1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Pléiade, 1964), 3:148. [BACK]

2. Rousseau, Essai sur l'origine des langues (Paris: Bibliothèque du Graphe, 1970), p. 506. [BACK]

3. Rousseau, Essai sur l'origine des langues, p. 505. [BACK]

4. Eugenio Coseriu, "L'arbitraire du signe: Zur Spätgeschichte eines aristotelischen Begriffes," Archiv für die neueren Sprachen, 204 (1967-68): 81-112. [BACK]

5. Viktor Shklovsky, "Potebnja," in Poètika: Sborniki po teorii poèticeskogo * jazyka (Petrograd, 1919), pp. 3-6. [BACK]

6. Jakobson, "Retrospect," in Selected Writings (The Hague: Mouton, 1971- ), 1:631-33. [BACK]

7. Shklovsky, "Potebnja," pp. 5-6. [BACK]

8. Michel Foucault, Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines (Paris: Gallimard, 1966), p. 248; English translation, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1973), p. 235. All translations from Foucault are mine. [BACK]

9. Foucault, Les mots et les choses, pp. 309, 315; The Order of Things, pp. 296, 304. [BACK]

10. Foucault, Les mots et les choses, pp. 317, 318; The Order of Things, pp. 306, 307. break [BACK]

11. Edmund Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen, 5th ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1968), 2:105; English translation, Logical Investigations, trans. J. N. Findlay (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), 1:333. [BACK]

12. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen, 2:23; Logical Investigations, 1:269. [BACK]

13. Roman Ingarden, Das literarische Kunstwerk, 3d ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1965), p. 104; English translation, The Literary Work of Art, trans. George G. Grabowicz (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1973), p. 100. [BACK]

15. Jacques Derrida, De la grammatologie (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1967), p. 102; English translation, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 69. All translations from Derrida are mine. [BACK]

16. Derrida, De la grammatologie, p. 104; Of Grammatology, p. 71. [BACK]

17. Derrida, De la grammatologie, pp. 96-97; Of Grammatology, pp. 65-66. [BACK]

18. Cleanth Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947). [BACK]

19. W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy," Sewanee Review 54 (1946): 468-88, reprinted in W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., The Verbal Icon (Le xington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1954), pp. 3-18. [BACK]

20. Monroe Beardsley, Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958). [BACK]

21. W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 2:664. [BACK]

22. See especially "Discourse in the Novel" (1934-35), in Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), pp. 259-422. [BACK]

23. E. D. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). [BACK]

24. Timothy Clark briefly mentions Derrida's distinction between literary and philosophical texts in "Being in Mime: Heidegger and Derrida on the Ontology of Literary Language," MLN 101 (1986): 1003-21. [BACK]

25. Aristotle, Poetics, 1451b. [BACK]

26. Herder, Werke, 5 vols. (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982), 2:132-33. [BACK]

27. M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 316. [BACK]

28. William Wordsworth, Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, in Prose of the Romantic Period, ed. Carl Woodring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), p. 56. The sentence from the footnote is cited in Abrams, Mirror and the Lamp, p. 101. [BACK]

29. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Albert Leitzmann (Berlin, 1907; rpt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1968), 7:193-202. [BACK]

30. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:44-46. break [BACK]

31. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7: 86. [BACK]

32. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:90. [BACK]

33. Humboldt, Gesammelte Schriften, 7:93-94. [BACK]

34. Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 1, Language, trans. Ralph Manheim (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955), pp. 161-63. The work was published in German between 1923 and 1929. [BACK]