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Chapter Six— The Second Stage of Execution (c. 1375—77)

1. For the text added in the second stage of execution, see Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2: 1-179. For a discussion of the events from 1350 to 1375, see Calmette, Charles V; and Cazelles, Société politique . . . Jean le Bon et Charles V. [BACK]

2. For a detailed codicological discussion of Raoulet's changes in Henri de Trévou's text, see Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy." [BACK]

3. Viard, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 9:288 and n. 4. [BACK]

4. The abbreviated version is most common, appearing in 21 of the 23 Grandes Chroniques whose texts I examined. It is edited in Viard, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 9:310. [BACK]

5. The only other manuscript to include the elaborate passage on the siege of Calais—a crudely decorated book in Brussels dating from the late fourteenth century (B.R. 2)—omits the discussion of the negotiation and the breaking of the treaty, thus mitigating the anti-English stance of the paragraph. [BACK]

6. For the text describing the capture of Guines, see Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 1:33-34. [BACK]

7. The other two miniatures to take up three-quarters of a page in this Grandes Chroniques are the Great Feast (fol. 473v) and the entry of Charles V, Charles IV, and Wenceslaus into Paris (fol. 470v), both in the third portion of the manuscript. [BACK]

8. "Comment la ville et la chastel de Guynes furent pris des Anglois le jour que le roy de France faisoit la feste de l'Etoile à Saint-Oyn. Laquelle feste est cy après pourtraite et ymaginée." Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 1:33. [BACK]

9. The elaborate stars worn on the chests of the participants in the feast of the Order of the Star have been enlarged by blue repainting, but the original gold stars are visible beneath them. [BACK]

10. Leopold Pannier, La noble maison de Saint-Ouen . . . et l'Ordre de l'étoile (Paris, 1872) 63-74, 88-90, cited in Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 1:34. [BACK]

11. The Order of the Star was short-lived; its only official assembly was in 1352. War in Brittany and the capture of John the Good and other French nobles at Poitiers in 1356 contributed to its demise. See Pannier, Noble maison , 111-40; and David Bessen, "Wishing upon a Star: King John, the Order of the Star, and Politics," in Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association , ed. Ruth Hamilton and David Wagner (Dekalb, 1986), 3:193-206. [BACK]

12. For a discussion of this order, see Cazelles, "Jean II le Bon," 14. break [BACK]

13. For a discussion of the relationship between the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Star, see Yves Renouard, "L'Ordre de la jarretière et l'Ordre de l'estoile," Moyen-Âge 55 (1949): 281-300. [BACK]

14. John's return to England was also the only way to avoid rekindling the war with England while waging war against rebellious Charles of Navarre. See Cazelles, Société politique . . . Jean le Bon et Charles V , 447-49.

15. French chroniclers most frequently presented the need to regulate the question of hostages and the dishonorable behavior of the duke of Anjou as reasons for King John's return to England. Ibid. [BACK]

14. John's return to England was also the only way to avoid rekindling the war with England while waging war against rebellious Charles of Navarre. See Cazelles, Société politique . . . Jean le Bon et Charles V , 447-49.

15. French chroniclers most frequently presented the need to regulate the question of hostages and the dishonorable behavior of the duke of Anjou as reasons for King John's return to England. Ibid. [BACK]

16. Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 4:27-28 identifies the heraldry in the miniatures from the Grandes Chroniques and cites the Coronation Book as the model for the double picture in the chronicle. In addition, Sherman discusses the artistic relationship between the Grandes Chroniques and the Coronation Book . She does not note the heraldic discrepancies. See Sherman, Portraits , 37. [BACK]

17. A document of 1377 commissioned bindings for two volumes containing the " croniques de France and those which Pierre d'Orgement had made." For this, see Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 1:xii. No such order survives for the version of the text ending in the life of Philip of Valois. Nevertheless, a codicological study of the manuscript suggests that Charles V's Grandes Chroniques was considered completed at that state as well. [BACK]

18. For the scepter of Charlemagne, see Paris, Grand Palais, Les fastes du gothique , 32, 249, no. 202. For the scepter of Dagobert, see Montfaucon, Les monuments de la monarchie françoise , 1:xxxv and pl. 1. [BACK]

19. On the Coronation Book , see E. S. Dewick, ed., The Coronation Book of Charles V of France (Cottonian Ms. Tiberius B. VIII) , Henry Bradshaw Society, no. 16 (London, 1899); Richard A. Jackson, ed., "The Traité du sacre of Jean Golein," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113, no. 4 (1969): 305-24; idem, "Les manuscrits des ordines de couronnement de la bibliothèque de Charles V, roi de France," Moyen-Âge 82 (1976): 76-88; idem, Vive le Roi! , 26-33; Sherman, Portraits , 34-37; and especially idem, "The Queen." [BACK]

20. For the text of the description of the coronations, see Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:1-5. [BACK]

21. Dewick reproduces the images of coronation in Dewick, ed., Coronation Book , pls. 23 and 35. [BACK]

22. The arms of those who participated in the king's and queen's coronations are as follows: count of Flanders— or, a lion rampant sable; duke of Bourbon— azur, semé with fleurs-de-lis or, a bendelet gules; count of Toulouse— gules, a cross argent voided sable; count of Étampes— azur, semé with fleurs-de-lis or, a bendelet company gules and ermine; duke of Anjou— azur semé with fleurs-de-lis or, a border gules; archbishop of Reims— azur semé with fleurs-de-lis or, a cross argent; and bishop of Beauvais— or, a cross between four keys paleways, a ward in chief gules . [BACK]

23. The arms of the duke of Burgundy are: quarterly 1 and 4—azur, semé with fleurs-de-lis or, a border company white and gules; 2 and 3—banded with or and azur, a border gules . [BACK]

24. Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:2-3. [BACK]

25. Two of the peers included in these pictures may have been represented only by proxy. Although the county of Toulouse had reverted to the throne by the time of Charles V's reign, it is possible that Charles appointed someone to represent this ancient peerage. The chronicles of Charles V's coronation are silent on this point, but representation by proxy was a practice in the coronations of Charles VII in 1429 and of subsequent kings. If scholars are correct in asserting that Louis of Male, count of Flanders, did not attend Charles's coronation, he may have been represented by proxy as well. For the list of peers in the Coronation Book , see Dewick, ed., Coronation Book , cols. 13-14. For the list in the Traité du continue

sacre , see Jackson, " Traité du sacre ," 312. For discussion of representation by proxy, see Jackson, Vive le Roi! , 161-62; and Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V , 3:88-89. [BACK]

26. Sherman, "The Queen," 288. Sherman concentrates on the queen's role in the third ordinance. For the texts of these documents, see D. F. Secousse, Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race recueillies par ordre chronologique (Paris, 1723-1849), 6:26-32 (the majority), 45-49 (regency conditions), 49-54 ( tutelle ). For discussion of them, see Cazelles, Société politique . . . Jean le Bon et Charles V , 579-81. [BACK]

27. For discussion of the Traité du sacre and its relation to the coronation ceremony, see Jackson, " Traité du sacre ," 306-8. See also Sherman, "The Queen," for a discussion of the relationship between the Traité du sacre and the representations of the queen in the Coronation Book . [BACK]

28. Les pers de france qui sont entour en signifiance des fors qui estoient entour salemon omnes tenentes gladios et ad bella doctissimi . car sil ne tiennent la presentement les espees si sont il pres pour les prendre quant temps en est pour deffendre le Roy et le Royaume en grant hardement." Jackson, " Traité du sacre ," 317. [BACK]

29. See Hedeman, "Restructuring the Narrative," 173-74. [BACK]

30. Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:63-65. [BACK]

31. Cf. B.N. fr. 4324, a seventeenth-century recueil of royal baptismal accounts. It includes a brief Latin description of the baptism of the future Charles VI in 1368 and French accounts of the baptism of his brother, Louis, in 1371, and of the baptismal processions and ceremonies for Charles Orland, son of Charles VIII, in 1492, and for Henry's eldest son in 1543. [BACK]

32. For Jeanne's role in negotiating peace, see Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V , 3:177-200. [BACK]

33. Delisle, "Guillaume de Nangis." Delisle divides the Chronique abrégée into families on the basis of the date of the latest event recorded in the continuations of the manuscripts that survive. Family E, stopping in 1381, and family F, 1383, are the only continuations to incorporate the reigns of John the Good and Charles V. The text for the Chronique abrégée of the reigns of Philip the Bold to Charles VI is based almost exclusively on the Grandes Chroniques and, more specifically, on the copy belonging to Charles V. See also Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:64.

In the Grandes Chroniques the text describing the baptism reads, "Et après estoit la royne Jehanne d'Evreux, qui portoit le dit enfant sur ses bras, et monseigneur Charles, seigneur de Montmorenci, et monseigneur Charles, conte de Dampmartin, estoient de costé lui." See Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:64.

The Chronique abrégée was amended to read, "Et après estoit messire Charles, seigneur de Montmorency qui portoit le dit enfant sur ses bras, et monseigneur Charles, conte de Dampmartin, estoient de costé de lui." This text occurred in each copy of the Chronique abrégée that I consulted—B.N. fr. 17267 and fr. 2816 of family E and fr. 23138 and fr. 20351 of family F. [BACK]

34. One of the five elaborate marginal notes (see text pages 121-22) and a notarial signature, present only in B.N. fr. 2813, are included in the Chronique abrégée . The text given in the Grandes Chroniques in chapter 20 of the live of Charles V, ends "le XI e jour de mai l'an mil CCCLXIX." This chapter continues in the Chronique abrégée 's family E with: "Et nota que pour les choses dessus dictes recommenca guerre entre les deux roys de france et d'angleterre yvo" (B.N. fr. 17267, fol. 272v), and in family F with "Yvo Nota que pour les choses dessus dictes recommenca guerre entre les deux roys de france et d'angleterre." Charles V's Grandes Chroniques is the only manuscript to transcribe the signature of the notary named Yvo at the end of the treaty and to include in its lower margin the note "que pour ces chose" that was incorporated into the text of the Chroniques abrégée . For a discussion of the treaty, see Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:76, and n. 2. break [BACK]

35. Charles IV's and Jeanne of Evreux's daughter Blanche married Philip of France, the Duke of Orléans. See Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques , 2:64. [BACK]


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