Index

A

Abstentions, 111 , 137 , 158

Ader, Paul, 12 , 126 , 130 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 142 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 157 , 158

Agricultural associations, 7 , 8 , 31 , 63 , 69 , 115 -21, 149

Confédération générale des vignerons du Midi (CGV), 145 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 152 , 157 , 160

Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi (FTAM), 126 -38, 142 , 143 , 147 -48, 149 -51

Agricultural capitalism, 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 16 -17, 24 , 76 , 162 , 163 , 165

Agricultural revolution, 4 , 15 -38, 39 , 43 , 49 , 50 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 79 , 80

Albert, Marcellin, 12 , 139 , 141 , 144

Aldy, Félix, 102 , 103 , 106 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 132 , 136 , 137 , 159

Allier, 4 , 106

Alpes-Maritimes, 16

Aminzade, Ronald, 2 , 120 -21

Antimilitarism, 133 , 149 -50

Aramon, 31

Argelliers, 12 , 58 , 101 , 103 , 138 , 141 , 144 , 145

Ariège, 1 , 33 , 34 , 72

Arles, 135

Armissan 101 , 128

Articulated modes of production, 9

Artisans, 17 , 28 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 120 , 124 , 165

and agricultural depression, 52

and landownership, 17 , 27 , 28 , 69

and politics, 38 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 103 , 111 , 163

and phylloxera, 61 , 62 , 69 , 76

and strikes, 56 , 124 , 128

Arzens, 69

Augé-Laribé, Michel, 75

Aveyron, 4 , 34 , 72

B

Bages, 101 , 115 , 141

Ballainvillier, Charles, 15

Barbès, Armand, 50 , 51 , 52 , 55

Barral, J. A., 60

Berenson, Edward, 3 , 163

Bessan, 129

Béziers, 10 , 12 , 15 , 22 , 32 , 42 , 43 , 67 , 68 , 126 , 141 , 145

Birthrate, 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 96

Bizanet, 101

Bize, 141

Blanc, Louis, 58

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, 53 , 56

Bonapartists, 154

Le Bon sens,100

Bordeaux, 16 , 22 , 68

Bouches-du-Rhône, 16 , 125 , 126 , 130

Boulanger, Georges (general), 108

Boulangism, 108

Bourgeois, Léon, 103

Bourges, 131

Bourse du travail, 7 , 102 , 112 , 115 , 116 , 124 , 128 , 142 , 151 , 153 , 157

Brassier, 17

Brousse, Paul, 102 , 106

Burgundy, 22

C

Cadastre, 105

Cafés, 17 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 51 , 57 , 116 , 120 , 149

Cafés concerts,48 , 49 , 149

Camargue, 45

Canet, 125 , 153

Carcassonne:

absentee proprietors in, 32 , 40

agricultural societies in, 31

Bourse du travail, 115

market and wine center, 10 , 16 -17, 22 , 42 -43, 80

multiproprietors, 45 , 68

radicals, 100 , 102

republican and démoc soc activity, 51 , 54

strike settlements in, 126

socialists in, 136 , 158

winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141

Carignan, 31

Carmaux, 2

Carnival, 41 , 153

Castelnaudary, 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 54

Catholicism, 1 , 48

Cendrous, Mme, 96

Cennes-Monesties, 16

Cercle de jeunesse socialiste, 136

Cercle de l'union des travailleurs, 57 , 101

Cercle d'études sociales, 117 , 120

Cercle républicain socialiste-révolutionnaire, 136

Cercles, 40 , 41 , 57

Cette, 16 , 22 , 42

Chalabre, 15 , 16 , 23 , 54

Chalons, 134 , 150

Chamber of Deputies, 57 , 58 , 108 , 111

Chambrées,2 , 101 , 112

Chambrée socialiste,101 , 112

Chaptalisation,63 , 132

Charter of Amiens, 118

Cher, 7 , 99 , 106 , 162

Cheytion, François, 12 , 83 , 117 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 134 , 149 , 157 , 158 , 160

Child labor, 89 -90, 94 , 96 -97

Children, 45 -47, 78 , 89 -92, 94 -98, 123 , 124 , 129 , 143 , 167

Cholvy, Gérard, 48

Class:

conflict, 2 , 7 , 99 , 102 , 105 , 118 , 128 , 131 , 134 , 138 , 142 , 160 , 163 , 164 , 169

division, 4 , 5 , 6 , 36 , 41 , 59 , 72 , 114 , 146

formation, 2 , 3 , 5 -6, 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 60 -77, 112 , 120 -21, 162 , 165 , 167

identity, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 61 , 98 , 104 , 114 , 120 -21, 133 , 148 , 161 , 166 , 169 , 170

relations, 9 , 13 , 61 , 140 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 160 , 161 , 170

Clemenceau, Georges, 58 , 100 , 144 , 145 , 149

Club de la révolution, 56 .

See also Club de l'union

Club de l'union, 51 , 53 , 56 .

See also Club de la révolution

Club des rouges, 50

Coca, Julien, 96

Colles, 75 , 120 .

See also Team labor

Comice agricole de Narbonne, 68 , 100

Comités de défense viticole, 12 , 132

Commissionnaires de vin, 23

Communard, 57 , 100 , 106

Commune, 5 , 57 , 103 , 111

Coursan, 107 , 109 , 137

Narbonne, 50 , 56 -59, 101

Paris, 50 , 56 , 101 , 106

Communism, 52

Community:

class relations in, 61 , 77

gender relations in, 83 , 155 -56

and labor movement, 7 , 13 , 120 , 121 , 123 -24, 128 -29, 155 -56, 168

moral economy, 127 , 162

political culture of, 137

sociability, 40

solidarity, 27 , 41 , 70 , 114 , 166

Confédération générale des vignerons du Midi (CGV), 145 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 152 , 157 , 160

Confédération générale du travail (CGT):

and antimilitarism, 133 , 145 , 149 , 150

Charter of Amiens, 118 -19

and direct action, 130

and eight-hour day, 135

and FTAM, 126

and general strike, 131

and local unions, 115

and socialists, 136

and rectification de tir,151 , 161

vie chère protests, 153 -54

Conseils de prud'hommes,126

Conservatives/conservatism, 51 , 52 , 53 , 73 , 123 , 142 , 143 , 163

Consumers' cooperatives, 153

Contracts, 33 , 34 , 73 , 74 , 119 , 125 , 129 , 137 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 157

negotiation, 7 , 156 , 157

Corbières, 54 , 68 , 149

Corrèze, 4

Cost of living, 84 , 87 , 93 , 94 , 97 , 131 , 152 , 154 , 155

Coursan:

abstentions, 109 , 111 , 137

agricultural revolution, 25 -29

anti-militarism, 149

artisanal industry, 23

birthrates, 89

capitalist agriculture, 24

child labor, 90 , 96

education, 47

elections, 106 , 108 , 109

geographic mobility of inhabitants, 45 -46, 72

grain economy, 15

households, 87

income from vines, 90

landownership, 17 , 18 , 67 -69

marriage, 86 , 96

political groups, 51 , 101 , 103

population, 43 -44, 72

sociability and entertainment, 49

socialists, 136

strikes, 122 -25, 126 -30, 156 -57

union, 115 -18, 130 , 133

winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141 , 144

women, 80 -87, 91 , 93 , 96 -97, 155 -56

workers, 10 , 12 , 33 , 35 , 71 ,73, 153

Crise de mévente,122 , 136

Crise de subsistance,19

Crisis, 42 , 58 , 115 , 131 , 136 , 139 , 142 , 143

economic, 60 -77, 79 , 91 -97

Cruzy, 27 , 36 , 69

Cultivateurs,39 , 40 , 45 , 49 , 59 , 116 , 128 , 153

Cuxac d'Aude, 12 , 25 , 45 , 51 , 80 , 101 , 106 , 115 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 136 , 137 , 142 , 153 , 158

D

Daudet, Alphonse, 83

Dechristianization, 48

Democratic republican, 50 , 52 , 100

opposition groups, 54

Démoc soc,1 , 3 , 5 , 12 , 38 , 50 -59, 100 , 120 , 163

Depression, 65 -70, 76 , 77 , 99 , 101 , 115 , 122

of 1880s, 60 , 61 -62, 99 , 101 , 104 , 106 , 108

of 1890s, 60 , 64 -65, 71 , 93 , 99 , 104 , 110

of 1900-1901, 60 , 65 -66, 93 -95, 110 ,

111 , 115

of 1905, 140

and labor, 76 , 93 -95, 97 , 98 .

See also Wine: market depressions

Digeon, Emile, 51 , 56 , 57 , 106

Division of labor, 6 , 32 -38, 76 , 156 , 157 , 162 , 167 .

See also Gender: division of labor

Domestiques, 17 , 34 , 37 , 73 , 85 , 93 , 117

conditions of, 35

employer pressure on, 35

gagés,34

mésadiers,34 , 35 , 45

and unions, 117

Dordogne, 1 , 39

Draveil-Vigneux, 149

Dumazet, Ardouin, 66

Durban, 153

E

Education, 31 , 45 -50, 52 , 58 , 89 , 90 , 96 , 115 , 163

Elections, 34 , 51 , 101 , 103 , 119 , 123 , 134 -37, 151 , 157 -60, 162 , 164 , 168

of 1848, 52

of 1849, 53

of 1869, 55

of 1880s, 52

of 1881, 106 , 107

of 1883, 106

of 1885, 107 , 108

of 1888, 107

of 1889, 107

of 1893, 104 , 108 , 109

of 1898, 108 , 109

of 1902, 109 , 117

of 1906, 136 , 137

of 1910, 159

of 1914, 159

L'Emancipation sociale,101 , 106

Emigration, 4 , 60

Engels, Friedrich, 99

Estate vineyards, 24 -27, 67 -68

F

Fabrézan, 101

Family, 6

and economic crisis, 91 -97

and exploitation, 6 , 167

and phylloxera, 62

producers, 17 , 27 , 178 -80

and strikes, 123 , 129 , 155 , 157

syndicalist view of, 118

and women's work, 85 -91, 97

Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi (FTAM), 126 -38, 142 , 143 , 147 -48, 149 -51

Fédération du textile, 135

Fédération radicale, 57

Félibrige, 83

Ferroul, Ernest, 101 -3

and CGV, 145 -47, 150 , 157

and elections, 108 , 158 , 159

and rural workers, 104 , 109 -11

and small vineyard owners, 104 -6

and strikes, 135

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141 , 144 , 158

Fitou, 141

Fleury, 101 , 108 , 123 , 125 , 127 , 128 , 149

Fournière, Eugène, 106 , 107

La Fraternité,51 , 52 , 55 , 100

French Revolution, 16 , 48 , 50 , 51

G

Gard, 7 , 16 , 45 , 48 , 57 , 61 , 72 , 100 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 139 , 146

Gavaches, 34

Gender, 3 , 6 , 33 , 35 -36, 41 , 78 -98, 118 , 155 , 157 , 167

and class formation, 167

divisions in community, 41 , 155 , 157

division of labor, 3 , 6 , 35 -36, 78 , 79 , 81 -82, 83 , 85 , 92 , 97 , 156 , 157 , 167

and food consumption, 85

and household, 6 , 79 -80, 85 , 87 -91, 94 -97

and labor protest, 3 , 92 , 155 -57

and proletarianization, 79 , 85 , 91 , 92 , 98

relations, 3 , 78 -98, 155

and skill, 35 -36, 81 , 82 , 85

and work, 3 , 4 , 35 -36, 77 , 78 -83, 85 , 87 , 89 -93, 98 , 167 .

See also Women

Genieys, Pierre, 65

Geographic mobility, 45 , 117

Gide, Charles, 65

Ginestas, 53 , 61 , 141

Grande bourgeoisie vinicole,23

Gratton, Philippe, 131 , 132

Grenache, 32

Groupes d'études sociales,101 , 103 , 109 , 136

Gruissan, 48 , 101 , 158

Guerre sociale,149

Guesde, Jules, 99 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 106 , 108 , 135

Guesdist, 112 , 119 , 135

agrarian program, 105

and rural workers, 105 , 106

in the Var, 111

Guthrie, Christopher, 3

Guyot, Jules, 29

H

Hanagan, Michael, 2 , 3 , 120

Harvest, 30 , 31

and child labor, 90 , 96

declaration of, 145

and gender division of labor, 35 , 82 , 84 , 156

migration, 45 , 80

and sociability and rituals, 40 -41, 83

Haute Garonne, 51

Hérault:

landownership, 5 , 6 , 27 , 69

migration from, 45 , 72 , 117

phylloxera, 57 , 61

in regional economy, 42

and religious practice, 48

rural working class, 2 , 132 , 165

socialists, 136 , 146 , 147

strikes in, 122 , 125 -27, 129 -30, 153

unions, 7

winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 139

Hervé, Gustave, 149 , 150

Huard, Raymond, 48

I

Immigrant labor, 33 , 40 , 46 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 156

Immigrants, 72 , 73

Immigration, 40 , 43 -45, 71 -72, 117 , 165 , 166

Income from vines, 19 , 27 , 36 , 61 , 70 , 87 , 90 , 92

Insurance:

health, 55 , 115 , 119

social, 111 , 115

unemployment, 111 , 115

J

Jaurès, Jean, 103 , 105 , 108 , 135 , 147 , 167

Jouhaux, Léon, 83 , 149

Journalières,80 , 84 , 155 , 157

Journaliers, 28 , 35 , 36 , 80 , 84 , 124 , 129 , 153

Judt, Tony, 3 , 6 , 111 -12, 159 , 164 , 165

L

Lafargue, Paul, 99 , 103 , 105

Landes, 162

Landownership, 4 , 5 , 6 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 23 -29, 30 , 36 , 37 , 68 , 69 , 72 , 87 , 91

before agricultural revolution, 17 -19

capital concentration, 4 , 5 , 6 , 24 -26, 60 , 67 , 68 , 76

liability of, 69 , 72

and persistence of small owners, 66 , 68 -70

and politics, 7 , 17 -18, 42 , 69 , 73

subdivision of land, 5 , 24 , 26 -27, 69

and vineyard revolution, 24 -29

and wine market depression, 66 -70

and workers, 35 -37, 68 , 116 , 134 , 166

La Nouvelle, 16 , 158

La Redorte, 141

Large vineyard owners, 27 , 42 , 60 , 61 , 67 -69, 70 , 76 , 115 , 138 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 152

La Ricamarie, 134

Le Cambon-Feugerolles, 2

Legitimism, 50

Le Havre, 105

Leucate, 149

Lézignan, 17 , 22 , 26 , 53 , 80 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 115 , 126

Libre pensée societies , 100 , 101 , 102 , 112 , 120

Lille, 70 , 101 , 102

Limoges, 150

Limoux, 16 , 22 , 43 , 54 , 57 , 101

Literacy, 47

Loire, 4

Longwy, 150

Loubère, Leo A., 2 , 100

Lozère, 4 , 72

Lyon, 2 , 22 , 101 , 102

M

Malric, Joseph, 106

Marcorignan, 101 , 128 , 153

Marcou, Théophile, 51 , 52 , 54 , 55

Margadant, Ted, 3 , 39 , 55 , 163

Marriage, 28 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 72 , 81 , 86 , 87

and women in the labor force, 81 , 87 -96, 117 -18, 167

Marseille, 16 , 101 , 105

Martinique, 150

Marx, Karl, 99

Marxism, 111 , 140

Masonic lodges, 100 , 164

Massif Central, 39

Merriman, John, 2 , 3 , 55 , 163

Mésadiers,34 , 35 , 45

Midi, 46 , 114 , 133 , 134 , 142

Caisse régionale de Crédit agricole du, 66

Canal du, 16 , 58 , 65 , 104

Compagnie du, 22

Compagnie des chemins de fer du, 142

Ligue du, 56

rouge, 3 , 162

Le Midi socioliste,151

Migrant workers, 34 , 37 , 45 , 71 -72

Migration, 12 , 43 , 80 , 165

Millerand, Alexandre, 101 , 103 , 108 , 134

Minck, Paule, 101

Minervois, 67 , 115

Mirepeisset, 61 , 128

Mistral, Frédéric, 83

Montagnard, 1 , 50 , 51

Montlaur, 119

Montolieu, 16

Montpellier, 10 , 22 , 32 , 48 , 117 , 126 , 141 , 142 , 145

Montredon, 101 , 129

Moral economy, 49 , 121 -23, 127 , 154 , 162 , 169

Mousson, 101

Multiproprietors, 68 , 73 , 76

Municipal socialism, 112 , 132 , 136

N

Nantes, 102

Narbonne:

absentee proprietors in, 32 , 40

agricultural societies, 31 , 100

antimilitarist activity, 133 , 150

Bourse du travail in, 115 -26, 157

breadbasket, 21

Commune, 56 -69

elections, 107 -11, 136 -37, 159

foreign population, 45

left-wing activity in, 51 , 53 -54, 101

market center, 10 , 17 , 42 -43

multiproprietors in, 68

socialist municipality, 102 , 112

strikes, 128

unions, 135

vineyards in, 4

winegrowers' revolt

of 1907, 139 -41, 144 -45, 149

wine trade in, 16 , 22 -23

Narbonne, Paul, 100 , 106 , 110

Nevian, 101

Nièvre, 106 , 162

Nîmes, 141 , 146

Nivernais, 39

Nord, 119 , 169

O

Occupational mobility, 27 -29

Opportunists, 68 , 108 , 110 , 135 , 164

Ornaisons, 51 , 115 , 153

Ouveillan, 51 , 58 , 61 , 101 , 115 , 141

P

Papinaud, Clovis, 106 , 107 , 108

Paris, 1 , 2 , 16 , 22 , 50 , 52 , 56 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 145 , 156

Parti ouvrier français (POF), 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 108 , 111 , 135 , 146

Parti républicain radical, 110

Passama, Paul, 97

Le Paysan, 12 , 126 , 142

Pech, Rémy, 42 , 68

Pelletan, Camille, 100 , 103

Père Peinard,149

Perpignan, 141 , 144

Le Peuple, 55

Peyriac de Mer, 114 , 121 , 123

Phylloxera, 5 , 49 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 100

economic and social change, 60 -64

effect on wine market, 64 -65

and landownership, 66 -70

and migration, 45 , 71 -72, 117 -66

politics and, 100 , 104 , 108

and work routines and working relations, 73 -75, 77 , 91 -93

Piquettes, 63

Political clubs or associations, 3 , 50 , 51 , 57 , 100 , 104 , 124 , 136 , 159 , 163 , 164

Political propaganda, 51 , 52 , 55 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 126 , 149 , 159

Political repression, 54 -55

Politics, 7 , 9 , 12 , 50 -59, 99 -13, 134 -37, 157 -59

and agricultural revolution, 39 -40, 50

and landownership, 17 -18, 42

and religion, 48

of skilled workers, 12 .

See also Elections; Radicals; Socialists

Popular associations, 3 , 40 , 41 , 62 , 106 , 120 , 136

Population, 43 , 44

decline, 43

growth, 12 , 28 , 43 -44, 71 , 72

makeup, 43 , 45 , 72

Le Populus, 52

Possibilists, 106

Pouget, Emile, 149

Pouzols, 128

Prices, 87 , 94 , 121

land, 26 , 67 , 69

wheat, 19 , 52

wine, 19 , 21 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 52 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 73 , 87 , 110 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 140 , 145 , 152 , 153 , 154

Privilège des bouilleurs de cru,65

Proletarianization:

gender differences in, 79 , 85 , 92 , 97 , 98

of vinedressers and small proprietors, 104 , 116 , 161 , 162

of vineyard workers, 3 , 5 , 6 , 70 -77, 120 , 140 , 166 , 168

Protestantism, 48

Protoindustry, 16 , 23 , 43 , 80

Protourbanization, 39 -59

Protourban village, 12 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 59

Proudhon, 55

Provence, 45 , 164

Pyrénées, 39

Pyrénées-Orientales, 7 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 139

Q

Quillan, 15 , 16 , 158

R

Radical Federation of the Aude, 111

Radicalism, 3 , 7 , 8 , 52 , 57 , 99 -113

of peasants and small vinegrowers, 2 , 58 , 98

and vineyard economy, 5 , 50 , 59

Radical programs, 58 , 99 -100, 108

Radical press, 100

Radicals, 3 , 5 , 7 , 99 -113, 163 , 164 , 166

in Chamber of Deputies, 58

and elections, 136 -37, 159

in government, 142 , 157

and strikes, 128

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 145

Radical socialiste,110

Railroads:

and expansion of vineyards, 21 -22

nationalization of, 58 , 104 , 108

and national market, 55

rates, 63 , 65 , 100

and regional economy, 42 , 162

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 142

Raissac, 101

Raôn l'Etape, 149 , 150

Ramonet, 17 , 33 , 73

Ramonette, 33 -34, 80 , 85

Raynal, Théodore, 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55

Reconstitution of vineyards, 62 -64

Rectification de tir,151 , 161

Religion, 1 , 3 , 45 -50

popular, 48 -49

and radical politics, 48

and vineyards, 48

Repression, 50 , 53 , 54 -56, 57 , 106 , 158 , 164

Le Républicain de Narbonne,100

Republican, 50 -59

and antirepublican, 103 , 110

candidates, 51

ideas, 51

moderates, 52 , 57 , 123

movement, 48 , 56 , 163

officials, 49 , 50 , 54 , 57 , 123

opposition, 50 , 55

political culture, 51

political press, 51

and radicals, 52 , 56 , 57

and republicanism, 5 , 50 -59, 100 , 163 , 164

rural politics, 38 , 50 -54, 56

secret societies, 55 , 163 , 164

tradition, 40

La République sociale,101 , 104 , 106

Revolutionary syndicalism, 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 99 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 137 , 162 , 165

collaboration with small vineyard owners, 132 -33

as ideology, 118 -19

and socialism, 134 -36

and unions, 114 -18, 119 -21

and violence, 127 -28

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 142 .

See also Unions

Rieux-Minervois, 119

Right wing, 53 , 137

Rivals, Jules, 78

Rive-de-Gier, 2

Rouanet, Gustave, 103

Roubaix, 91 , 96 , 102

Rouen, 16

S

Sabotage, 127 -28, 131 , 149

Sagnes, Jean, 2 , 3 , 5 , 111 , 153 , 165

St-Chamond, 2 , 70

St-Jean de Barrau, 153

St-Laurent de la Carbrérisse, 149

St-Marcel, 101

St-Nazaire, 128

St-Simonian groups, 50

Sallèles, 128 , 129 , 130

Salles d'Aude, 26 , 51 , 101 , 108 , 119 , 128 , 129 , 133 , 136

Sarraut, Albert, 132 , 145 , 159

Scott, James C., 121

Scott, Joan W., 2

Second Empire, 21 , 36 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 163 , 164

Second Republic, 5 , 50 , 54 , 163

Secret societies, 55 , 101 , 120 , 163 , 164

Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), 135 , 136 , 146 -47

Sembat, Marcel, 135

Shorter, Edward, 3 , 121 , 131

Sigean, 106 , 136

Skilled work:

and agricultural revolution, 29 -32, 35 -36

and gender, 81 -82, 85

and landownership, 36

and reconstitution of vineyards, 62 -64, 73 -75

urban workers, 5 , 165

vineyard workers, 6 , 63 , 73 , 75 , 76 , 92 , 120 , 166

Small vineyard owners:

and phylloxera, 64 , 66 -67, 68 -70

and politics, 50 -55, 57 , 58 , 89 , 100 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 108 , 112 , 136 , 158 , 159

and proletarianization, 166

and strikes, 124 , 132 , 138

and unions, 116 , 120 , 126 , 134 , 151 , 161 , 166

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148

Smith, J. Harvey, 2 , 3 , 5 , 27 , 36 , 69 , 111 , 142 , 152 , 160 , 165 , 167

Socialism, 6 , 9 , 99 , 101 , 138 , 163 , 169

in the Aude, 7 , 8 , 12 , 61 , 99 , 100 -101, 103 , 109 , 112 , 114 , 159 , 164

and labor movement, 9 , 113 , 114 , 134 -37, 162 -63, 168 , 169 , 170

in the Var, 3 , 99 , 103 , 111 , 112 , 159

Socialist Federation of the Aude, 158

Socialists, 12 , 50 , 51 , 61 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 110 , 112 , 160 , 164 , 165 , 166

agrarian programs, 103 -6

alliance with radicals, 103 , 106 -8, 111 , 136

and artisans, 100 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 111 , 158

associations, 101

and CGV, 146 -47, 160

and elections, 8 , 103 , 106 -11, 134 -37, 157 -59

municipalities, 101 -2, 112

press, 101 -2

programs, 102 -3, 104 , 111

and rural workers, 7 , 101 , 102 , 103 -6, 110 -11, 112 , 113 , 138 , 140 , 158 -59, 169 -70

and small proprietors, 103 , 104 -6, 109 , 158 , 159 , 164

and syndicalists, 134 -37, 147 , 150 , 151 , 158 , 160 , 165

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 141 , 146 , 147 , 157 , 159 , 160

Société nationale des agriculteurs de France, 60

Solidarity:

class, 7 , 32 , 137 , 138 , 167

community, 8 , 41 , 121 , 123 -34, 128

family, 123

labor, 7 , 75 , 83 , 92 , 112 , 119 , 120 , 124 , 129 , 156 , 166 , 167

political, 54

Sou au soldat,133 , 150

Standard of living, 45 -50, 79 , 87 , 94 , 131 , 151 -54

Strikes, 2 , 8 , 9 , 150 , 168 , 169

Bessan, 129

Canet, 125

community support in, 123 -24, 128 , 129

contracts, 119 , 125 , 129 , 137 , 154 , 157

Coursan, 122 -24, 125 , 127 , 129 , 130

Cuxac d'Aude, 129 , 130

demands,

7 , 75 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 132 , 137 , 138 , 152 , 154 , 156

and elections, 134 -37

Fleury, 125 , 127 , 128

and foreign workers, 117

Gard, 125 , 126

general strike of 1904-1905, 126 -34, 136 , 137

government and, 100 , 123 , 128 , 129 , 133 , 149 , 160

Hérault, 125 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 132

incidence of, 114 , 125 , 151 -54

Marcorignan, 128

the military and, 123 , 129 , 133 , 149 , 160

Mirepeisset, 128

Montredon, 129

of 1903, 114 , 125

of 1904, 117 , 122 -24, 125 , 127

of 1905, 125 , 129 , 131 , 140

of 1906, 125 , 131 , 140

of 1907, 125 , 148 , 149 , 152

of 1908, 148 , 153

of 1909, 153

of 1910, 153 , 154

of 1911, 153 , 154

of 1912, 150 , 153 , 154

of 1913, 153

of 1914, 153

outcomes of, 124 -25, 126 , 129 , 130 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 -57

Peyriac de Mer, 114

Pouzols, 128

Pyrénées-Orientales, 125 , 126 , 127 , 130

St-Nazaire, 128

Sallèles, 128 , 130

Salles d'Aude, 129

shape of, 152

solidarity, 123 -24

and standard of living, 151 -57

Ventenac d'Aude, 128

women and, 83 , 123 -24, 129 , 154 -57

workers' participation in, 118 , 125 -26, 127 , 130

Syndicat des cultivateurs et travailleurs de la terre de Coursan, 116 , 118 , 133 , 156

Syndicat des travailleurs de la terre de Narbonne, 135

T

Tariff, 22 , 65 , 100 , 103 , 104

Tarn, 33 , 34 , 45 , 72 , 170

Tax, 55 , 57 , 58 , 104 , 105 , 132 , 140 , 144 , 145

alcoholic beverage, 65

income, 52 , 100 , 103 , 108

land, 53 , 62 , 69 , 100 , 108

strike, 132 , 144

sugar, 63 , 144 , 145

wine, 52 , 53 , 100

Team labor, 33 , 75 , 92 , 120

Les Temps nouveaux,149

Terret, 32

Thézan, 158

Third Republic, 1 , 5 , 12 , 47 , 52 , 56 , 70 , 100 , 109 , 120 , 158 , 163

Tilly, Charles, 3 , 121 , 131

Tilly, Louise, 121

Tilly, Richard, 121

Toulon, 16

Toulouse, 2 , 22 , 42

Trade, 12 , 16 , 22 , 23 , 42 , 65 , 100

Transportation, 12 , 52 , 58 , 63 , 64

Travail à forfait (payment by the job), 123 , 124

Le Travailleur de la terre,12 , 126 , 142 , 149 , 150

Troyes, 102

Turrel, Adolphe, 68 , 108 , 110 , 111

U

Unemployment, 17 , 64 , 99 , 102 , 111 , 115 , 119 , 129 , 132 , 140 , 143

Union départementale des Syndicats ouvriers de l'Aude, 151

Unions, 2 , 7 , 8 , 114 -38, 140 , 143 , 169 , 170

activists, 12 , 119 , 125 , 126 , 138 , 142 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 155 , 166

and antielectoral position, 119 , 134 -36, 137 , 158

and Bourses du travail, 115 -16, 128

and CGT, 118 -19

and CGV, 146 , 147 -48

in Coursan, 116 -17, 118 , 122 -24, 128 , 130

and elections, 111 , 117 , 119 , 134 -37, 151 , 157 -58, 168

and foreign workers, 117

membership, 115 , 116 , 118 , 126 , 130 , 133 , 148 , 151

and minorité agissante,131 , 133 , 161

radicalization of (after 1907), 149 -51, 161

and small proprietors, 116 , 132 , 134 , 147 , 148 , 151 , 161

and socialists, 9 , 106 , 114 , 134 -37, 140 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 157 , 168

and state repression, 149 , 160

and women, 117 -18, 140 , 154 , 155 -57

and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 142 , 143 , 146 , 147 -51, 161 .

See also Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi: Syndicat des cultivateurs et travailleurs de la terre de Coursan

Union sacrée,150 , 160

Unskilled work, 34 -35, 72 , 73 , 74 , 81

Urban artisans, 6 , 8 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 73 , 76 , 87 , 103 , 163 , 165

V

Var, 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 99 , 103 , 111 , 112 , 159 , 164 , 169

Vaucluse, 61

Ventenac d'Aude, 128

Vergnes, Anastasie, 83 , 96

Vie chère protests, 153

Vignerons, 27 , 55 , 62 , 70 , 91 , 104 , 106 , 137 , 159 , 162 , 165

Villeneuve-St-Georges, 149

Vinassan, 67 , 101 , 119 , 128 , 129

Vinedressers, 40 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 114 , 137 , 151

and economic crisis, 60 , 61 -66, 70 -75, 99 , 139

and family, 91

geographic origins of, 46

and landownership, 27 -28, 31 , 68 -69

and marriage, 45

and politics, 39 , 51 , 55 -59, 100 , 112

and proletarianization, 6 , 70 -77, 104 , 166

as skilled workers, 35 , 73 , 92

and solidarity, 166

and technological changes, 31 -32, 166

and unionization, 65 , 140

and wages, 37 , 57 , 74

and working conditions, 35 -38

Vinedressing, 29 -32, 37 , 39 , 61 -64, 73

changes in techniques, 27 , 31 -32, 62 -63

Vines, 16 , 19 -23, 60 -64

chemical treatments, 31 , 62

diseases, 21 , 58 , 61 -63

income from, 19 , 36 , 61 .

See also Phylloxera; Vinedressing

Vineyard capitalism, 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 19 -29, 38 , 58 , 77 , 164

Vineyard expansion, 4 , 19 -29, 36 , 42 -45 passim, 67 , 75

and education, 47

and family, 87

and politics, 50 , 58 -59, 164

and religion, 48 -49

and women's work, 79 -81, 84 , 91 , 92 .

See also Agricultural revolution

Vineyard workers (journaliers, journalières ):

abstention of, 109 -11, 119 , 137 , 142 , 158

and antimilitarism, 128 , 133 , 149 -50, 157 , 158 , 160

and community celebrations, 41

and economic crisis (depression), 2 , 60 -77, 78 -98, 115 , 122 , 131 , 136

and family, 33 , 78 -98, 117 , 118 , 123 , 129 , 133 , 155 , 157

and geographic mobility, 45 , 71 -72, 117

and labor process, 30 -38

and landownership, 18 , 27 -29, 35 -37, 68 -69, 116 , 117 , 120 , 121 -34

and loss of control over work, 73 , 120 , 157 , 167

and marriage, 45 , 72

and politics, 7 , 40 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 -56, 57 , 58 , 73 , 99 , 101 , 104 -13, 134 -37, 149 -51, 157 -60, 168

and proletarianization, 6 , 9 , 12 -13, 70 -77, 79 , 85 , 91 , 92 , 97 -98, 116 , 120 , 140 , 161 , 162 , 166

standard of living, 49 -50, 79 , 87 -88, 91 , 93 -95, 121 , 154

and technological changes, 63 , 73 , 166

and unionization, 6 , 7 , 70 , 75 , 82 , 114 -38, 166 , 168 , 170

and wages, 43 , 57 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 83 -85, 87 -90, 93 -94, 114 -26 passim, 130 -32, 137 , 138 , 143 , 148 , 152 -54, 156 , 157 , 169

and working conditions, 35 -36, 63 , 70 -75, 85 , 100 , 115 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 127 , 130 , 137 , 166 , 169

W

Wages:

of children, 90 , 96 -97

during expansion years, 35 -37, 57

during phylloxera, 71

equal, for equal work, 118

in kind, 33 , 82

of men, 19 , 71 , 84 , 91

post-phylloxera, 73 -75

real, 152

and strikes, 121 -27, 130 -32, 153 -54

of unskilled workers, 72

of women, 19 , 79 -82, 83 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 92 -94, 118 , 155 -56

Weber, Eugen, 163 , 165

Willard, Claude, 111

Wine:

dealers, 42 , 64 , 68

market, 22 -23, 42 -43, 61 , 64 -66, 70 , 76

market depressions, 65 -70, 76 , 77

prices, 52 , 60 , 61 , 64 -65, 122 , 152 , 154

tariffs, 22 , 65 , 103

tax, 52 , 53 , 65

Winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 8 , 12 , 112 , 138 , 139 -49

CGV and, 145 -48, 150 , 151 , 160

interclass front, 140 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 150 , 161

and large proprietors, 142 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 150

and small vineyard owners, 140 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148

socialists and, 140 , 141 , 146 -47, 157 , 159 , 160

and syndicalists, 142 , 143 , 146 , 147 -51, 161

and unions (FTAM), 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 146 -48, 149 -51, 160 -61

vineyard workers and, 141

women and, 140 , 141 , 143

Women, 33 -35, 41 , 108 , 143 , 144 , 165 , 168

in domestic economy, 3 , 6 , 78 -98, 157 , 167

proletarianization of, 85 , 91 , 92

in strikes, 3 , 57 , 79 , 83 , 123 -24, 127 , 129 , 141 , 154 -57

in unions, 117 -18, 123 , 140 , 141 , 154 -57

and wages, 19 , 84 -85, 89 -91, 117 , 123 , 156 , 157 , 167 .

See also Gender; Gender: division of labor; Strikes; Unions; Winegrowers' revolt of 1907

Workdays, 35 , 36 , 42 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 78 , 93 , 100 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 129 , 132 , 135 , 154

Working hours, 35 , 36 , 71 , 74

as strike demand, 7 , 123 -26, 130 -32, 137 , 154

of women, 84 , 114 , 169