1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Pléiade, 1964), 3:148.

2. Rousseau, Essai sur l'origine des langues (Paris: Bibliothèque du Graphe, 1970), p. 506.

3. Rousseau, Essai sur l'origine des langues, p. 505.

4. Eugenio Coseriu, "L'arbitraire du signe: Zur Spätgeschichte eines aristotelischen Begriffes," Archiv für die neueren Sprachen, 204 (1967-68): 81-112.

5. Viktor Shklovsky, "Potebnja," in Poètika: Sborniki po teorii poèticeskogo * jazyka (Petrograd, 1919), pp. 3-6.

6. Jakobson, "Retrospect," in Selected Writings (The Hague: Mouton, 1971- ), 1:631-33.

7. Shklovsky, "Potebnja," pp. 5-6.

8. Michel Foucault, Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines (Paris: Gallimard, 1966), p. 248; English translation, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1973), p. 235. All translations from Foucault are mine.

9. Foucault, Les mots et les choses, pp. 309, 315; The Order of Things, pp. 296, 304.

10. Foucault, Les mots et les choses, pp. 317, 318; The Order of Things, pp. 306, 307. break

11. Edmund Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen, 5th ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1968), 2:105; English translation, Logical Investigations, trans. J. N. Findlay (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), 1:333.

12. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen, 2:23; Logical Investigations, 1:269.

13. Roman Ingarden, Das literarische Kunstwerk, 3d ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1965), p. 104; English translation, The Literary Work of Art, trans. George G. Grabowicz (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1973), p. 100.

14. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Signes (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), pp. 112-14; English translation, Signs, trans. Richard C. McCleary (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1964), pp. 89-91.

15. Jacques Derrida, De la grammatologie (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1967), p. 102; English translation, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 69. All translations from Derrida are mine.

16. Derrida, De la grammatologie, p. 104; Of Grammatology, p. 71.

17. Derrida, De la grammatologie, pp. 96-97; Of Grammatology, pp. 65-66.

18. Cleanth Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947).

19. W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy," Sewanee Review 54 (1946): 468-88, reprinted in W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., The Verbal Icon (Le xington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1954), pp. 3-18.

20. Monroe Beardsley, Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958).

21. W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 2:664.

22. See especially "Discourse in the Novel" (1934-35), in Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), pp. 259-422.

23. E. D. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).

24. Timothy Clark briefly mentions Derrida's distinction between literary and philosophical texts in "Being in Mime: Heidegger and Derrida on the Ontology of Literary Language," MLN 101 (1986): 1003-21.

25. Aristotle, Poetics, 1451b.

26. Herder, Werke, 5 vols. (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982), 2:132-33.

27. M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 316.

28. William Wordsworth, Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, in Prose of the Romantic Period, ed. Carl Woodring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), p. 56. The sentence from the footnote is cited in Abrams, Mirror and the Lamp, p. 101.

29. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Albert Leitzmann (Berlin, 1907; rpt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1968), 7:193-202.

30. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:44-46. break

31. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7: 86.

32. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:90.

33. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:93-94.

34. Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 1, Language, trans. Ralph Manheim (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955), pp. 161-63. The work was published in German between 1923 and 1929.