L
L&M Flavor Lights cigarettes, smoke constituents of, 154
labor
alliances with industry, 419
Jerry Brown, convincing to take neutral position on California Proposition 5 , 419
LAM Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Lark cigarettes, in License to Kill , 368
laryngeal cancer
inhaling tobacco smoke as producing, 249
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18
law firm accounts, definition, 289
lawyers
Brown and Williamson response to JAMA articles, 444
Chemosol research, 212 , 213 -216
Council for Tobacco Research, 36 , 251 , 288 , 301 -304
CTR research showing smoking causes cancer, 288
deadwood documents, 246
differences between US and UK, 345 -346
guidelines for keeping nontobacco companies from taking anti-smoking positions, 355
industry positions, developing, 198
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, management of, 315 -316
Kronberg Research Conference, 268
Microbiological Associates CTR contract, 301 -304
Proposition 5, 420
public relations, 194 , 215 , 352 -354
restricting communication between laboratories, 131 -132
rewriting scientific documents, 346 -352
Rio, Project, 146
St. Ives Research Conference (1970), 268 , 269
scientific research, 4 , 5 -6, 21 , 128 , 212 , 236 , 265 -267, 268 -271, 311 -312
—encouragement of, to refute dangers of tobacco, 288
scientists, relationship with, 128 , 266 -267
screening scientific documents, 241 -246
Smokeless Tobacco Council research projects, selecting, 312 -313
smoking-and-health activities, involvement in, 266
special accounts 4 and 5, 305 -306
Surgeon General's 1964 report, strategies for dealing with, 52 -56
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 36
league table, based on Ames test, 20
legal liability, and truth, 4
legislation
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1965), 175
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 226
Comprehensive Smoking Prevention Act (1982), 318
Council for Tobacco Research, influence on, 44 , 289
nicotine content, 247
problems caused by industry-funded research demonstrating smoking causes cancer, 288 , 302
product placement of cigarettes in films, outlawing of, 368
less hazardous cigarettes. See "Safe" cigarette
Less Hazardous Cigarette Committee
MH-30, 205
Penar, 205
Tso, T. C., 207
liability
avoiding attribution of BAT research to B&W, 266 -267
Council for Tobacco Research
--research showing smoking causes cancer, 288
--to find scientists to support industry positions, 44
differences between Britain and US, 340
fire-safe cigarette research, 252 -253
industry scientists' statements, 268 -271, 347
nicotine addiction, 344 -345
passive smoking, 251
phenols, failure to warn, 121
public relations, 339
R&D risk- and cost-pooling agreements between B&W and BAT, 284
"safe" cigarette research, 122 , 439 -441
warning labels, as providing protection against, 54 , 342
License to Kill, Lark cigarette placement in, 368
Life cigarettes
hyperplasia testing, 153
PEI, 153
"safe" cigarette, 125
Life magazine, reporting of early studies on smoking and cancer, 25
Liggett and Myers
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, position on disclosure of, 229
annual pesticide meeting, 209
cancer, appearing to admit smoking causes, 45
G-13 process for expanding tobacco, 217 , 218
product placement in Supergirl , 368
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
Tobacco Working Group, 155
Washington University site visit, 311
lip cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
litigation. See Lawyers; Liability
London Research Conference (1979), 140 -141
London underground, banning of smoking on, 412 -413
Long Island Tobacco Co., Inc. v Lindsey,250
Lorillard
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, disclosure of, 229
advertising claims for Kent cigarettes, 29
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Chemosol, 213
cocoa, replacement with proprietary substitute, 221
G-13 process to expand tobacco, 217
Kent micronite filter, 154
phenols, reaction to selective removal, 216
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Time, Inc., meetings to influence coverage of Surgeon General's 1983 report, 356
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
Tobacco Working Group, 155
workplace smoking, favoring study of, 251
Louisville Courier, articles as negative development for industry, 352
Love Child, product placement in, 390
low-delivery cigarette
advantage for industry, 353
alternative to quitting, 339
biological activity, 142
creating controversy, 343
cigarette consumption, effects on, 90
health concerns, as response to, 25 , 26 -28, 274
Medical Communications Program, 360 -362
paradox of production when claiming smoking does not cause disease, 343
smoker compensation, 88
low-sidestream product, demand for, 409 -410
lubricants, residues in tobacco, 202
Lucky Strike cigarettes
advertising claims, 28
Foote, Emerson, 178
lung cancer
alternative explanations, 342 -343, 352
carcinogens, dose in smoke, 91
countering evidence of smoking as cause of, 188 -189
CTR special projects, 291 -293, 329
denials of relationship to smoking, 172 , 181 , 184
early studies of, 25
environmental tobacco smoke, as cause of, 22 , 351 , 392 , 400 , 408 , 413 -416
Environmental Protection Agency, 416
Harrogate laboratory research, 113
inhalation, 80 , 84 , 130 , 301 , 301 -304
irritation, 115
media coverage of early scientific studies, 25
Microbiological Associates inhalation study, 301 -304
mouse skin-painting test for, 21 , 25
nitrosamines, 398
public versus private statements of industry as to causes of, 18
Royal College of Physicians study of, 26
smoking as cause of, 132
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18 , 22 , 26 , 48
Surgeon General's 1972 report, 19
Tobacco Research Council, 152
ZEPHYR , as code name for, 109 -110
lung disease, Harvard Medical School investigations for industry, 255
lung function, effect of passive smoking, 428 -429