1. Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism, trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1979).

2. N. O. Lossky, History of Russian Philosophy (New York: International Universities Press, 1951).

3. Saint John of Damascus, On the Divine Images: Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images (henceforth DI ), trans. David Anderson (Crestwood, N.Y.: Saint Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1980), p. 16. The Greek text of Saint John's Apologies may be found in Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca (henceforth PG ), ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1857-66), 94: 1227-1419.

4. Icon and Logos: Sources in Eighth-Century Iconoclasm, ed. and trans. Daniel J. Sahas (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), p. 178.

5. Sahas, Icon and Logos, p. 179.

6. Naftali Prat, "Orthodox Philosophy of Language in Russia," Studies in Soviet Thought 20 (1979): 1-21.

7. Vladimir Solov'ev, Ctenija * o Bogocelovecestve * , in Sobranie socinenij * continue

(henceforth SS ) (Petersburg, 1877-81; rpt. Brussels: Foyer Oriental Chrétien, 1966), 3: 3-181.

8. Vladimir Solov'ev, "Krasota v prirode" (1889), in SS, 6:33-74, at p. 41.

9. Vladimir Solov'ev, "Obscij * smysl iskusstva," in SS, 6:75-90.

10. Andrei Bely, "Emblematika smysla: Predposylki k teorii simvolizma," in S, pp. 49-143; English translation, "The Emblematics of Meaning: Premises to a Theory of Symbolism," in SE, pp. 111-97.

11. Sergei Bulgakov, Filosofija imeni (henceforth FI) (Paris: YMCA-Presse, 1953).

12. Sergei Bulgakov, "Was ist das Wort?" in Festschrift Th. G. Masaryk zum 80. Geburtstage, ed. Boris Jakowenko (Bonn: Friedrich Cohen, 1930), pp. 25-70.

13. Pavel Florensky, Stolp i utverzdenie * istiny: Opyt pravoslavnof feodicei v dvenadcati pis'max (The pillar and ground of the truth: Essay in Orthodox theodicy in twelve letters) (Moscow, 1914; rpt. Westmead, Eng.: Gregg, 1970). Henceforth SU . "The pillar and ground" is not necessarily the most accurate translation of Florensky's title, which means something like "the pillar and assertion" or "the pillar and affirmation." Florensky took his title from a phrase in 1 Timothy 3:15, which reads "the pillar and ground" in the King James version.

14. Pavel Florensky, Sobranie socinenij * (henceforth SS ), ed. N. A. Struve (Paris: YMCA Press, 1985-): 1:193-316.

15. Pavel Florensky, "Stroenie slova," in Kontekst 1972: Literaturno-teo-reticeskie * issledovanija (Moscow, 1973), pp. 348-75.

16. Florensky, "Stroenie slova," p. 351.

17. Florensky, "Stroenie slova," p. 355.

18. Florensky, "Stroenie slova," p. 352.

19. Florensky, "Stroenie slova," p. 353.

20. Hansen-Löve, Der russische Formalismus, p. 83n.

21. Karl Eimermacher, "Zur Entstehungsgeschichte einer deskripriven Semiotik in der Sowjetunion," Zeitschrift für Semiotik 4 (1982): 1-34, at pp. 4-5.

22. Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 85.

23. Clark and Holquist, p. 85.