Note on Sources and Translations

Sources are documented in full at first appearance in the notes; subsequent citations are shortened. Abbreviations of classical references follow the Oxford Classical Dictionary; a key to abbreviated periodical titles can be found in L'année philologique .

Except where noted, translations of the Georgics are from C. Day Lewis's translation of the poem (The Georgics of Virgil [London, 1940]). As the presence of the poet's voice is an essential concept for this study, it seemed necessary to use a poet's translation of the poem. C. Day Lewis's translation has both charm and faithfulness to the original. I have occasionally modified his verses with the more literal rendition by H. R. Fairclough in the Loeb Classical Library (London and Cambridge, Mass., 1916; reprint, 1965) or with one of my own. The Latin text is that of R. A. B. Mynors (P. Vergili Maronis Opera [Oxford, 1969]), although I have changed consonantal u to v.

Except where noted, translations of the Aeneid are by Allen Mandelbaum (New York, 1961); of Hesiod by R. M. Frazer, The Poems of Hesiod (Norman, Okla., 1983; reprint, 1985); and of Lucretius by Frank O. Copley, Lucretius: "The Nature of Things" (New York and London, 1977). Here again I chose verse translations in order to give the reader, as much as possible, a sense of the poetry of these texts.

I have, throughout, taken the liberty of modifying slightly the translations of others in order to clarify their relationship to my argument. Translations from secondary literature are mine.