraceptives in, 134 ;
raids under, 298 n8
Conception: as beginning of life, 110 ;
in colonial era, 8 -9;
during Depression, 135 . See also Quickening
Connecticut, 336 n70
Consciousness-raising groups, 228
Contraception. See Birth control
Contracted pelvis, 66 ,145, 278 n55, 279 n64
Cook County coroner: on dying declarations, 124 ;
inquests into abortion, 22 , 31 , 45 , 113 -31, 256 , 273 n85, 293 n86, 299 n18, fig. 1;
records of maternal mortality, 76 , 78 . See also Inquests, coroners'
Cook County Criminal Court, 298 n7
Cook County Hospital: abortion patients in, 43 , 209 , 240 , fig. 4;
after Doe v. Scott , 240 ;
legal abortion in, 246 , 253 ;
low-income patients in, 253 ;
septic abortion ward of, 138 , 239 , 307 n29
Cook County Medical Examiner's Office, 256
Coroners, corruption of, 300 n20. See also Inquests, coroners'
Corruption, police, 155 , 167 , 300 n20
Cosgrove, Dr. Samuel A., 179 , 180
Courts: appeal of abortion convictions in, 301 n34;
control over family law, 297 n3;
history of, 261 n11;
juvenile, 303 n67;
lawyers in, 182 ;
male atmosphere of, 161 , 165 ;
records of abortion, 17 ;
reflection of popular morality, 6 ;
scrutiny of police action, 299 n17;
testimony in, 182 . See also Illinois Supreme Court; Inquests, coroners'; Juries; U.S. Supreme Court
Craniotomies, 66
Crime, organized: connection with abortion, 167 , 318 n40;
FBI's investigation of, 318 n39
Criminal abortion law. See Abortion law
Criminal trials, records of abortion in, 17
Crowell, F. Elisabeth, 99 ;
report on midwives, 90 , 291 n62
Culbertson, Dr. Carey, 87
plate 2;
as treatment for miscarriage, 285 n113;
use by midwives, 75 ;
use by physicians, 75 , 78 , 79 . See also Dilation and curettage
Cushing, Dr. G. M., 124