A

Abbott, Grace, 100 -101, 107 , 292 n79;

on immigrants, 303 n64;

and Sheppard-Towner Act, 110

Abortifacients, 274 n106, 274 n111;

availability of, 9 -10, 14 ;

commercial, 43 -44;

dangers of, 42 , 43 ;

government regulation of, 10 ;

herbal, 9 , 43 , 44 ;

of midwives, 75 ;

paste, 156 -57, 314 n118

popular knowledge of, 26 ;

use by African American women, 43 ;

use by midwives, 75 ;

use by physician-abortionists, 72

Abortion: advertisements for, 70 , 88 -89, 225 , 262 n13, 280 n74;

availability of, 60 -61, 70 , 76 , 193 , 246 , 251 -52, 339 n2;

backlashes against, 15 , 165 , 190 , 248 , 252 ;

as birth control, 20 , 141 ;

case studies of, 17 , 268 n15, 325 n15;

censorship of, 140 , 172 , 309 n45, 319 n62;

in Chicago, 46 -59, 71 -78, 97 -98, 106 , 246 , 266 n3, 339 n2;

Christian tradition on, 7 ;

in colonial era, 8 -9, 42 ;

under common law, 8 , 14 , 263 n22;

complications following, 138 , 307 n27;

of defective fetus, 203 , 204 , 327 n38;

definition of legality in, 5 , 61 , 182 ;

on demand, 234 , 254 ;

demographics of, 23 , 242 , fig. 3, fig. 6;

dissemination of knowledge about, 70 ;

in early nineteenth century, 10 , 263 n32;

in early twentieth century, 14 -15, 22 ;

effect of criminalization on, 2 ;

for eugenic reasons, 64 , 203 -4, 279 n59;

family support for, 27 ;

female discourse on, 21 , 23 -24, 44 , 229 -30;

feminist critique of, 226 ;

feminist networks for, 223 , 224 , 233 , 242 ;

in fiction, 141 , 309 n45;

financial responsibility for, 31 ;

of first pregnancies, 135 ;

frequency of, 23 , 134 -36, 265 n49, 284 n110;

home remedies for, 43 , 44 , 209 , 274 n106;

as human right, 254 ;

as infanticide, 13 , 85 , 248 ;

insurance for, 134 , 251 , 340 n20;

location of, 68 , 74 , 75 , 199 , 282 n83;

marriage following, 303 n58;

media coverage of, 7 , 216 ;

medical discourse on, 7 -8, 24 -25, 61 -63, 67 , 164 ;

methods of, 72 -73, 157 , 263 n26;

motives for, 32 -33;

parental consent in, 249 , 252 , 255 , 341 n25;

patient records in, 148 -49, 161 -62;

physicians' fees for, 47 , 76 , 96 , 154 , 197 , 282 n86;

physicians' support for, 1 , 132 , 139 , 181 , 220 ;

politicization of, 250 ;

popular support for, 6 -7, 21 -22, 44 -45, 81 , 116 ;

in postwar era, 164 , 190 -94, 214 -19, 317 n22;

private policing of, 250 , 340 n14;

public debate on, 104 -9, 139 -40, 217 ;

public education on, 36 ;

safety of, 76 -79, 148 , 157 , 193 , 214 , 246 -47, 329 n62 (see also Maternal mortality; Septic infection);

as social need, 185 , 204 ;

"speak-outs" on, 229 -30, 333 n40;

spontaneous, 284 n110, 293 n86;

standard medical procedures in, 151 , 312 n88;

state surveillance of, 163 , 173 , 249 ;

trimester system in, 239 -40, 244 , 252 ;

Victorian view of, 292 n78;

waiting periods for, 252 ,

Continued on next page.

Continued from previous page.

341n 25;

women's demand for, 1 ,147 , 159 , 249 , 254 , 290 n54

Abortion, fatal, 76 -79;

among African Americans, 211 -12, 222 , 232 ;

categories of, 284 n110, 293 n86;

frequency of, 139 , 265 n49;

as impetus for reform, 222 ;

investigation of, 114 , 118 ;

media coverage of, 102 , 114 -15;

in New York City, fig. 5, fig. 6 ;

peritonitis in, 35 , 300 n24;

in postwar era, 211 -12, fig. 5 ;

reductions in, 162 ;

self-induced, 43 , 102 , 117 , 147 , 274 n111, 293 n86, 299 n19;

vital statistics in, 329 n59. See also Dying declarations; Inquests, coroners'; Maternal mortality.

Abortion, illegal: arrests for, 109 , 116 , 117 , 120 , 129 , 164 , 298 n8;

convictions for, 55 , 70 -71, 118 , 291 n62, 301 n33;

court records on, 255 ;

in exchange for sex, 199 ;

imitation of miscarriage, 72 ;

secrecy in, 21 , 45 , 48 , 151 , 193 , 196 -98;

"underground railroad" for, 233 , 242 . See also Abortion clinics; Abortionists; Midwives; Physician-Abortionists

Abortion, instrumental, 42 , 43 , 72 ;

in early nineteenth century, 10 ;

by midwives, 75 ;

by physicians, 76 , 78 -79, 282 n89

Abortion, legal, 259 n1;

in Alaska and Hawaii, 241 ;

benefits of, 246 ;

under common law, 8 ;

definition of, 182 ;

demographics of, 242 , 339 n7;

effect on maternal mortality, 339 n4;

effect on public health, 246 -47;

equal access to, 244 -45, 249 , 338 n111;

following Doe v. Scott , 241 ;

in New York, 225 , 241 -42, 247 ;

opposition to, 248 -54;

for poor women, 236 , 246 ;

popular support for, 252 -53;

restrictions on, 251 ;

safety of, 285 n116;

social movement for, 140 -41;

support of black women for, 342 n34;

for unmarried women, 221 . See also Abortion rights movement; Therapeutic abortion

Abortion, self-induced, 27 , 42 -44, 78 , 132 , 137 -38, 281 n78;

dangers of, 76 -77, 209 -11;

fatalities in, 43 , 102 , 117 , 147 , 274 n111, 293 n86, 299 n19;

home remedies for, 43 , 44 , 209 , 274 n106;

by married women, 312 n89;

by poor women, 119 , 137 -38;

in postwar era, 208 -9;

by unmarried women, 312 n89;

women's knowledge of, 26 -27. See also Abortifacients

Abortion, therapeutic. See Therapeutic abortion

Abortion clinics, 10 ;

in Baltimore, 158 ;

bombing of, 248 ;

of Depression era, 133 , 149 -67;

fees of, 150 , 157 ;

feminist, 224 -26;

harassment at, 253 ;

raids on, 160 -61, 164 , 167 , 181 , 243 , 316 n16, 316 n19, 318 n41;

referrals to, 151 , 153 , 158 , 232 -33, 241 , 242 ;

following Roe v. Wade , 246 .See also Gabler-Martin abortion clinic; "Jane"; Keemer, Dr. Edgar Bass; Timanus, Dr. George Loutrell

Abortionists: access to antibiotics, 210 ;

arrest of, 126 , 164 , 169 ;

black women's use of, 326 n18;

of Chicago, 47 , 281 n76, 313 n113;

in Chicago Times exposé, 69 -70;

conviction of, 55 , 70 -71, 118 ;

cover-ups by, 130 , 304 .n69;

in early nineteenth century, 10 ;

fatality rates of, 77 ;

feminists' regulation of, 224 ;

foreign, 224 ;

kickbacks to physicians, 67 ;

media coverage of, 125 ;

nonphysician, 310 n70;

of postwar era, 197 ;

prosecution of, 87 -90, 113 -31, 298 n7, 317 n29;

raids on, 164 , 249 ;

under Roe v. Wade , 252 ;

sexual harassment by, 199 , 200 , 225 ;

skill of, 78 -79;

trials of, 107 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 160 , 169 -70;

unqualified, 199 -200, 209 . See also Midwives; Physician-abortionists

Abortion law: changing patterns in, 14 -18;

class action suits in, 235 ;

constitutional challenges to, 218 , 234 -40, 317 n33;

discrimination in, 244 -45;

ecumenical resistance to, 241 ;

effect on abortion safety, 116 ;

enforcement by state, 1 , 81 , 107 , 114 -31, 299 n17;

exceptions to, 5 ;

of Illinois, 61 , 107 , 235 -40, 261 n13, 265 n45;

implementation of, 3 ;

legal challenges to, 181 -92;

model, 143 , 220 -21, 222 ;

nongovernmental enforcement of, 3 , 81 -82;

physicians' challenges to, 15 ;

political resistance to, 241 ;

public policy on, 112 ;

repeal of, 5 , 223 -24, 233 ;

of states, 64 , 252 , 261 n13, 265 n45;

test cases in, 181 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 237 , 335 n67, 336 n70;

unconstitutionality of, 244 ;

vagueness of, 61 , 148 , 238 , 241 . See also Doe v. Scott; Roe v. Wade

Abortion law reform, 140 , 141 -42, 216 , 217 , 219 -20;

in England, 189 -90;

feminists on, 331 n21;

Taussig's proposals for, 142 -44. See also Abortion rights movement

Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA), 140 , 220

Abortion patients: arrest of, 165 , 171 , 243 , 319 n55;

blackmail of physicians, 123 ;

blindfolding of, 198 , 200 , 243 ;

civil rights of, 226 ;

complications of, 138 , 307 n27;

counseling for, 252 ;

delays in seeking treatment, 119 , 299 n19;

follow-up care for, 71 , 120 -21, 154 , 157 -58;

of Gabler-Martin clinic, 151 -52, 310 n71;

in hospitals, 138 -39;

interrogation of, 114 -15, 118 , 126 -29, 131 , 161 , 168 , 191 -92, 249 , 296 n1;

midwives' identification with, 73 -74;

physical examination of, 168 , 169 ;

police custody of, 47 , 168 -69, 249 ;

prosecution of, 340 n15;

as prostitutes, 199 ;

public identification of, 115 , 124 -26, 167 -68, 192 ;

sexual harassment of, 199 , 200 , 225 ;

sexual histories of, 200 ;

testimony in abortion raid cases, 164 -66, 168 , 170 -71;

before therapeutic abortion committees, 321 n79;

in Timanus trial, 183 -87;

women's support of, 27 , 29 -31. See also Dying declarations; Inquests, coroners'

Abortion rights movement, 15 , 216 ;

African American women in, 253 ;

feminists in, 222 -34;

groups comprising, 243 -44;

nonelites in, 223 ;

organizations in, 232 -33;

professionals' role in, 217 , 218 -22, 223 , 233 , 239 , 244 ;

psychiatrists in, 218 , 223 ;

religious opposition to, 221 ;

right to choose in, 232 ;

students in, 225 , 233 ;

white women in, 228 . See also Abortion, legal; Abortion law reform; Reproductive rights

Abstinence, 36 , 38

Academy of Medicine (New York), 139 , 140

Adams, Anne, 184 -86, 188

Addams, Jane, 95

Adoption, 52 -53, 195 , 199

Advertising, of abortion, 70 , 262 n13;

in prosecution of abortion, 100 , 280 n74;

suppression of, 88 -89

Affiliated Hospitals of the State University of New York at Buffalo, 202

African Americans: in Chicago, 17 , 282 n93, 300 n21;

illegitimacy among, 136 , 137 ;

nationalist, 231 , 232 , 334 n50;

physicians, 82 -83, 120 , 156 , 286 n10;

population control programs for, 231 , 232 ;

support for birth control, 231 , 232 . See also Women, African American

Age: as factor in abortion, 307 n23, 312 n96;

of Gabler-Martin patients, 152 ;

of present-day abortion patients, 152

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 249 , 340 n13

Aiken, Dr. John W., 69 , 280 n72

Akron, Ohio, 164

Alaska, 241

Alcohol abuse, 59 , 250

Alexander, Susan. See Grossman, Susan

American Birth Control League, 132 , 133

American Civil Liberties Union, 235 , 237 , 240

American Law Institute (ALI), 220 , 222 ;

model law proposal, 221 , 233 , 234 , 239

American Medical Association: abortionists in, 55 , 72 ;

in antiabortion campaigns, 57 , 80 , 82 -83, 89 ;

in birth control movement, 134 ;

Bureau of Investigation, 89 ;

in Chicago Times exposé, 60 -61;

cooperation with state, 4 , 89 ;

headquarters of, 57 ;

Historical Health Fraud Collection (HHFC), 255 , 256 ;

obstetricians in, 90 ;

opposition to abortion, 10 ;

Section on Obstetrics and Gynecology, 82 , 264 n6. See also Journal of the American Medical Association

American Public Health Association, 234

Amniocentesis, 204

Andrews, J. L., 274 n106

Antiabortion campaigns, 11 -14, 286 n8;

activists in, 11 , 340 n14;

antifeminism of, 11 , 76 ;

cultural aspects of, 80 -81, 85 ;

end of, 111 -12;

at local level, 81 ;

physicians in, 81 , 89 -90;

as purity campaigns, 85 ;

quickening in, 83 , 85 ;

rape in, 340 n19;

after Roe v. Wade , 248 -52;

against single women, 249 ;

specialists in, 15 ;

strategy. of, 81 ;

targeting of women, 81 , 83 -85;

and women's movements, 14

Antibiotics, 162 , 210 , 246

Anticommunism, 315 n12;

post-World War I red scare, 142 ;

and repression of abortion, 163 -64, 172 -73, 180 , 181 , 319 n60

Anti-midwife antiabortion campaign, 90 -109;

Johnson case in, 101 -2, 105 , 106 , 107 -8, 126 ;

physicians in, 290 n53;

private interest groups in, 91 . See also Midwives

Anti-Semitism, 320 n65

Antiseptic technique, 27 , 79 , 246 , 269 n28;

in control of maternal mortality, 339 n5

Arizona, 336 n70

Arkansas, 241 ;

abortion reform in, 331 n15

Aseptic technique, 79 , 339 n5

Ashland Boulevard Hospital (Chicago), 72

Asians: as abortion patients, 207 ;

hostility toward, 11

Association to Repeal Abortion Laws (ARAL), 332 n23

Attorneys: Catholic, 221 ;

challenges to abortion law, 218 , 234 -38, 244 , 245 , 335 n67;

courtroom tactics of, 182 , 322 nn87, 88;

defense of poor women, 336 n72

Auerbach, Dr. Julius, 124

Austria, legalized abortion in, 140

Autonomy: female, 190 , 215 , 253 ;

of patients, 247 ;

of physicians, 15