Index
A
'Abduh, Muhamad, 110 , 111 n, 175
Abdulhamid Sulayman oghli. See Cholpan
Abdulhamid II, 194 , 195 , 238
Abdullah Awlani. See Awlani
Abdullah Qadiri. See Qadiri
Abdulwahid Qari, 234
Abdussami Qari Ziyabaev, 118 , 152
Abidjan Mahmudov. See Mahmudov
Abulfayz Khan, 34
adab , 20 , 21 , 28 , 126 , 131 , 166 , 170 , 228 ;
redefined by print, 135
adat , 55
admonition as metaphor, 135 , 137 -138
Afghanistan, 97 , 98 , 111 , 285
Aghaev, Yur Ali, 276
Ajzi, 94 -95, 105 , 128 , 145 , 161 , 264 , 299
Akhundov, Mirza Fathali, 161
Alash Orda, 278
alcohol, 138 , 145 , 147 , 148
Ali Hilmi, Sehbenderzade Filibeli, 111 -112
Aligarh, 222
Alim Qul, 39 -40
All-Russian Muslim movement, 92 , 231 -233, 265 -266. See also Muslim Faction
All-Russian Muslim Teachers' Congress, 253
Alti Shahr, 42
Anderson, Benedict, 11 n, 119 , 187
Andijan, 84 n, 146 , 242 -243, 255 , 277
Andijan uprising, 53 , 59 , 240
anticolonialism, 122 , 293 -295
Aqsaqqal : of craft guilds, 28 ;
of village, 58
Arabic: Jadids' knowledge of, 97 , 109 ;
Jadid views of, 174 -175;
in madrasas, 31 ;
in new-method schools, 170
Arif Khoja, 234
Aristov, N. A., 200 -201
Armenians: in Jadid rhetoric, 141 , 144 , 192 -193;
in Turkestan, 77
Asfendyarov, Sanjar, 264 , 278
Ashur Ali Zahiri. See Zahiri
Askarov, Ali Asghar, 130
Askhabad, 73
Attar, Fariduddin, 24
autonomy of Turkestan: as political question in 1917, 257 -258;
proclaimed, 287 ;
views of Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party, 297 -298;
views of Jadids, 267 -268;
views of Muslim Communists, 296 -297;
views of ulama, 268 , 274 . See also Kokand Autonomy
Awlani, 96 , 102 , 111 , 118 , 123 , 124 , 133 -134, 171 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 241 ,
Awlani (continued)
Advokatlik oson mi ? 128 , 224 ;
on family, 226 ;
Aydarov, Muhammadjan, 121 -122
Ayina , 95 , 123 -124, 127 , 165
Ayni, Sadriddin, 22 , 33 , 102 , 128 , 156 n, 196 , 299 , 300
al-Azhar, 100
B
Ahmaq , 128
Baha'uddin Naqshband, 142 -143, 145
Baljuwan, 189
Balkh, 35
Baqa Khoja b. Sayyid Haid Khoja, 205 -206
Bartol'd, V. V., 19 , 184 , 204
Basmachi, 285 -286
Bayazidksii, Zeki, 129
Bedil, 24
Behbudi, Mahmud Khoja, 80 -81, 94 , 104 , 105 , 109 , 112 , 174 , 193 , 214 , 217 , 219 , 248 , 250 , 258 , 263 , 264 , 267 , 276 , 300 ;
bookstore, 131 ;
on family health, 226 -227;
Padarkush , 80 , 129 -130, 132 , 144 , 151 , 152 , 153 ;
polemic with Wasli, 153 -154
Samarqand , 123 ;
on Sarts, 205 -206;
on socialist parties, 220 -221;
on theater, 131 ;
travels of, 139 -140;
on World War I, 238 -239. See also Ayina
Bektimirov, Ahmetjan, 123
benevolent societies, 133 -134, 166
Bennigsen, Alexandre, 85 , 184 -185, 298
Bigi, Musa Jarullah, 262
Bigiev, Mehmed Zahir, 92
bilingualism, 188
biy , 55
Bolsheviks: appeal "To the Toiling Muslims of Russia and the East," 287 ;
publish secret treaties, 293 -294. See also Communist Party of Turkestan; Russian Communist Party
bookstores, 109 , 118 -119, 133
Bourdieu, Pierre, 6 -7. See also habitus ; cultural capital
Britain, 35 , 44 , 49 , 278 -279, 285
conquest of, 46 -48;
relations with Ottoman empire, 43 -44, 46 ;
Russian Political Agency in, 48 , 72 , 123 ;
theater, 131
Bukhara, People's Republic of, 298
C
census of 1897, 202 -203
Central Asia: Russian views of, 51 ;
Chaghatay, as designation for urban population, 189
Chaghatay Gurungi, 292
Chaghatay nationalism, 292
childhood, discovery of, 171 -172
Chimkent, 82
Chinggis Khan, 291
chistach , 65
Cholpan, 104 , 105 , 128 , 243 , 299 , 300 ;
Doctor Muhammadyar , 125 , 145 , 156 n
Choqay, Mustafa, 106 , 116 , 254 , 256 , 276 , 283 , 286
Chust, 111
circles, literary, 32 , 41 . See also gap
class: in Jadid rhetoric, 220 -221;
in Muslim politics, 263 -264, 277 -278
colonial shariat, 70
Communist Party of Turkestan, 288 ;
Fifth Regional Conference of, 296 -297
Congress of Muslim Workers' and Peasants' Deputies, 277 -278, 289
Constituent Assembly, 251 , 252 , 255 , 265 , 267 , 273 , 276
Crimea, 89 -90
Crimean Tatars and Jadidism, 93
cultural capital, 5 -7, 21 , 27 , 33 , 103 , 116 , 148
CUP (Committee of Union and Progress), 112 , 238
D
Danish, Abroad Makhdum, 40 , 85 , 101 -102
Darwinism, social, 143 -144, 193
Dawlatshaev, Behram-bek, 204 -205, 206 , 207
Dawran, Ibrahim, 223 -224
debt crisis, 64
dehyak , 31
Deoband, 100
desacralization, 12 , 172 -176
Dukchi Ishan, 59
Dukhovskoi S. M., 60 , 70 , 142
Duma, State, 233 -235, 242 , 251
E
Eickelman, Dale, 11
Ersoy, Mehmet Akif, 112
Etherton, P. T., 285
Europe: Jaded views of, 138 -140, 294 ;
as problematic construct, 16 ;
Russia as bearer of, 51
Executive Committees of the Privisional Government, 245 , 247 ;
Regional Congress of, 251
exoticization, 56 -57
F
Fakhreddin, Rizaeddin, 175
fanaticism, 5 ;
Russian views of, 51 -53, 57 , 60 , 64 , 229
Farhadi, Abdurrahman, 105
Fazilbek Atabek oghli, 127
Jadids in, 96 -98
Ferghana Oblast Soviet of Deputies of Muslim Organizations, 255
filyatun , 125
Fitrat, 111 -112, 128 , 156 n, 174 , 291 , 292 , 299 , 300 ;
'A'ila , 226 -227;
Bayanat-i sayyah-i hindi , 111 , 112 , 140 -143, 145 -146, 149 ,, 175 ;
Munazara , 111 , 113 , 174 -175, 176 , 177 , 196 ;
Rahbar-i najat , 175 ;
food supply as arena of political conflict, 257 , 267 -268, 270 , 284 , 296
functionaries, Muslim: under Russian rule, 57 , 58 , 72
Fuqah aJamiyati, 289
Fuzuli, 24
G
Gabitov. See Abidi
Gasprinskaia, Shafika Hanum, 223
Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey, 80 , 162 , 164 , 181 , 236 ;
correspondence with Os-troumov, 89 , 91 ;
Darürrahat Muslumanlari , 156 n;
memorandum to governor General of Turkestan, 178 -180;
on language unity, 212 ;
and Turkic unity, 185 ;
views on theater, 129
Geier, I. I., 121
geography, 108- 109;
and pan-Islam, 195
Gertsfel'd, Solomon, 276
Ghayrat Company, 243
Girs, F. K., 57
Gokalp, Ziya, 198
Gramenitskii, S. M., 183
Grodekov, B. D., 70
H
Habermas, Jurgen, 114 -115
Haftyak , 23
Haji Muin b. Shukrullah, 12 , 95 , 130 , 143 , 161 , 299 , 300 ;
Eski maktab, yangi maktab , 1 , 163 , 164 , 177 -178, 191 ;
on language unity, 213 ;
Mazluma khatun , 148 -149, 225 , 226 ;
Hamza Hakimzada Niyazi, 97 -98, 105 , 128 , 132 -133, 149 , 206 , 223 , 243 , 258 , 299 , 300 ;
Milli Ashulalar , 104 , 120 -121, 241 ;
in publishing, 120 -121;
in theater, 130 ;
Yangi Saadat , 127 -128, 155 -156, 221 -222;
Zaharli hayat , 131 , 144 -145, 151 , 175
Hikmet , 111 -112
historicization, 12
history, new conceptions of, 108
homeland, 209 -211;
as Russian empire, 237
Huseyinzade Ali, 198
I
Iakhimovich, A. K., 261
Ibn Muqaffa', 21
Ibrahimov, Shahimardan, 86
Ibrahimov, Y., 287
ignorance: as corruption of Islam, 142 -143;
as fundamental problem of Jadid reform, 136 -145
Imdadiya benevolent society, 133 -134, 166
imperialism, discourse of, 50 , 52
contacts with Central Asia, 42 -43, 100
Indians in Central Asia, 41 , 43 , 64
inflation, 284
inorodtsy , 73 -75, 78 , 182 , 232 . See also tuzemtsy
Iqbal, 92
modernist thought in, 112 -113
Ishaki, Ayaz, 262
Ishans, 32 ;
Jadid criticisms of, 149 , 221 -222
Ishaq Khan Tora Junaydullah oghli, 97 , 105
Ishchilar Dunyasi , 264
Ishtirakiyun , 291
al-Islah , 100 , 124 , 125 , 150 -151, 154 , 228
Islam: historicized, 12 , 174 ;
Jadid views of, 142 -143;
new ways of knowing, 173 -176;
objectification, 11 ;
traditional Central Asian understanding of, 33
Iuzhakov, Iu. D., 200
al-Izah , 289
J
Jadidism: diversity of, 8 -9, 89 -93, 217 ;
as elite competition, 4 -7;
as generational conflict, 151 ;
and Muslim modernism, 2 -3, 113 ;
new conceptions of Islam, 173 -176;
and the state, 7 , 115 -116, 162 , 236 , 282 , 299 ;
rasnsformation of, 281 -283
Jadids: in Bukhara, 123 , 294 -295;
claim to leadership, 220 ;
collective profile, 93 -99;
as colonial intellectuals, 14 ;
criticized by qadimchi, 150 -151, 227 -228;
fascination with knowledge, 156 -157;
geography, 108 -109;
influx into Communist Party of Turkestan, 288 ;
and merchants, 102 -103, 220 ;
new conceptions of history, 108 ;
as new elite, 4 -7;
and Ottoman empire, 110 -112;
on peasants, 221 ;
in politics, 236 -237, 243 -244;
"second generation," 104 ;
and secular intellectuals, 105 ;
on sexuality, 226 -227;
sufism, 221 -222;
travels, 95 , 97 , 98 , 110 -112;
and ulama, 100 -102;
and uprising of 1916, 241 -242;
and World War I, 237 -239
Jaffa, 140
Jarkent, 240
Jews: in Jadid rhetoric, 141 , 144 , 192 -193;
in Turkestan, 76 -77
Jizzakh, 46 ;
K
Kaledin, 276
al-Kashghari, Mahmud, 187
Katta Qurghan, 130 , 252 , 263
Kaufman, K. P., 50 , 51 , 54 , 58 , 60 , 63 , 71 , 86 , 156 -157, 178 , 230 ;
policies on education, 83 ;
policies questioned, 59 , 157 ;
views on nomads, 54 -55
Kazan Muslim Committee, 266
Kengash (Kokand), 258
Kerenskii, Aleksandr, 242
Khalmurad Tashkandi, Mulla, 262
under Russian protectorate, 16 (table 1), 49 . See also Khwarazm
Khiva, People's Republic of, 298
Khoja Ahrar, 38
Khojaev, Bashirullah, 288
Khojaev, Fayzullah, 295 , 299 , 300
Khojaev, Ubaydullah, 102 , 105 , 117 , 124 , 218 , 235 -237, 241 , 242 -243, 244 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 254 , 256 , 276 , 300
Khojas as social category, 189 , 207
Khudayar Khan, 47
Khwarazm, 34
Klevleev, Arif, 287 , 288 , 290
knowledge, colonial, 56 ;
distraction between religious and secular, 21 , 173 ;
Jadid conception of, 137 -138, 143 , 147 , 156 -157;
and print, 135 ;
traditional Central Asian conceptions of, 20 ;
transmission of, 20 , 21 , 29 , 33
Kokand (city), 41 , 66 , 98 , 256 , 278
Kokand (khanate): and Chinese empire, 43 ;
centralization in, 36 ;
conquest of, 47 ;
standing army in, 36
Kokand Autonomy, 275 -279, 283 , 285 , 289 , 296
Kornilov, 271
Krivoshein, A. V. 65
Kuropatkin, A. N., 240 , 241 , 246 , 247 , 265 , 272
L
language reform, 211
language unity, 93 , 212 -213;
Turkestani exclusivism, 213 -214
Lapin, Sher Ali, 233 n, 259 , 276 ;
on Sarts, 203 -204
Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal, 85 , 184 -185
Lenin, V. I., 287
separate from ability to write, 25
literature: didacticism in, 128 ;
written by
Jadids, 127 -129. See also individual authors
Lykoshin, N. S., 160 , 249 -250, 261
M
Madali Ishan, 59
Madali Khan, 42
madrasa: description of life in, 30 -31, 32 -33;
gifts, 29 ;
Jadid criticisms of, 174 -175;
modernist criticisms of, 20 ;
place m society, 29 -34;
reform of, 100 ;
renting of cells in, 31 ;
and social distinction, 38 ;
under Russian rule, 83 -85
Mahmudov, Abidjan, 98 , 102 , 124 , 276
maktab: among nomads, 26 -27;
books used in, 23 ;
description of teaching in, 22 -23;
for girls, 27 -28;
gifts, 26 ;
Jadid criticism of, 12 -13, 162 -163, 170 -171, 176 -178;
under Russian rule, 83 , 290 ;
and social distinction, 38
Maktab Publishing Company, 96 , 118 , 119
Malkum Khan, Mirza, 161
Maragha'i, Zayn ul-'Abidin, 112
Martson,-F. V., 154
maskharabazlik , 131
medicine, modern: Jadid fascination with, 142 , 226 -227
merchants: and Jadids, 102 -103, 220 ;
merchants, Bukharan, 38 ;
in Russia, 42
Mir Haydar, 39
Mir Kamil-bay, 146 , 242 , 255
Mir Muhsm Shermuhammadov, 104 , 236 , 258 -259, 265
Mirbadalov, Mir Jalil, 123
Mirz aSiraj Rahim, 137 ;
travels in Europe, 138 -139, 219 -220
missionary activity banned m Turkestan, 55
modernism, Muslim: and Jadidism, 113
modernity defined, 2
morality m new-method schools, 172 -173
Morocco, 143
Muhiddin Khoja, 82 -83
Mulla Nasreddin , 92
Munawwar Qari Abdurrashid Khan oghli, 95 -96, 102 , 103 -104, 105 , 109 , 116 , 118 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 132 , 133 , 136- 137, 146 , 151 -152, 177 , 215 , 223 , 233 , 236 , 239 , 248 , 249 , 253 , 255 , 256 , 262 , 267 , 299 , 300 ;
Adib-i awwal , 169 ;
Adib-i sani , 169 ;
Hawa'ij-idiniya , 172 ;
new-method school of, 165 , 166 , 170 , 171 ;
Yet yuzi , 195
Muradi, Abdulwahhab, 228
Musbiuro, 296
music, debates over the permissibility of, 152- 154
music, folk, 128 -129
Muslim as national label, 288 -289
Muslim Artisans' Union (Andijan), 263
Muslim Bureau (of the Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan), 296
Muslim Communists, 289 , 296 ;
conferences of, 295 -296
Muslim Faction, 232 -233, 242 , 254 , 256
Muslim language, 191- 192
Muslim National Communism, 298 -299
Muslim nationalism, 11 -12, 175 -176, 190 -197, 299 . See also Pan-Islam
Muslim Spiritual Administration, 60 , 154 , 230 ;
excluded from Turkestan, 54
Muslim Workers' Communist Society (Samarqand), 288
Muzaffar (amir of Bukhara), 46 ;
domestic policies of, 48
Muzaffar, Abdurrauf, 91 n, 207
N
Nadir Shah, 35
Najat , 249
Nalivkin, V. P., 53 , 71 , 179 -180, 247 , 249 , 272
Namik Kemal, 161
Narbutabekov, Tashpolad, 105 , 247 , 254 , 256
Narin, 240
Nasrullah Khan (ruler of Bukhara), 35
nation: as locus of Jadid reform, 184
as Muslims of Russia, 194 , 217 ;
as Muslims of Turkestan, 175 -176, 190 -197, 214 -215;
redefined m aftermath of 1917, 283 , 291 ;
as yardstick of reform, 216 -228, 281
"national delimitation," 298
Nationalities Affairs, People's Commissariat of, 287
Nazir Toraqul oghli, 105
new method, 163 -164
newspapers: Jadid, 116 , 121 -125, 249 ;
Persian, 110 ;
Russian, 116 -117;
Soviet, 291 ;
notables: in the nineteenth century, 37 ;
under Russian rule, 67 , 71 , 82 , 83 , 229
Nusratullah b. Qudratullah, 130 , 146 -147. See also Haji Muin
O
officialdom: reaction to new-method schools, 180 -183;
surveillance, 116 ;
views of Jadidism, 229 ;
oral tradition, 128
orality, 24 -25
and ethnic definitions, 200 , 201
Osh, 130
Ostroumov, 85 , 87 -89, 127 , 156 -157, 159 , 179 -180, 249 ;
correspondence with Gasprinskii, 89 , 91 ;
on Sarts, 202 ;
views of madrasas, 181
Ottoman empire, 110 -113, 143 , 193 ;
diplomatic relations with Central Asia, 43 -44, 46 ;
educational reform in, 161 -162;
Islamism, 111 -112;
Islamists, 175 ;
Jadids in, 80 ;
pan-Turkism in, 292 ;
symbolic value to Jadids, 196 ;
in World War I, 237 -238, 285 , 292 , 294
Ottoman emissaries, official fears of, 229
Ottoman prisoners of war, 278 , 290 , 292 -293
Ozbek: Jadid views on, 205 -208;
language, 214 -215;
as synonymous with Turkestani, 206
P
Palen K. K., inspection of Turkestan by, 57 , 61
Palestine, 140
pan-Islam: as modern phenomenon, 194 -197;
pan-Turkism, 198 , 293 n. See also Turkism
peasants, Jadid views of, 221
peasants, Russian, 58 n, 65 , 177 n, 221 , 252 ;
settlement m Turkestan, 72 -73
pederasty, 145 -147, 148 , 226
peer learning in madrasas, 29
Perovskii, V. A., 46
Persian language, 187 -188
Perzheval'sk, 240 -241
poetry, Jadid uses of, 128 -129
Poltoratskii, P. G., 278
power, political: informality of, 37 -38;
and Shariat, 40 ;
and social status, 38
press. See print; newspapers
print: and adab , 135 ;
advent of, 117 ;
and Jadid strategies, 118 -119;
and the market, 118 -121;
and new identities, 197 ;
and the production of knowledge, 9 -10;
and the reproduction of culture, 135 -136;
transformation of cultural life, 281 ;
printing revolution, 117 -118
Soviet commitment to, 299
Provisional Government, 256 , 262 , 270 , 271 , 273 , 282
public health, 142
public sphere, 134 -136, 235 , 281 -282;
in colonial context, 115 -117
publishing, 118 ;
transformation under Soviet rule, 290 -291
Q
qadimchi, qadimchilar, 1 , 5 , 93 , 99 ;
criticisms of Jadids, 150 -151, 227 -228
Qadiri, Abdullah, 99 , 110 , 128 , 158 , 299 , 300 ;
Bakhtsiz kiyaiw , 144 ;
Jawanbaz , 145
Qarshi, 141
Qazaqs, 17 ;
Kaufman's views of, 83 ;
and modern education, 105 -106;
reform among, 93 ;
in Russian service, 58 ;
Russians views of, as less fanatical, 54 -55;
in uprising of 1916, 240 -241
qazi . 55 , 68 -70, 230 , 256 , 258 -259
Qing dynasty, 43
Qirghiz in 1916, 240 -242
Qur'an: Jadid views of, 175 ;
in madrasa, 33 ;
recitation of, 23
R
Rabghuzi, 173
Rahimi, Shakirjan, 290
Rasuli, Said Rasul, 161
Rawnaq ul-Islam , 248
reading. practices of, 126 -127
requisitioning, 284
revolution of, 1905, 121 , 181 , 229 -230
Risqulov, Turar. 296 , 297 , 298
romantic nationalism, 197 -199
Rostov, 140
Rozenbakh, N. O., 157
Russia: as colonial power, 14 -15;
relations with Central Asia before conquest, 43
Russian Communist Party, 296 -298
Russian language: Jadid views on, 218 -219;
knowledge of among Central Asians, 82 ;
knowledge of among Jadids, 110 ;
in Russo-native schools, 158 -159
Russian settlers, 65 , 72 -76, 78 -79;
differential wages, 73 ;
relations with
officialdom, 75 -76;
during revolution of 1917, 251 , 269 -273;
Russians as opposed to "natives," 72 -76, 78 -79, 82 , 218 , 245
Russification, critique of, 13 , 16 -17
S
sacred history, 173
Sad-yi Farghana , 98 , 102 , 124 , 150 -151
Sada-yi Turkistan , 117 , 124 , 125 , 150 -151, 224 , 236 ;
attempts to revive, 242 -243
Said Akram Said Azimbaev, 288
Said Azim-bay, 67 , 71 , 82 , 178 , 229 , 234
Said Ghani-bay, 67 -68
Said Karim-bay, 67 , 72 , 102 , 133 , 158 ;
as publisher of Khurshid , 123
Sand Rasul Khoja Said Aziz Khoja oghli, 159 , 162 , 169 , 170
Samarqand , 123
Samarqand, 34 -35, 47 , 66 , 250 , 255 , 264 , 288 ;
Jadids in 94 -95
Samarqand Labor Union, 264 , 288
Samarqand Soviet, 288
Sami, Abdulaziz, 85
Samsonov, A. V., 181 -182
Saratov, 235
Sarimsaqov, Mirz aHakim, 102 , 236
Sart: as category m census of 1897, 202 , 203 ;
defense of, 206 -207;
politics of definition, 199 -208
Sattar Khan Abdulghaffar oghli, 82 -83
Sayyid as social category, 189
Sayyid Abroad Siddiqi. See Ajzi
Schoeberlein-Engel, John, 189
schools, new-method: in 1917, 253 , 262 , 290 ;
absence of physical punishment, 171 ;
criticisms of, 92 ;
genealogy of, 161 -162;
as institutions of reform, 103 ;
numbers of, 164 -166;
official reaction to, 180 -183;
qadimchi criticisms of, 176 ;
among Tatars, in Central Asia, 161 ;
teaching in, 167 -172;
textbooks used in, 169 -170, 172 -174, 290
schools, Russian, 83 ;
Muslims in, 83 -84
schools, Russo-native, 99 , 104 , 157 -160, 290 ;
Jadid views of, 218 -219
schools, Soviet, 290
science, authority of, 107 , 142 , 173 , 177 -178, 226 -227
secular intellectuals, Central Asian, 105 -107, 235 , 254 , 276
Seignobos, Charles, 120
Semirech'e, 65 ;
in 1916, 240 -241, 252 , 272 -273
sexuality, new conceptions of, 226 -227
Shafika Hanum (Gasprinskaia), 223
Shahiahmedov, Islam, 106 -107, 256 , 267 -268, 276
Shahr-i Sabz, 36
Shakuri, Abdulqadir, 94 , 110 ;
bookstore, 118 ;
new-method school of, 165 , 166 , 172 n
Shamil, Imam, 52
Shapiro, I. Ia., 242
"colonial shariat," 70
Shawkat Khandayliqi, 149
Shaybani Khan, 34
Shermuhammadov. See Mir Muhsin
Shuhrat , 96 , 123 , 127 , 147
Shura (Shura-yi Islamiya), 248 -249, 254 -255, 258 , 259 -262, 264 , 266 , 271 , 272 ;
title adopted by other organizations, 255 , 264
Sirajiddin Makhdum Sidqi, 247 -248
Sirat-i Mustakim , 112
Social Democrats, 220 -221
Social Revolutionaries, 242 -243
sovereignty, nineteenth century conception of, 34 -40
Soviet of Muslim Workers' Deputies, 263 -264
Soviet regime, Jadid views of, 294 , 295
Stalin. 287
Stolypin, P., 232
Sufi Allah Yar, 24 , 168 , 177
Sufism in nineteenth century, 32 . See also Ishans
Sufizada, Muhammad Sharif, 111
Sulayman Efendi, 189
Sultangaliev, Mirsaid, 193 , 298
T
Tajiks: politics of definition, 199 -201, 208 -209;
premodern understandings of, 188 -190
taqlid , 101 -102
Taraqqi —Orta Aziyaning umr guzarlighi , 121
Tashkent, 38 , 41 , 66 , 133 , 277 ;
cholera riots in 1892, 142 ;
conquest of, 46 ;
Jadids in, 95 -96;
Russian city of, 74 -75, 251 , 272 , 277
Tashkent City Duma, 67 , 229 , 236 -237, 247 , 259 -262, 277
Tashkent Executive Committee of Public Organizations, 248 , 249
Tashkent Soviet of Muslim Workers' and Peasants' Deputies, 263 -264, 289
Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies, 246 -247, 251 , 265 , 271 ;
policies of excluding Muslims from
Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies (continued )
power, 287 ;
in power, 273 , 274 , 283 -284;
Provisional Revolutionary Committee of, 271 , 272
Tatar Socialist Workers' Committee, 288
Tatars: and All-Russian Muslim movement, 92 ;
banned from teaching Turkestanis, 182 ;
criticisms of TWG , 88 -89;
residing m Central Asia, 58 , 77 -78, 292 ;
and Russian trade, 42 ;
views of Central Asia, 91 -92, 228
Tawalla, Tolagan Khojamyarov, 99 , 184 , 193 , 241 , 288
Temirbekov, Ahmetjan, 255
Terjüman , 80 , 89 -90, 96 , 97 , 117 , 121 , 124 , 134 , 212 , 236
Teviashev, 159
Tevkelev, Kutlugmurad, 242
folk, 131 ;
Jadid views of, 135 ;
philanthropic uses of, 131 -132;
qadimchi criticism of, 152 -154;
Tatar, 129 ;
troupes, 129 -131;
and women, 152
Tinishpaev, Muhammadjan, 234 -235, 271 , 276
Togan. See Zeki Velidi
Tolstoi, D. A., 54
Tolstoy, L., 127
Tora Qurghan, 97
trade in the nineteenth century, 41 -42;
transformation of patterns of, 62
travel accounts, Central Asian, 86 , 138 -140
Tuhfatullin, Kamil ul-Mutigi, 132 , 154
Tuqay, Abdullah, 132
Turan Amateur Dramatic Society, 131 , 241
Turan: in Jadid usage, 209 -210;
as Turkist ideal, 198
Turan party, 258
Turan (Tashkent), 258
Turk: as category in census of 1897, 202 -103;
premodern understandings of, 188 . See also Turkic as variegated expanse of dialects; Turkism
Turk Sozi , 292
Turkestan Autonomous Republic, 287
Turkestan, Chinese, 42 , 97 , 240 -241, 272 , 279
Turkestan Commission, 297
Turkestan Committee of the Provisonal Government, 265 , 272 , 273 , 274
Turkestan Congress of Executive Committees, 256
Turkestan Congress of Soviets, Fifth, 287
Turkestan krai, 16 ;
administration of, 57 -58;
colonial position of, 15 , 73 ;
created, 50 ;
disenfranchisement from State Duma, 232 ;
Provisional Statute for the Administration of, 50 , 59 , 68 ;
in State Duma, 233 -235;
Statute for the Administration of, 1886, 55 , 59 , 66 , 68 , 230
Turkestan Muslim Congress: First, 256 -257, 263 , 270 ;
Second, 267 -268;
Fourth ("Extraordinary"), 275 -276, 283
Turkestan Muslim Central Council (Turkistan Milli Markaz Shurasi), 253 , 256 -257, 264 , 275 , 293
Turkestan Soviet, 256 , 265 , 271 , 272
Turkestan Teachers' Congress, 253
Turkic Federalist Party (Turk Adam-i Markaziyat Firqaisi), 258 , 266 -267, 278
Turkic as variegated expanse of dialects, 187 -188, 212 -213
Turkic Friendship (Turk Ortaqlighi), 292
anti-Iranian rhetoric, 208 ;
and Islam, 293 ;
as romantic discourse, 210 -211
Turkkomissiia, 297
Turkomnats, 287 -288, 291 , 296
TWG (Turkistan wilayatining gazeti} , 80 , 82 , 85 -89, 112 , 120 , 125 -126, 127 , 134 , 146 , 151 , 203 , 241 , 286 ;
financial problems, 134 ;
taken over by Jadids, 249
U
Uchqun , 295
congresses in 1917, 268 -269, 273 -274;
Jadid criticisms of, 148 -150;
revivalism among, 100 -102, 124 ;
in Turkestan under Russian rule, 68 , 70 -71, 255 , 257 , 262 , 267 , 277 , 282 , 286 , 291 ;
on women, 268 . See also qadimchi; Ulam aJamiyati
Ulam aJamiyati, 259 -262, 276 , 289
Ulugh Bek, 137 , 191 , 291 , 301
Ulugh Turkistan , 272 , 284 , 292
Umar Khan, 35
Union of Muslim Toilers (Kokand), 263
Union of Teachers (Kokand), 255
uprising of 1916, 239 -242;
aftermath, 272 -273
Urazaev, Abdurrahman-bek, 276
Uzbek. See Ozbek
V
Valikhanov, Choqan, 106
Vámbéry, Arminius, 42
Vaqït , 97
Vereshchagin, V.V., 56 -57
Vrevskii, 178
regulation of, 83 -84
W
Wasli, Sayyid Ahmad, 99 , 150 , 153 -154, 227 -228, 264 , 290
watan , 209 -211;
as Russian empire, 237
Westernization, critique of, 13 -14, 15 -16
women: in 1917, 262 -263, 268 ;
Jadid views of, 223 -226, 228 ;
position of, in urban Central Asia, 222 -223;
in press, 223 ;
World War I, 237 -239
writing: and print, 135 -136;
ritual uses of, 25 ;
separate from literacy, 25
Y
Young Bukharans, 295
Young Turks, 113
Z
Zahiri, Ashur Ali, 97 , 154 , 161 , 211
Zaydan, Jurji, 110
Zaynulabidin, Sharafi-bay, 67
Zeki Velidi, 91 , 206 , 254 , 256 , 258
zemstvo , 59
Zionism, 193
Zuhuriddin Fathiddinzada, 224 , 225 , 228
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